Interaction of chemical and state effects on ventilation during sleep onset

1996 ◽  
Vol 81 (5) ◽  
pp. 2235-2243 ◽  
Author(s):  
Judith Dunai ◽  
Mal Wilkinson ◽  
John Trinder
Keyword(s):  
Phase 1 ◽  
Sleep Onset ◽  
Progressive Increase ◽  
State Transitions ◽  
Phase 3 ◽  
Peripheral Chemoreceptor ◽  
Hyperoxic Condition ◽  
Onset Period ◽  
State Changes ◽  
Male Subjects

Dunai, Judith, Mal Wilkinson, and John Trinder.Interaction of chemical and state effects on ventilation during sleep onset. J. Appl. Physiol. 81(5): 2235–2243, 1996.—Ventilation varies as a function of state, being higher during wakefulness (as indicated by alpha electroencephalogram activity) than during sleep (theta activity). A recent experiment observed a progressive increase in the magnitude of these state-related fluctuations in ventilation over the sleep-onset period (28). The aim of the present experiment was to test the hypothesis that this effect resulted from chemical (feedback-related) amplification of state effects on ventilation. A hyperoxic condition was used to eliminate peripheral chemoreceptor activity. It was hypothesized that hyperoxia would reduce the amplification of changes in ventilation associated with electroencephalogram state transitions. Ventilation was measured over the sleep-onset period under both hyperoxic and normoxic conditions in 10 young healthy male subjects. Sleep onsets were divided into three phases. Phase 1 corresponded to presleep wakefulness; and phases 2 and 3 corresponded to early and late sleep onset, respectively. The magnitudes of state-related changes in ventilation during phases 2 and 3, and under hyperoxic and normoxic conditions were compared using a phase by condition analysis of variance. Results revealed a significant phase by condition interaction, confirming that hyperoxia reduced the amplification of state-related changes in ventilation by selectively decreasing the magnitude of phase 3 state changes in ventilation. However, some degree of amplification was evident during hyperoxia, thus the results demonstrated that peripheral chemoreceptor activity contributed to the amplification of state-related changes in ventilation but that additional factors may also be involved.

Acute changes in cardiovascular function during the onset period of daytime sleep: comparison to lying awake and standing

2007 ◽  
Vol 103 (4) ◽  
pp. 1332-1338 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Zaregarizi ◽  
Ben Edwards ◽  
Keith George ◽  
Yvonne Harrison ◽  
Helen Jones ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
Sleep Onset ◽  
Cardiovascular Function ◽  
Baseline Period ◽  
Phase 2 ◽  
Daytime Sleep ◽  
Onset Period ◽  
Acute Changes ◽  
Stage 1

The siesta habit is associated with a 37% reduction in coronary mortality, possibly because of reduced cardiovascular stress associated with daytime sleep. Whether the most important behavior is the daytime nap itself, a supine posture, or the expectancy of a nap is unknown. We present the first detailed description on healthy individuals of the acute changes in cardiovascular function during defined phases of the daytime sleep-onset period. These responses were compared with lying awake and standing. Following a night of restricted (4 h) sleep, nine healthy participants (aged 34 ± 5 yr) were allowed to sleep at 1400 for up to 1 h. Polysomnography was used to calculate three phases of daytime sleep onset: phase 1, a baseline period of relaxed wakefulness before lights out; phase 2, the period between lights out and onset of stage 1 sleep; and phase 3, the period between onsets of stages 1 and 2 sleep. Differences (means ± SD) in blood pressure, heart rate, and forearm cutaneous vascular conductance (CVC) between phases were analyzed. During the 9.7 ± 13.8 min of phase 2, systolic and diastolic blood pressure was 4.7 ± 4.5 and 3.6 ± 2.8 mmHg lower than baseline, whereas CVC was 9.5 ± 4.3% higher than baseline ( P < 0.05). Subsequent changes in cardiovascular function during the sleep itself were trivial ( P > 0.05). The above changes were not observed when subjects stood or laid supine in relaxed wakefulness for 1 h ( P > 0.05). Our findings suggest that the period between lights out and sleep onset is associated with the largest acute reduction in blood pressure during one afternoon siesta.

Ventilatory instability during sleep onset in individuals with high peripheral chemosensitivity

1999 ◽  
Vol 87 (2) ◽  
pp. 661-672 ◽  
Author(s):  
Judith Dunai ◽  
Jan Kleiman ◽  
John Trinder
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Sleep Disordered Breathing ◽  
Sleep Onset ◽  
Intersubject Variability ◽  
Peripheral Chemoreceptor ◽  
Amplification Effect ◽  
Onset Period ◽  
Disordered Breathing

Previous work has shown that the magnitude of state-related ventilatory fluctuations is amplified over the sleep-onset period and that this amplification is partly due to peripheral chemoreceptor activity, because it is reduced by hyperoxia (J. Dunai, M. Wilkinson, and J. Trinder. J. Appl. Physiol. 81: 2235–2243, 1996). These data also indicated considerable intersubject variability in the magnitude of amplification. A possible source of this variability is individual differences in peripheral chemoreceptor drive (PCD). We tested this hypothesis by measuring state-related ventilatory fluctuations throughout sleep onset under normoxic and hyperoxic conditions in subjects with high and low PCD. Results demonstrated that high-PCD subjects experienced significantly greater amplification of state-related ventilatory fluctuations than did low-PCD subjects. In addition, hyperoxia significantly reduced the amplification effect in high-PCD subjects but had little effect in low-PCD subjects. These results indicate that individuals with high PCD are likely to experience greater sleep-related ventilatory instability and suggest that peripheral chemoreceptor activity can contribute to sleep-disordered breathing.

Changes in cardiovascular function during the sleep onset period in young adults

2005 ◽  
Vol 98 (2) ◽  
pp. 468-476 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. Carrington ◽  
R. Barbieri ◽  
I. M. Colrain ◽  
K. E. Crowley ◽  
Y. Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sleep Onset ◽  
Indirect Evidence ◽  
Rapid Eye Movement Sleep ◽  
Phase 3 ◽  
Activity Phase ◽  
Initial Onset ◽  
Stage 2 Sleep ◽  
Onset Period ◽  
Stage 1 ◽  
Healthy Participants

Blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) are influenced by the sleep-wake cycle, with relatively abrupt falls occurring in association with sleep onset (SO). However, the pattern and rate of fall in BP and HR during SO and the processes that contribute to the fall in these variables have not been fully identified. Continuous BP and HR recordings were collected beginning 1 h before lights out (LO) until the end of the first non-rapid eye movement sleep period in 21 young, healthy participants maintained in a supine position. Five consecutive phases were defined: 1) the 30 min of wakefulness before LO; 2) LO to stage 1 sleep; 3) stage 1 to stage 2 sleep; 4) stage 2 sleep to the last microarousal before stable sleep; and 5) the first 30 min of undisturbed stable sleep. The data were analyzed on a beat-by-beat basis and reported as 2-min periods for phases 1 and 5 and 10% epochs for phases 2, 3, and 4 (as participants had variable time periods in these phases). The level of baroreflex (BR) activity was assessed by the sequence technique and an autoregressive multivariate model. Furthermore, during phases 3 and 4, the BP and HR responses to arousal from sleep were determined. There were substantial falls in BP and HR after LO before the initial onset of θ-activity (phase 3) and again after the onset of stable sleep after the cessation of spontaneous arousals. During phases 3 and 4 when there were repeated arousals from sleep, the fall in both variables was retarded. Furthermore, both the rate and magnitude of the fall in BP were negatively associated with the number of arousals during phases 3 and 4. There was a small increase in the sensitivity of the BR and indirect evidence of a substantial fall in its set point.

PENERAPAN MODEL QUANTUM LEARNING UNTUK MENINGKATKAN HASIL BELAJAR AUTOCAD SISWA KELAS X TEKNIK PEMESINAN SMK NEGERI 1 STABAT

2013 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdul Hasan Saragih
Keyword(s):  
Positive Response ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
First Grade ◽  
Learning Model ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Phase 2 ◽  
Phase 3 ◽  
The Third ◽  
Third Phase ◽  
Quantum Learning

This classroom research was conducted on the autocad instructions to the first grade of mechinary class of SMK Negeri 1 Stabat aiming at : (1) improving the student’ archievementon autocad instructional to the student of mechinary architecture class of SMK Negeri 1 Stabat, (2) applying Quantum Learning Model to the students of mechinary class of SMK Negeri 1 Stabat, arising the positive response to autocad subject by applying Quantum Learning Model of the students of mechinary class of SMK Negeri 1 Stabat. The result shows that (1) by applying quantum learning model, the students’ achievement improves significantly. The improvement ofthe achievement of the 34 students is very satisfactory; on the first phase, 27 students passed (70.59%), 10 students failed (29.41%). On the second phase 27 students (79.41%) passed and 7 students (20.59%) failed. On the third phase 30 students (88.24%) passed and 4 students (11.76%) failed. The application of quantum learning model in SMK Negeri 1 Stabat proved satisfying. This was visible from the activeness of the students from phase 1 to 3. The activeness average of the students was 74.31% on phase 1,81.35% on phase 2, and 83.63% on phase 3. (3) The application of the quantum learning model on teaching autocad was very positively welcome by the students of mechinary class of SMK Negeri 1 Stabat. On phase 1 the improvement was 81.53% . It improved to 86.15% on phase 3. Therefore, The improvement ofstudent’ response can be categorized good.

Clinical Drug Development for the Treatment of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: Collaboration With the Pharmaceutical Industry and Regulatory Agencies

2010 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 214-219
Author(s):  
Robyn J. Barst
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension ◽  
Drug Development ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
Preclinical Studies ◽  
Phase 2 ◽  
Phase 3 ◽  
Preclinical Testing ◽  
New Drug ◽  
Pulmonary Arterial

Drug development is the entire process of introducing a new drug to the market. It involves drug discovery, screening, preclinical testing, an Investigational New Drug (IND) application in the US or a Clinical Trial Application (CTA) in the EU, phase 1–3 clinical trials, a New Drug Application (NDA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA) review and approval, and postapproval studies required for continuing safety evaluation. Preclinical testing assesses safety and biologic activity, phase 1 determines safety and dosage, phase 2 evaluates efficacy and side effects, and phase 3 confirms efficacy and monitors adverse effects in a larger number of patients. Postapproval studies provide additional postmarketing data. On average, it takes 15 years from preclinical studies to regulatory approval by the FDA: about 3.5–6.5 years for preclinical, 1–1.5 years for phase 1, 2 years for phase 2, 3–3.5 years for phase 3, and 1.5–2.5 years for filing the NDA and completing the FDA review process. Of approximately 5000 compounds evaluated in preclinical studies, about 5 compounds enter clinical trials, and 1 compound is approved (Tufts Center for the Study of Drug Development, 2011). Most drug development programs include approximately 35–40 phase 1 studies, 15 phase 2 studies, and 3–5 pivotal trials with more than 5000 patients enrolled. Thus, to produce safe and effective drugs in a regulated environment is a highly complex process. Against this backdrop, what is the best way to develop drugs for pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), an orphan disease often rapidly fatal within several years of diagnosis and in which spontaneous regression does not occur?

scholarly journals How to improve emergency care to adults discharged within 24 hours? Acute Care planning in Emergency departments (The ACE study): a protocol of a participatory design study

BMJ Open ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. e041743
Author(s):  
Christina Østervang ◽  
Annmarie Touborg Lassen ◽  
Charlotte Myhre Jensen ◽  
Elisabeth Coyne ◽  
Karin Brochstedt Dieperink
Keyword(s):  
Patient Outcomes ◽  
Participatory Design ◽  
Hospital Admissions ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
Family Needs ◽  
Focus Group Interviews ◽  
Phase 3 ◽  
Ace Study ◽  
Group Interviews ◽  
Improve Patient

IntroductionThe development of acute symptoms or changes in diseases led to feelings of fear and vulnerability and the need for health professional support. Therefore, the care provided in the acute medical and surgical areas of the emergency department (ED) is highly important as it influences the confidence of patients and families in managing everyday life after discharge. There is an increase in short-episode (<24 hours) hospital admissions, related to demographic changes and a focus on outpatient care. Clear discharge information and inclusion in treatment decisions increase the patient’s and family’s ability to understand and manage health needs after discharge, reduces the risk of readmission. This study aims to identify the needs for ED care and develop a solution to improve outcomes of patients discharged within 24 hours of admission.Methods and analysisThe study comprises the three phases of a participatory design (PD). Phase 1 aims to understand and identify patient and family needs when discharged within 24 hours of admission. A qualitative observational study will be conducted in two different EDs, followed by 20 joint interviews with patients and their families. Four focus group interviews with healthcare professionals will provide understanding of the short pathways. Findings from phase 1 will inform phase 2, which aims to develop a solution to improve patient outcomes. Three workshops gathering relevant stakeholders are arranged in the design plus development of a solution with specific outcomes. The solution will be implemented and tested in phase 3. Here we report the study protocol of phase 1 and 2.Ethics and disseminationThe study is registered with the Danish Data Protection Agency (19/22672). Approval of the project has been granted by the Regional Committees on Health Research Ethics for Southern Denmark (S-20192000–111). Findings will be published in suitable international journals and disseminated through conferences.

scholarly journals PSVI-3 Dietary supplementation with coated omega-3 fatty acids has positive effects on growth performance and nutrients digestibility in weaned pigs

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 196-197
Author(s):  
Woo Jung Seok ◽  
Je min Ahn ◽  
Jing Hu ◽  
Dexin Dang ◽  
Yanjiao Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
Dietary Supplementation ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Phase 2 ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Phase 3 ◽  
Linear Effect ◽  
Weaning Pigs

Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of dietary supplementation of coated omega-3 fatty acid (n-3 CFA) by corn cob power silica on performance of weaning pigs. A total of 200 weaned pigs [(Landrace x Yorkshire) x Duroc, average initial body weight at 6.97 ± 1.22 kg] were randomly assigned to four experimental treatments in a 6-week experiment in 3 phases as follows: CON, basal diet; 2) 0.3CFA, CON + phase 1(0.3% n-3CFA), phase 2(0.2% n-3CFA), phase 3(0.1% n-3CFA); 3) 0.6CFA, CON + phase 1(0.6% n-3CFA), phase 2(0.4% n-3CFA), phase 3(0.2% n-3CFA); 4) 0.9CFA, CON + phase 1(0.9% n-3CFA), phase 2(0.6% n-3CFA), phase 3 (0.3% n-3CFA). Each treatment had 10 replicates with 5 pigs (three gilts and two barrows) per replicate. The data were analyzed using the GLM procedure of SAS as a randomized complete block design. Pen served as the experimental unit. Linear, quadratic and cubic polynomial contrasts were used to examine effect of dietary treatment with coated n-3FA in the basal diet. Variability in the data was expressed as the standard error of means and P&lt; 0.05 was considered to statistically significant. Increasing the level of n-3CFA in the diet linearly increased ADG and G/F of pigs (Table 1). Increasing the level of n-3CFA showed a linear increment in the digestibility of DM (83.59, 84.38, 85.13, 85.89 %) whereas nitrogen digestibility (81.79, 82.38, 82.96, 83.64 %) showed a trend (linear effect, p=0.0594) at the end of experiment. The fecal lactobacillus count was increased (7.22, 7.27, 7.33, 7.35 log10cfu/g) with the increase in the supplemental level of n-3CFA (linear effect; p&lt; 0.05). However, there were no differences in the concentration of serum haptoglobin, or fecal E. coli, Clostridium and Salmonella counts despite the increase in n-3CFA levels in the diet. Supplementation of the diet with coated n-3 fatty acids positively affected growth performance and digestibility of dry matter and nitrogen, and enhanced the count of lactobacillus in weaning pigs.

165 Effects of Digestible Lysine Level on Growth Performance and Economics of Grow-finish Pigs

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 58-59
Author(s):  
Larissa L Becker ◽  
Emily E Scholtz ◽  
Joel M DeRouchey ◽  
Mike D Tokach ◽  
Jason C Woodworth ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phase 1 ◽  
Information Criterion ◽  
Response Curves ◽  
Phase 3 ◽  
Ileal Digestibility ◽  
Distillers Dried Grains ◽  
Feed Cost ◽  
Best Fitting ◽  
Dietary Treatments ◽  
Fitting Model

Abstract A total of 2,124 barrows and gilts (PIC 1050′DNA 600, initially 48.9 kg) were used in a 32-d study to determine the optimal dietary standardized ileal digestibility (SID) Lys level in a commercial setting. Pigs were randomly allotted to 1 of 5 dietary treatments with 24 to 27 pigs/pen and 16 replications/treatment. Similar number of barrows and gilts were placed in each pen. Diets were fed over 3 phases (48.9 to 58.6, 58.6 to 70.9, and 70.9 to 80.8 kg respectively). Dietary treatments were corn-soybean meal-based and contained 10 (phase 1 and 2) or 5% (phase 3) distillers dried grains with solubles. Diets were formulated to 85, 95, 103, 110, or 120% of the current Pig Improvement Company (PIC, Hendersonville, TN) SID Lys gilt recommendations with phase 1 SID Lys levels of 0.90, 1.01, 1.09, 1.17 and 1.27%, phase 2 levels of 0.79, 0.87, 0.94, 1.03, and 1.10%, and phase 3 levels of 0.71, 0.78, 0.85, 0.92, and 0.99%, respectively. Dose response curves were evaluated using linear (LM), quadratic polynomial (QP), broken-line linear (BLL), and broken-line quadratic (BLQ) models. For each response variable, the best-fitting model was selected using the Bayesian information criterion. Overall (d 0 to 32), increasing SID Lys increased (linear, P&lt; 0.001) BW, ADG, G:F, Lys intake/d, and Lys intake/kg of gain. Modeling margin over feed cost (MOFC), BLL and QP estimated the requirement at 105.8% and 113.7% respectively. In summary, while growth increased linearly up to 120% of the PIC current feeding level, the optimal MOFC was 106% to 114% depending on the model used.

scholarly journals Dietary Inclusion of Blood Plasma with Yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) Supplementation Enhanced the Growth Performance, Nutrient Digestibility, Lactobacillus Count, and Reduced Gas Emissions in Weaning Pigs

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 759
Author(s):  
Vetriselvi Sampath ◽  
Dong Heon Baek ◽  
Sureshkumar Shanmugam ◽  
In Ho Kim
Keyword(s):  
Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Nutrient Digestibility ◽  
Phase 2 ◽  
Phase 3 ◽  
Yeast Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Yeast Phase ◽  
Weaning Pigs ◽  
Daily Gain

This experiment was performed to examine the hypothesis that blood plasma (BP) with yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) supplement in the diet of weaning pigs could provoke the growth performance, nutrient digestibility, fecal microbial, and reduce harmful gas excretion. A total of one hundred and eighty healthy piglets were taken and assigned (complete random blocks) to three dietary treatments as: Phase 1: Treatment (TRT) 1-6% BP; TRT 2-3% BP + 3% yeast; TRT 3-6% yeast. Phase 2: TRT 1-3%; BP., TRT 2-1.5% BP + 1.5% yeast; TRT 3- 3% yeast. Phase 3: TRT 1- Control (CON) (Basal diet); TRT 2- CON; TRT 3- CON for six- weeks. Each treatment had twelve replicates and five (three gilts and two barrows) pigs per pen. Dietary inclusion of BP with yeast supplementation significantly increased the body weight of piglets during phase 2 (p = 0.003) and phase 3 (p = 0.032). In addition, TRT2 group piglets had a significant improvement in average daily gain at the end of each phase and overall (p = 0.047, 0.025, 0.018 and 0.012, respectively). At phase 3, TRT2 group piglets showed a significant improvement on nutrient digestibility of dry matter (p = 0.012) and nitrogen (p = 0.040). The fecal microbiota of TRT2 group piglets showed a tendency to increase the number of Lactobacillus counts at phase 1 (p = 0.07) and phase 2 (p = 0.06) as well as, a significant improvement at phase 3 (p = 0.021). In addition, TRT2 group piglets had trend to decrease NH3 (p = 0.074) and H2S (p = 0.069) during phase 2, and significantly reduced NH3 (p = 0.038) and H2S (p = 0.046) at phase 3. However, the fecal score of piglets remains unaffected during the entire trial. At the end of phase 1 piglets’ IgG (p = 0.008) was significantly increased with the inclusion of BP with yeast supplementation. Based on the positive effects on body weight, average daily gain, nutrient digestibility, Lactobacillus count, and reduced gas emission, we suggest that dietary supplement with BP and yeast in the diet of weaned piglet could serve as an excellent alternative to antibiotics growth promoters.

scholarly journals A process for the development of a psychosocial educational programme to facilitate the reintegration of incarcerated women who had dumped babies and / or committed infanticide in Namibia

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 80
Author(s):  
Ndempavali Sumpi ◽  
Hans Justus Amukugo
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Data ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
Correctional Facility ◽  
Incarcerated Women ◽  
Educational Programme ◽  
Situational Analysis ◽  
Phase 3 ◽  
Individual Interviews ◽  
Analysis Phase ◽  
Experiences Of Women

The aim of this paper is to describe the steps/process used to develop a psychosocial educational programme to facilitate the reintegration of incarcerated women who had dumped babies and / or committed infanticide in Namibia. This process was done in four phases namely Phase 1, was carried out to explore and describe the lived experiences of women who had dumped and / or committed infanticide. The researcher used in-depth unstructured individual interviews for data collection and data was analysed by using Tech’s method of qualitative data analysis. Phase 2, focuses on the conceptualisation framework guided the development of a psychosocial educational programme that facilitated the reintegration process of women who had dumped and / or committed infanticide. The educational programme included the activities suggested in the survey list of Dickoff et al. (1968); namely, agent, recipient, context, dynamics, procedures, and terminus. Phase 3, focused on the development of a psychosocial educational programme to facilitate the reintegration process of women who had dumped their babies and / or committed infanticide. The survey list of Dickoff et al. (1968) was adopted as a reasoning map in the construction of the development of a psychosocial educational programme, as well as the findings of the situational analysis of this study. And Phase 4, focused on the implementation and evaluation of the psychosocial educational programme that was developed to facilitate the reintegration of incarcerated women who had dumped babies and / or committed infanticide. A three-day training workshop was held at the Oluno Correctional Facility to conduct the educational programme. The educational programme was evaluated in order to validate whether the programme interventions were likely to bring about the desired change among the participants.A process for the development of a psychosocial educational programme to facilitate the reintegration of incarcerated women who had dumped babies and / or committed infanticide in Namibia

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