scholarly journals Gastric branch vagotomy and gastric emptying during and after intragastric infusion of glucose

1997 ◽  
Vol 273 (5) ◽  
pp. R1786-R1792 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joel M. Kaplan ◽  
William H. Siemers ◽  
Ulrika Smedh ◽  
Gary J. Schwartz ◽  
Harvey J. Grill
Keyword(s):  
Gastric Emptying ◽  
Feedback Control ◽  
Inhibitory Control ◽  
Inhibitory Mechanisms ◽  
Two Phases ◽  
And Control ◽  
Vagal Efferents ◽  
Receptive Relaxation ◽  
Over Time

The effect of gastric branch vagotomy (GVX) on the gastric emptying of glucose was evaluated during two phases of emptying control: as the stomach fills and in the postload period. GVX and control rats received a series of intragastric glucose infusions (1.0 ml/min) through indwelling gastric fistulas. In experiment 1, gastric samples were withdrawn either immediately after the offset of 9- or 18-min infusions of 12.5% glucose or at various times up to 36 min postinfusion. In experiment 2, samples were withdrawn either immediately or 30 min after termination of 12-min infusions of 12.5 or 25% glucose. After gastric fill, glucose solute emptying rate was stable over time, not influenced by concentration doubling, and, surprisingly, not affected by GVX. During gastric fill, solute emptying rate doubled with concentration in both GVX and control rats. For each concentration, however, glucose emptied during fill at almost twice the rate in GVX compared with control rats. This accelerated emptying of glucose during fill in GVX rats is consistent with a gastric vagal contribution to inhibitory mechanisms (e.g., receptive relaxation) that operate as the stomach fills under normal conditions. The absence of a GVX effect on emptying after fill suggests either that gastric branch vagal efferents play little role in feedback inhibitory control of glucose emptying under normal conditions or that other systems compensate for the function previously served by vagal gastric branch efferents. Further work is required to address the possible role of the gastric vagus in feedback control of gastric emptying when nutritive fluids other than glucose are delivered.

scholarly journals Role of insulin during the development of oligofructose (OF)-induced equine laminitis

2015 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 303-309
Author(s):  
Renli Jiang ◽  
Li Gao ◽  
Guanying Wang ◽  
Xinran Li ◽  
Yue Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Glucose Oxidase ◽  
Negative Correlation ◽  
Significant Negative Correlation ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Endothelin 1 ◽  
Limulus Amoebocyte Lysate ◽  
And Control ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Horses (n = 20) were divided into 2 groups: oligofructose (OF)-induced equine laminitis group (group OF; n = 11) which received 10 g/kg b.w. of OF dissolved in 4 L water via nasogastric intubation, and control group (NS; n = 9) which received 4 L of saline. Blood was collected at 4 h intervals over 72 h study period and analysed by ELISA, kinetic limulus amoebocyte lysate assay, and glucose-oxidase methods. The level of insulin changed significantly in horses which received OF (P < 0.01); there was a significant negative correlation between the level of adiponectin and insulin over time. The results suggested that insulin may play an important role in the development of OF-induced equine laminitis by altering the level of endothelin-1 and nitric oxide.

Vagal control of pyloric resistance

1995 ◽  
Vol 269 (4) ◽  
pp. G558-G569 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. H. Malbert ◽  
C. Mathis ◽  
J. P. Laplace
Keyword(s):  
Gastric Emptying ◽  
Temporal Relationship ◽  
Vagal Stimulation ◽  
Simultaneous Recording ◽  
Nervous Control ◽  
Transpyloric Flow ◽  
Cervical Vagotomy ◽  
Vagal Efferents ◽  
Stimulation Of

Pyloric resistance is probably a major factor regulating gastric emptying of liquids, but its nervous control is unknown. The role of efferent vagal pathways in pyloric resistance was evaluated in 13 anesthetized pigs. Pyloric resistance was assessed by simultaneous recording of gastropyloroduodenal motility and transpyloric flow during gastric emptying of saline. Cervical vagotomy suppressed all antral pressure events, increased the number of pressure events localized at the pylorus, and decreased the frequency of the flow pulses (P < 0.05), without affecting either pyloric resistance or the characteristics of flow pulses. Electrical stimulation of the cervical and the thoracic vagi both decreased pyloric resistance by about 60% and increased the stroke volume of flow pulses (P < 0.05). The reduced pyloric resistance was mainly related to an alteration of the temporal relationship between flow pulses and pyloric pressure events. These results indicate that vagal efferents could provide inhibitory inputs to pyloric resistance. A reduction in pyloric resistance contributes to the increased flow rate observed during vagal stimulation.

scholarly journals A model of population dynamics with complex household structure and mobility: implications for transmission and control of communicable diseases

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca H. Chisholm ◽  
Bradley Crammond ◽  
Yue Wu ◽  
Patricia T. Campbell ◽  
Steven Y. C. Tong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Indigenous Communities ◽  
Disease Outbreak ◽  
Communicable Diseases ◽  
Household Structure ◽  
Infectious Disease Outbreak ◽  
Modelling Studies ◽  
Endemic Transmission ◽  
And Control ◽  
Over Time

Households are known to be high-risk locations for the transmission of communicable diseases. Numerous modelling studies have demonstrated the important role of households in sustaining both communicable diseases outbreaks and endemic transmission, and as the focus for control efforts. However, these studies typically assume that households are associated with a single dwelling and have static membership. This assumption does not appropriately reflect households in some populations, such as those in remote Australian Indigenous communities, which can be distributed across more than one physical dwelling, leading to the occupancy of individual dwellings changing rapidly over time. In this study, we developed an individual-based model of an infectious disease outbreak in communities with demographic and household structure reflective of a remote Australian Indigenous community. We used the model to compare the dynamics of unmitigated outbreaks, and outbreaks constrained by a household-focused prophylaxis intervention, in communities exhibiting fluid versus stable dwelling occupancy. Our findings suggest that fluid dwelling occupancy can lead to larger and faster outbreaks, interfere with the effectiveness of household-focused interventions, and may contribute to the considerable burden of communicable diseases in communities exhibiting this type of structure.

scholarly journals It is what you know : changes in the structure and role of entrepreneur networks in an industry over time

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Annette Kendall
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Social Networks ◽  
Product Category ◽  
New Product ◽  
Cheese Industry ◽  
And Control ◽  
Flow Of Information ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Over Time

Previous research investigating the relationship between social capital and entrepreneurship has generally focused on the entrepreneur's own capacity to work their way into existing networks. There still remains a gap in terms of understanding how networks are created in the first place. This study aims to gain insight into how industry pioneers create and utilize entrepreneurial-supportive social networks. Building on existing work on network theory and industry evolution I explore three questions. First, are there structural differences in the networks of industry pioneers compared to later entrants? Second what role do diverse social networks play for industry entrants and does this role change over time? Third, does the way in which industry pioneers construct and utilize social networks influence the establishment of legitimacy for a new product category? In this mixed-methods study, I find that in the early stages of the U.S. artisan cheese industry, entrepreneurs created and utilized networks mainly for the development of human capital. Diverse networks provided a greater volume of information than tight-knit networks, and were instrumental in the creation of legitimacy for a new product category. As knowledge has become codified later entrants are more likely to create networks that enable growing market share. Gender differences were identified in that women are more likely to influence others through maintaining a high number of quality connections in which information is transferred one-to-one, and men are more likely to monitor and control the flow of information by acting as a connector between groups. Further research is needed to explore the role of gender differences in mentorship relationships in terms of network structure and role as an industry evolves.

Commercial recruiting and Informal Intermediation: debate over the sardari system in Assam tea plantations, 1860–1900

2009 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
SAMITA SEN
Keyword(s):  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Closed World ◽  
Power And Control ◽  
Tea Plantations ◽  
Assam Tea ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
Recruitment System ◽  
And Control ◽  
Over Time

AbstractThis paper engages with Rajnarayan Chandavarkar's argument that the importance accorded to the intermediation of sardars/jobbers in colonial labour arrangements followed from the perception of the Indian peasant as static and immobile, requiring especial effort at recruitment, but that, over time, employers grew resentful of the power and control acquired by these intermediaries. Drawing on this insight, the paper examines the role of sardars in the recruitment system of the Assam tea plantations and the ways in which they were promoted by the planters and the state in an attempt to loosen the stranglehold of professional contractors. The sardars were presented as the solution to abuses of Assam recruitment and portrayed as non-market agents recruiting within the closed world of kin, caste and village relationships. Towards the late-nineteenth century, however, a nexus developed between the contractors and sardars, which successive legislative interventions failed to break. Moreover, the notion that the sardar would be a more benign agent of recruitment was repeatedly proved false.

Purchasing management and the role of uncertainty

IMP Journal ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 127-147 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lars-Erik Gadde ◽  
Finn Wynstra
Keyword(s):  
Supply Management ◽  
Purchasing Management ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Supplier Relationships ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Power And Control ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Over Time

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to analyze the role of uncertainty in purchasing and supply management, and the changes of this role over time. Design/methodology/approach The paper is based on a literature review of the development of purchasing and supply management over time and how these issues have been related to uncertainty and dependence. This examination also required analysis of the impact of other concepts from behavioral sciences: interdependence, power and control. Findings The paper shows that the relationship between purchasing management and uncertainty has changed substantially over time. Traditionally, uncertainty was avoided, while firms today are engaged in efforts of handling the consequences of uncertainty. This modification affected the features of buyer-supplier relationships, as well as the perspectives and the exploitation of power, control and dependence. Originality/value The paper demonstrates both positive and negative consequences of uncertainty, depending on the approach applied in purchasing. Moreover, the analysis shows that uncertainty cannot be avoided. Modifications of purchasing management will reduce certain types of uncertainty. But the same modification also results in increases of other forms of uncertainty.

Moderator Role of Monitoring in the Inhibitory Control of Adolescents With ADHD

2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 188-198 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Ramos-Galarza ◽  
Claudia Pérez-Salas
Keyword(s):  
Causal Relationship ◽  
Inhibitory Control ◽  
Poor Performance ◽  
External Support ◽  
Moderation Model ◽  
Two Phases ◽  
Moderator Role ◽  
Adhd Symptomatology ◽  
Causality Chain

Objective: The aim of this research was to analyze the role of monitoring in the causal relationship between inhibitory control and symptoms of combined ADHD. Method: It has been conducted a quantitative investigation of two phases. Results: In the first study, a moderation model was analyzed ( N = 144 adolescents with combined ADHD), where monitoring was considered as a moderating variable in the causal relationship between the inhibitory control and the symptomatology of ADHD F(3, 140) = 28.03, p < .001; R2 = .37. In the second study, the model through an experimental study was tested ( N = 52 adolescents with and without ADHD) where it was found that adolescents with ADHD improve in their inhibitory control when they receive external support to the monitoring F(1, 50) = 21.38, p < .001, η2 = .30. Conclusion: Results suggest that monitoring compensates the poor performance of inhibitory control in adolescents with ADHD, which is a contribution to the theoretical construction of ADHD and to the treatments proposed for this condition because it goes beyond the classic conception of a causality chain among the deficit of inhibitory control and ADHD symptomatology to propose a new explanation about this disorder, where neuropsychology intervention of monitoring would diminish ADHD’s symptomatology impact on adolescents.

scholarly journals Analysis of the Comparative Occurrence of Salmonella Typhimurium and Its Monophasic Variant (4,[5],12:i:-) in Healthy and Clinically Ill Pigs in Northern Italy

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mario D'Incau ◽  
Cristian Salogni ◽  
Stefano Giovannini ◽  
Jessica Ruggeri ◽  
Federico Scali ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Progressive Increase ◽  
Northern Italy ◽  
Gut Content ◽  
Material Sources ◽  
Young Pigs ◽  
Pig Farms ◽  
Serovar Typhimurium ◽  
And Control ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Background The serovar Typhimurium (4,[5],12:i:1,2), is the most frequently isolated serovar in case of illness in pigs in Europe and its monophasic variant (4,[5],12:i:-) has been increasingly responsible for Salmonella outbreaks in humans. A total of 29,549 samples were collected, during the years 2002–2017, from 1,359 pig farms located in Northern Italy. Samples were collected from different material sources including fecal samples, gut content and different organs. Results Salmonella was isolated in 16.94% of samples and, among the isolates, 733 were typed as Salmonella Typhimurium (ST) or its monophasic variant (MST). Over time, there was a progressive increase of isolation of MST which outnumbered ST. Most of the strains were isolated in animals during the weaning stage and the growing – fattening period whereas the clinical cases were mainly present in young pigs after weaning. Conclusion This study confirms the role of pig as a source of ST and its monophasic variant MST. In the last few years, ST has been progressively replaced by MST suggesting that MST has a competitive advantage over ST, probably due to its reduced virulence which renders the infection stealthier to recognize and control.

scholarly journals An investigation of the dependency of subject-verb agreement on inhibitory control processes in sentence production

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nazbanou Nozari ◽  
Akira Omaki
Keyword(s):  
Inhibitory Control ◽  
Referential Communication ◽  
Sentence Production ◽  
Monitoring And Control ◽  
Control Processes ◽  
Singular Form ◽  
Communication Task ◽  
Default Form ◽  
And Control

Agreement attraction, i.e., the production or acceptance of a verb that agrees with a noun other than the subject of the sentence, can be viewed as a process in which conflicting cues activate competing representations. The aftermath of such competition, in terms of cognitive processes, remains unclear. Using a novel referential communication task for eliciting agreement errors and both group-level manipulation of control demands and a detailed analysis of individual differences, we provide converging evidence for the role of monitoring and inhibitory control processes in agreement attraction for singular-subject sentences. We further demonstrate the dependence of producing plural verbs on such processes, suggesting the singular form is the prepotent default form. Collectively, these findings provide a clear demonstration for the role of monitoring and control processes in agreement computations, and more generally syntactic operations in sentence production.

Morphogenesis of a New Human Herpes-Type Virus Isolate (Sasha Virus)

1973 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 592-593
Author(s):  
R. F. Zeigel ◽  
W. Munyon
Keyword(s):  
Virus Isolate ◽  
Calf Serum ◽  
Uranyl Acetate ◽  
Human Herpes ◽  
Human Embryonic Lung ◽  
Human Herpes Virus ◽  
Intracytoplasmic Inclusions ◽  
Hel Cells ◽  
And Control

In continuing studies on the role of viruses in biochemical transformation, Dr. Munyon has succeeded in isolating a highly infectious human herpes virus. Fluids of buccal pustular lesions from Sasha Munyon (10 mo. old) uiere introduced into monolayer sheets of human embryonic lung (HEL) cell cultures propagated in Eagles’ medium containing 5% calf serum. After 18 hours the cells exhibited a dramatic C.P.E. (intranuclear vacuoles, peripheral patching of chromatin, intracytoplasmic inclusions). Control HEL cells failed to reflect similar changes. Infected and control HEL cells were scraped from plastic flasks at 18 hrs. of incubation and centrifuged at 1200 × g for 15 min. Resultant cell packs uiere fixed in Dalton's chrome osmium, and post-fixed in aqueous uranyl acetate. Figure 1 illustrates typical hexagonal herpes-type nucleocapsids within the intranuclear virogenic regions. The nucleocapsids are approximately 100 nm in diameter. Nuclear membrane “translocation” (budding) uias observed.

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