scholarly journals Transcriptome analysis reveals disruption of circadian rhythms in late gestation dairy cows may increase risk for fatty liver and reduced mammary remodeling

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Theresa Casey ◽  
Aridany M Suarez-Trujillo ◽  
Conor McCabe ◽  
Linda Beckett ◽  
Rebecca Klopp ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Fatty Liver ◽  
Cholesterol Biosynthesis ◽  
Bovine Genome ◽  
Production Capacity ◽  
Mammary Development ◽  
Circadian Disruption ◽  
Late Gestation ◽  
Protein Coding ◽  
Increase Risk

Circadian disruption increased insulin resistance and decreased mammary development in late gestation, non-lactating (dry) cows. The objective was to measure the effect of circadian disruption on transcriptomes of the liver and mammary gland. At 35 d before expected calving (BEC) multiparous dry cows were assigned to either control (CON) or phase-shifted treatments (PS). CON was exposed to 16 h light and 8 h of dark. PS was exposed to 16 h light to 8 h dark, but phase of the light-dark cycle was shifted 6 h every 3 d. On d 21 BEC, liver and mammary were biopsied. RNA was isolated (n=6 CON, n=6 PS per tissue), libraries prepared and sequenced using paired end reads. Reads mapping to bovine genome averaged 27 M ± 2 M, and aligned to 14,222 protein coding genes in liver and 15,480 in mammary analysis. In the liver, 834 genes, and in the mammary gland, 862 genes were different (nominal P < 0.05) between PS and CON. In the liver, genes upregulated in PS functioned in cholesterol biosynthesis, endoplasmic reticulum stress, wound healing, and inflammation. Genes downregulated in liver function in cholesterol efflux. In the mammary gland, genes upregulated functioned in mRNA processing and transcription, downregulated genes encoded extracellular matrix proteins and proteases, cathepsins and lysosomal proteases, lipid transporters and regulated oxidative phosphorylation. Increased cholesterol synthesis and decreased efflux suggests circadian disruption potentially increases the risk of fatty liver in cows. Decreased remodeling and lipid transport in mammary may decrease milk production capacity during lactation.

scholarly journals Food intake dependent and independent effects of heat stress on lactation and mammary gland development

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yao Xiao ◽  
Jason M. Kronenfeld ◽  
Benjamin J. Renquist
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Mammary Gland Development ◽  
Heat Exposure ◽  
Mammary Development ◽  
Late Gestation ◽  
Independent Effects ◽  
Gland Development

ABSTRACTWith a growing population, a reliable food supply is increasingly important. Heat stress reduces livestock meat and milk production. Genetic selection of high producing animals increases endogenous heat production, while climate change increases exogenous heat exposure. Both sources of heat exacerbate the risk of heat-induced depression of production. Rodents are valuable models to understand mechanisms conserved across species. Heat exposure suppresses feed intake across homeothermic species including rodents and production animal species. We assessed the response to early-mid lactation or late gestation heat exposure on milk production and mammary gland development/function, respectively. Using pair-fed controls we experimentally isolated the food intake dependent and independent effects of heat stress on mammary function and mass. Heat exposure (35°C, relative humidity 50%) decreased daily food intake. When heat exposure occurred during lactation, hypophagia accounted for approximately 50% of the heat stress induced hypogalactia. Heat exposure during middle to late gestation suppressed food intake, which was fully responsible for the lowered mammary gland weight of dams at parturition. However, the impaired mammary gland function in heat exposed dams measured by metabolic rate and lactogenesis could not be explained by depressed food consumption. In conclusion, mice recapitulate the depressed milk production and mammary gland development observed in dairy species while providing insight regarding the role of food intake. This opens the potential to apply genetic, experimental and pharmacological models unique to mice to identify the mechanism by which heat is limiting animal production.Summary StatementsThis study demonstrates that heat stress decreases lactation and mammary development through food intake dependent and independent mechanisms.

Feeding flaxseed to sows during late-gestation and lactation affects mammary development but not mammary expression of selected genes in their offspring

2008 ◽  
Vol 88 (4) ◽  
pp. 585-590 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Farmer ◽  
M. F. Palin
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Dietary Treatment ◽  
Mammary Development ◽  
Late Gestation ◽  
Mammary Gland Expression

Mammary gland composition and mammary gene expression were measured in pubertal gilts whose dam were fed a control (CTL) diet or a diet with a 10% supplement of flaxseed (FS) during late-gestation and throughout lactation. Parenchymal weight expressed as a percentage of body weight tended to be greater in offspring from FS compared with CTL sows (P < 0.1) and to contain less fat (P < 0.1). Offspring from FS sows had more parenchymal protein, whether expressed as a percentage (P < 0.05) or total amount in tissue (P ≤ 0.05), than offspring from CTL sows. No changes (P > 0.1) in mammary gland expression of the studied genes were observed with dietary treatment. Key words: Flaxseed, gene expression, gestation, mammary development, offspring, porcine

scholarly journals Responses of the mammary transcriptome of dairy cows to altered photoperiod during late gestation

2015 ◽  
Vol 47 (10) ◽  
pp. 488-499 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. A. Bentley ◽  
E. H. Wall ◽  
G. E. Dahl ◽  
T. B. McFadden
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Immune Function ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Bovine Genome ◽  
Interferon Γ ◽  
Mammary Development ◽  
Late Gestation ◽  
Differentially Expressed ◽  
Subsequent Increase ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

Cows exposed to short day photoperiod (SD, 8L:16D) during the 60-day nonlactating period prior to parturition produce more milk in their subsequent lactation compared with cows exposed to long day photoperiod (LD, 16L:8D). Although this response is well established in dairy cows, the underlying mechanisms are not understood. We hypothesized that differential gene expression in cows exposed to SD or LD photoperiods during the dry period could be used to identify the functional basis for the subsequent increase in milk production during lactation. Pregnant, multiparous cows were maintained on an SD or LD photoperiod for 60 days prior to parturition. Mammary biopsies were obtained on days −24 and −9 relative to parturition and Affymetrix GeneChip Bovine Genome Arrays were used to quantify gene expression. Sixty-four genes were differentially expressed ( P ≤ 0.05 and fold-change ≥ |1.5|) between SD and LD treatments. Many of these genes were associated with cell growth and proliferation, or immune function. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis predicted upstream regulators to include TNF, TGF-β1, interferon-γ, and several interleukins. In addition, expression of 125 genes was significantly different between day −24 and day −9; those genes were associated with milk component metabolism and immune function. The interaction of photoperiod and time affected 32 genes associated with insulin-like growth factor I signaling. Genes differentially expressed in response to photoperiod were associated with mammary development and immune function consistent with the enhancement of milk yield in the ensuing lactation. Our results provide insight into the mechanisms by which photoperiod affects the mammary gland and subsequently lactation.

scholarly journals 27 Defining a robust sow: swine nutrition perspective on reproduction and lactation

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 13-13
Author(s):  
Joel M DeRouchey ◽  
Mike D Tokach ◽  
Robert D Goodband ◽  
Jason C Woodworth ◽  
Steve S Dritz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Body Condition ◽  
Fetal Growth ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Energy Requirement ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Mammary Development ◽  
Late Gestation ◽  
Embryo Survival

Abstract Improvements in modern sow prolificacy have markedly increased the number of pigs weaned, thus the ability of sows to provide nutrients to support fetal growth and milk production has been enhanced. The goals of the gestation nutrition program consist of meeting the nutrient requirements for maintenance and growth and for adequate conceptus development, while managing body condition. Early gestation represents the best opportunity for replenishing body reserves, whereas in late gestation, both estimated protein deposition and energy requirement are exponentially increased and directed towards fetal growth and mammary development. Increased feed intake after breeding has been presumed to be detrimental to embryo survival; however, data with modern line sows demonstrates to feed thin sows to recover body condition as quickly as possible while avoiding feed deprivation immediately after breeding. Importance of body condition scoring remains unchanged: feed thin sows to bring back to adequate body condition and prevent over-conditioned sows at farrowing. A recent meta-analysis showed increasing late gestation feed intake seems to modestly improve piglet birth weight by 28 g per piglet in gilts and sows. Also, recent findings in gestating sows suggest modern genotypes have improved feed efficiency and propensity for growth. Therefore, increasing energy intake during late gestation has a modest effect on piglet birth weight and a negative effect on stillborn rate. Historically, lactation catabolism impacted subsequent reproductive performance of sows, particularly in first-parity. However, contemporary sows appear to be increasingly resistant to the negative effects of lactational catabolism. Even so, continued emphasis on maximizing lactation feed intake is critical to support milk production and prevent excessive lean tissue mobilization. Research data suggests that ad libitum feeding and offering lactation diets during the wean-to-estrus interval is not needed. Modern genetic sow lines appear to be more robust from a nutritional perspective than in the past.

scholarly journals A Functional Connection between pRB and Transforming Growth Factor β in Growth Inhibition and Mammary Gland Development

2009 ◽  
Vol 29 (16) ◽  
pp. 4455-4466 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah M. Francis ◽  
Jacqueline Bergsied ◽  
Christian E. Isaac ◽  
Courtney H. Coschi ◽  
Alison L. Martens ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Growth Factor ◽  
Growth Inhibition ◽  
Mammary Gland Development ◽  
Transforming Growth Factor ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Transforming Growth Factor Β ◽  
Mammary Development ◽  
Functional Connection ◽  
Gland Development

ABSTRACT Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) is a crucial mediator of breast development, and loss of TGF-β-induced growth arrest is a hallmark of breast cancer. TGF-β has been shown to inhibit cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) activity, which leads to the accumulation of hypophosphorylated pRB. However, unlike other components of TGF-β cytostatic signaling, pRB is thought to be dispensable for mammary development. Using gene-targeted mice carrying subtle missense changes in pRB (Rb1 ΔL and Rb1NF ), we have discovered that pRB plays a critical role in mammary gland development. In particular, Rb1 mutant female mice have hyperplastic mammary epithelium and defects in nursing due to insensitivity to TGF-β growth inhibition. In contrast with previous studies that highlighted the inhibition of cyclin/CDK activity by TGF-β signaling, our experiments revealed that active transcriptional repression of E2F target genes by pRB downstream of CDKs is also a key component of TGF-β cytostatic signaling. Taken together, our work demonstrates a unique functional connection between pRB and TGF-β in growth control and mammary gland development.

scholarly journals Loss of vitamin D receptor signaling from the mammary epithelium or adipose tissue alters pubertal glandular development

2014 ◽  
Vol 307 (8) ◽  
pp. E674-E685 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abby L. Johnson ◽  
Glendon M. Zinser ◽  
Susan E. Waltz
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Epithelial Cell ◽  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Mammary Epithelium ◽  
Mammary Development ◽  
Mammary Epithelial ◽  
Cell Type ◽  
Pubertal Mammary Development

Vitamin D3 receptor (VDR) signaling within the mammary gland regulates various postnatal stages of glandular development, including puberty, pregnancy, involution, and tumorigenesis. Previous studies have shown that vitamin D3 treatment induces cell-autonomous growth inhibition and differentiation of mammary epithelial cells in culture. Furthermore, mammary adipose tissue serves as a depot for vitamin D3 storage, and both epithelial cells and adipocytes are capable of bioactivating vitamin D3. Despite the pervasiveness of VDR in mammary tissue, individual contributions of epithelial cells and adipocytes, as well as the VDR-regulated cross-talk between these two cell types during pubertal mammary development, have yet to be investigated. To assess the cell-type specific effect of VDR signaling during pubertal mammary development, novel mouse models with mammary epithelial- or adipocyte-specific loss of VDR were generated. Interestingly, loss of VDR in either cellular compartment accelerated ductal morphogenesis with increased epithelial cell proliferation and decreased apoptosis within terminal end buds. Conversely, VDR signaling specifically in the mammary epithelium modulated hormone-induced alveolar growth, as ablation of VDR in this cell type resulted in precocious alveolar development. In examining cellular cross-talk ex vivo, we show that ligand-dependent VDR signaling in adipocytes significantly inhibits mammary epithelial cell growth in part through the vitamin D3-dependent production of the cytokine IL-6. Collectively, these studies delineate independent roles for vitamin D3-dependent VDR signaling in mammary adipocytes and epithelial cells in controlling pubertal mammary gland development.

Review: Mammary development in swine: effects of hormonal status, nutrition and management

2013 ◽  
Vol 93 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Farmer
Keyword(s):  
Detrimental Effect ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Mammary Development ◽  
Late Gestation ◽  
Mammary Tissue ◽  
Hormonal Status ◽  
Best Management ◽  
Lactating Sows ◽  
Endocrine Status

Farmer, C. 2013. Review: Mammary development in swine: effects of hormonal status, nutrition and management. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 93: 1–7. There are three phases of rapid mammary accretion in swine, namely, from 90 d of age until puberty, during the last third of gestation and throughout lactation. Nutrition, endocrine status and management of gilts or sows during those periods can affect mammary development. More specifically, in growing gilts, feed restriction as of 90 d of age hinders mammary development and either supplying the phytoestrogen genistein or increasing circulating concentrations of prolactin stimulates mammogenesis. In late gestation, inhibition of relaxin or prolactin drastically diminishes mammary development and overly increasing dietary energy has a detrimental effect on mammogenesis. It also appears that feeding of the gestating sow can affect the mammary development of her offspring once it reaches puberty. Various management factors such as litter size, nursing intensity and use or non-use of a teat in the previous lactation will affect the amount of mammary tissue present at the end of lactation. Mammary development is followed by the essential process of involution whereby a rapid and drastic regression in parenchymal tissue takes place. It can occur either after weaning or in early lactation when teats are not being regularly suckled. Despite our current knowledge, much remains to be learned in order to develop the best management strategies for replacement gilts, and gestating and lactating sows that will maximize their milk production.

Uteroplacental insufficiency alters the mammary gland response to lactogenic hormones in vitro

2008 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 460 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachael O'Dowd ◽  
Mary E. Wlodek ◽  
Kevin R. Nicholas
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Postnatal Growth ◽  
Mammary Development ◽  
Mammary Tissue ◽  
Sham Surgery ◽  
Uterine Vessel ◽  
Lactogenic Hormones ◽  
Vessel Ligation

Adequate mammary development and coordinated actions of lactogenic hormones are essential for the initiation of lactation. Pregnancies compromised by uteroplacental insufficiency impair mammary development and lactation, further slowing postnatal growth. It is not known whether the initiation of lactation or galactopoesis is compromised. Uteroplacental insufficiency induced in rats by bilateral uterine vessel ligation (Restricted) or sham surgery (Control) on Day 18 of gestation preceded collection of mammary tissue on Day 20 of pregnancy. Mammary explants were cultured with combinations of insulin, cortisol and prolactin and analysed for α-lactalbumin and β-casein gene expression. Mammary tissue from late pregnant Restricted rats had elevated α-lactalbumin, but not β-casein, mRNA, which is consistent with premature lactogenesis resulting from an early decline in peripheral maternal progesterone. Explants from Restricted rats were more responsive to hormone stimulation after 3 days in culture, indicating that compromised galactopoesis, not lactogenesis, most likely leads to the reduced growth of suckled pups.

Effects of sustained hyperprolactinemia in late gestation on mammary development of gilts

2020 ◽  
Vol 72 ◽  
pp. 106408 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Caron ◽  
M.F. Palin ◽  
R.C. Hovey ◽  
J. Cohen ◽  
J.P. Laforest ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mammary Development ◽  
Late Gestation

scholarly journals Late gestation supplementation of corn dried distiller’s grains plus solubles to beef cows fed a low-quality forage: III. effects on mammary gland blood flow, colostrum and milk production, and calf body weights

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (8) ◽  
pp. 3337-3347 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victoria C Kennedy ◽  
James J Gaspers ◽  
Bethany R Mordhorst ◽  
Gerald L Stokka ◽  
Kendall C Swanson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Beef Cows ◽  
Late Gestation ◽  
Arterial Blood Flow ◽  
Total Blood ◽  
Distiller's Grains ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Term Performance

Abstract Objectives were to investigate the effects of supplementation with corn dried distiller’s grains plus solubles (DDGS) to late gestating beef cows on arterial blood flow to the mammary glands during late gestation and early lactation; colostrum and milk production; dystocia and immunity; and calf BW. Cows were fed a control (CON; n = 15; 5.1% CP; 36.2% ADF) diet consisting of 90% corn stover and 10% corn silage on a dry basis offered ad libitum or CON diet with supplementation of DDGS (0.30% of BW; SUP n = 12). Mammary gland blood flow was assessed on day 245 of gestation. At parturition, maternal and calving parameters were assessed; colostrum and jugular blood was sampled; and dams were weighed. Mammary gland blood flow and milk production was measured on day 44 of lactation. Calves were weighed fortnightly for 8 wk and at weaning. Colostrum production tended to be greater in SUP dams than in CON dams (837 vs. 614 ± 95 g, P = 0.10). Calves of SUP dams were heavier at birth and 24 h (0 h, 43.2 vs. 39.8 ± 1.0 kg, P = 0.02; 24 h, 44.0 vs. 40.4 ± 1.1 kg, P = 0.02). At birth and 24 h, blood pCO2 was greater in calves born to SUP dams (6.82 vs. 6.00 ± 0.41 kPa, P = 0.04). Serum IgG did not differ (P = 0.21) at 24 h. Ipsilateral mammary gland blood flow of SUP cows was greater than CON cows (2.76 vs. 1.76 ± 0.30 L/min; P = 0.03); however, when summed with contralateral, total blood flow was similar (P = 0.33). Hemodynamic measures on day 44 of lactation were similar (P ≥ 0.32). Milk production tended to be increased (13.5 vs. 10.2 ± 1.2 kg/d, P = 0.07) in SUP vs. CON cows. Despite similar BW through 56 d, calves from SUP cows were heavier (P = 0.04) at weaning (309.7 vs. 292.0 ± 6.0 kg). In conclusion, we accept our hypothesis that DDGS supplementation during gestation influenced mammary blood flow, milk production and calf weights. These findings implicate maternal nutrition’s leverage on both nutrient and passive immunity delivery to the calf early in life as well as potential advantages on long-term performance.

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