scholarly journals Global Distribution, Public Health and Clinical Impact of the Protozoan PathogenCryptosporidium

2010 ◽  
Vol 2010 ◽  
pp. 1-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lorenza Putignani ◽  
Donato Menichella
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Immunological Response ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Clinical Impact ◽  
Early Age ◽  
Underdeveloped Countries ◽  
Detection Systems ◽  
Immunological Status ◽  
Host Determinants ◽  
Key Indicators

Cryptosporidiumspp. are coccidians, oocysts-forming apicomplexan protozoa, which complete their life cycle both in humans and animals, through zoonotic and anthroponotic transmission, causing cryptosporidiosis. The global burden of this disease is still underascertained, due to a conundrum transmission modality, only partially unveiled, and on a plethora of detection systems still inadequate or only partially applied for worldwide surveillance. In children, cryptosporidiosis encumber is even less recorded and often misidentified due to physiological reasons such as early-age unpaired immunological response. Furthermore, malnutrition in underdeveloped countries or clinical underestimation of protozoan etiology in developed countries contribute to the underestimation of the worldwide burden. Principal key indicators of the parasite distribution were associated to environmental (e.g., geographic and temporal clusters, etc.) and host determinants of the infection (e.g., age, immunological status, travels, community behaviours). The distribution was geographically mapped to provide an updated picture of the global parasite ecosystems. The present paper aims to provide, by a critical analysis of existing literature, a link between observational epidemiological records and new insights on public health, and diagnostic and clinical impact of cryptosporidiosis.

scholarly journals Positive Design for Children with Atopic Dermatitis—Enhanced Problem-Solving and Possibility-Driven Approach in the Context of Chronic Disease

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 69
Author(s):  
Veronika Weiß ◽  
Michael Minge ◽  
Bernhard Preim ◽  
Steffi Hußlein
Keyword(s):  
Atopic Dermatitis ◽  
Problem Solving ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Research Area ◽  
Steady Increase ◽  
Early Age ◽  
Human Flourishing ◽  
Very Young Children ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Design For Children

Since the 1960s, atopic dermatitis has seen a steady increase in prevalence in developed countries. Most often, the onset begins at an early age and many patients are very young children. Due to their young age, their parents are forced to take over handling of the disease. As a consequence, atopic dermatitis places a high burden not only on affected children, but also on their parents and siblings, limiting human flourishing of a whole family. Therefore, the described research area calls for a possibility-driven approach that looks beyond mere problem-solving while building on existing support possibilities and creating new ones. This paper presents atopi as a result of such a possibility-driven approach. It incorporates existing patient education and severity scoring into an extensive service, adding new elements to turn necessary practices into joyful experiences, to create feelings of relatedness and to increase perceived self-efficacy, thus is suitable to enable human flourishing.

scholarly journals Leveraging Artificial Intelligence and Big Data to Optimize COVID-19 Clinical Public Health and Vaccination Roll-Out Strategies in Africa

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (15) ◽  
pp. 7890
Author(s):  
Bruce Mellado ◽  
Jianhong Wu ◽  
Jude Dzevela Kong ◽  
Nicola Luigi Bragazzi ◽  
Ali Asgary ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Machine Learning ◽  
Big Data ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Machine Learning Techniques ◽  
Multiple Data ◽  
Learning Techniques ◽  
Unequal Access ◽  
Roll Out

COVID-19 is imposing massive health, social and economic costs. While many developed countries have started vaccinating, most African nations are waiting for vaccine stocks to be allocated and are using clinical public health (CPH) strategies to control the pandemic. The emergence of variants of concern (VOC), unequal access to the vaccine supply and locally specific logistical and vaccine delivery parameters, add complexity to national CPH strategies and amplify the urgent need for effective CPH policies. Big data and artificial intelligence machine learning techniques and collaborations can be instrumental in an accurate, timely, locally nuanced analysis of multiple data sources to inform CPH decision-making, vaccination strategies and their staged roll-out. The Africa-Canada Artificial Intelligence and Data Innovation Consortium (ACADIC) has been established to develop and employ machine learning techniques to design CPH strategies in Africa, which requires ongoing collaboration, testing and development to maximize the equity and effectiveness of COVID-19-related CPH interventions.

Mandatory vaccination against COVID-19 would be supported by less than fifty per cent: A Twitter poll analysis on public health opinion. (Preprint)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valentin Ritschl ◽  
Fabian Eibensteiner ◽  
Erika Mosor ◽  
Maisa Omara ◽  
Lisa Sperl ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Social Media ◽  
Vaccination Coverage ◽  
Digital Health ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Vaccination Rate ◽  
World Health ◽  
Vaccination Coverage Rate ◽  
Twitter Users ◽  
Mandatory Vaccination

BACKGROUND On January 30, 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) Emergency Committee declared the rapid worldwide spread of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) a global health emergency. By December 2020, the safety and efficacy of the first COVID-19 vaccines had been demonstrated. However, global vaccination coverage rates have remained below expectations. Mandatory vaccination is now being controversially discussed and has been enacted in some developed countries, while the vaccination rate is very low in many developing countries. We used the Twitter survey system as a viable method to quickly and comprehensively gather international public health insights on mandatory vaccination against COVID-19. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to understand better the public's perception of mandatory COVID-19 vaccination in real-time utilizing Twitter polls. METHODS Two Twitter polls were developed to seek the public's opinion on the possibility of mandatory vaccination. The polls were pinned to the Digital Health and Patient Safety Platform's Twitter timeline for one week in mid-November 2021, three days after the official public announcement of mandatory COVID-19 vaccination in Austria. Twitter users were asked to participate and retweet the polls to reach the largest possible audience. RESULTS Our Twitter polls revealed two extremes on the topic of mandatory vaccination against COVID-19. Almost half of the respondents (49% [1,246/2,545]) favour mandatory vaccination, at least in certain areas. This attitude is in contrast to the 45.7% (1,162/2,545) who categorically reject mandatory vaccination. 26.3% (621/2,365) of participating Twitter users said they would never get vaccinated, which is reflected by the current vaccination coverage rate. Concatenating interpretation of these two polls needs to be done cautiously as participating populations might greatly differ. CONCLUSIONS Mandatory vaccination against COVID-19 (in at least certain areas) is favoured by less than 50%, whereas it is vehemently opposed by almost half of the surveyed Twitter users. Since (social) media strongly influences public perceptions and views through and social media discussions and surveys specifically susceptible to the "echo chamber effect", the results can be seen as a momentary snapshot. Therefore, the results of this study need to be complemented by long-term surveys to maintain their validity.

What's Millennial about the MDGs? Discursive Boundaries of Public Health in Southeast Asia

2009 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-33
Author(s):  
Lynn Thiesmeyer
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Southeast Asia ◽  
Millennium Development Goals ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Human Needs ◽  
Development Goals ◽  
Basic Human Needs ◽  
Post War ◽  
Critical Aspects

The Millennium Development Goals are framed within the post-war discourses of development that also gave us Basic Human Needs and Human Security. The Goals set out a consideration of the failures of earlier strategies along with an agenda for the accelerated reduction of poverty and its accompanying human insecurities. Though the more critical aspects of the MDG discourse were sorely needed, they also left space for the repetition of earlier top–down development strategies, and, more generally, for a (re)vision and wider implementation of globalised intervention by developed countries into the less-developed. In this discourse developed countries identify needs on the part of the less-developed and then supply these needs. The ‘need’ discourse focussed on here represents inferior public health that requires services, goods and equipment to be provided by developed countries; what it ignores are negative health consequences that can arise from development schemes themselves.

scholarly journals Proactive supply chain risk management approach: The case of Serbia

2017 ◽  
Vol 62 (214) ◽  
pp. 121-137
Author(s):  
Aleksandra Andjelkovic
Keyword(s):  
Risk Management ◽  
Supply Chain ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Management Approach ◽  
Supply Chain Risk Management ◽  
Supply Chain Risk ◽  
Underdeveloped Countries ◽  
Management Concept ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Eu

Supply chain risk management has become imperative. Therefore, needs for proactive supply chain risk management continuously is growing. Proactive supply chain risk management is not a great problem in developed countries. The problem is present in transition countries and underdeveloped countries. In those countries has not been built awareness about the importance of networking through supply chains and risk management within the supply chain. One of them is Republic of Serbia. Outside the door of the EU, the Republic of Serbia still retains the characteristics of the old system, and that is the great limitation for implementation of proactive supply chain risk management concept. Basic aim of paper is to research the level of proactive supply chain risk management. By using an adequate statistical methods, in paper will be analysed group of large enterprises from the Republic of Serbia. Besides that, author of paper suggesting the reasons and consequences of lack of proactive supply chain risk management.

scholarly journals Newborn Screening: Why is Asia Lagging Behind?

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Newborn Screening ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Publicly Funded ◽  
Public Health Programme ◽  
Preventive Public Health ◽  
The Developed Countries ◽  
Health Programme

Newborn screening is the most important preventive public health programme of the 21st century. It is implemented in majority of the developed countries. India and many countries in Asia are yet to start any publicly funded programme despite this having been established practice in many countries for over 50 years.

scholarly journals Cardiac Rehabilitation: A Bibliometric Review From 2001 to 2020

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guozhen Yuan ◽  
Jingjing Shi ◽  
Qiulei Jia ◽  
Shuqing Shi ◽  
Xueping Zhu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Cardiac Rehabilitation ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The United States ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Sports Science ◽  
Subject Categories ◽  
Cardiovascular Morbidity And Mortality ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Topic Distribution

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a serious threat to global public health due to its high prevalence and disability rate. Meanwhile, cardiac rehabilitation (CR) has attracted increasing attention for its positive effects on the cardiovascular system. There is overwhelming evidence that CR for patients with CVD is effective in reducing cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. To learn more about the development of CR, 5,567 papers about CR and related research were retrieved in the Web of Science Core Collection from 2001 to 2020. Then, these publications were scientometrically analyzed based on CiteSpace in terms of spatiotemporal distribution, author distribution, subject categories, topic distribution, and references. The results can be elaborated from three aspects. Firstly, the number of annual publications related to CR has increased year by year in general over the past two decades. Secondly, a co-occurrence analysis of the output countries and authors shows that a few developed countries such as the United States, Canada, and the UK are the most active in carrying out CR and where regional academic communities represented by Sherry Grace and Ross Arena were formed. Thirdly, an analysis of the subject categories and topic distribution of the papers reveals that CR is a typical interdiscipline with a wide range of disciplines involved, including clinical medicine, basic medicine, public health management, and sports science. The research topics cover the participants and implementers, components, and the objectives and requirements of CR. The current research hotspots are the three core modalities of CR, namely patient education, exercise training and mental support, as well as mobile health (mHealth) dependent on computer science. In conclusion, this work has provided some useful information for acquiring knowledge about CR, including identifying potential collaborators for researchers interested in CR, and discovering research trends and hot topics in CR, which can offer some guidance for more extensive and in-depth CR-related studies in the future.

scholarly journals Equity of geographical access to public health facilities in Nepal

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (10) ◽  
pp. e006786
Author(s):  
Wen-Rui Cao ◽  
Prabin Shakya ◽  
Biraj Karmacharya ◽  
Dong Roman Xu ◽  
Yuan-Tao Hao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Travel Time ◽  
Weighted Average ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Public Health Facility ◽  
Health Facilities ◽  
Public Health Facilities ◽  
Geographical Access ◽  
Geographical Accessibility ◽  
New Facilities

IntroductionGeographical accessibility is important against health equity, particularly for less developed countries as Nepal. It is important to identify the disparities in geographical accessibility to the three levels of public health facilities across Nepal, which has not been available.MethodsBased on the up-to-date dataset of Nepal formal public health facilities in 2021, we measured the geographical accessibility by calculating the travel time to the nearest public health facility of three levels (ie, primary, secondary and tertiary) across Nepal at 1×1 km2 resolution under two travel modes: walking and motorised. Gini and Theil L index were used to assess the inequality. Potential locations of new facilities were identified for best improvement of geographical efficiency or equality.ResultsBoth geographical accessibility and its equality were better under the motorised mode compared with the walking mode. If motorised transportation is available to everyone, the population coverage within 5 min to any public health facilities would be improved by 62.13%. The population-weighted average travel time was 17.91 min, 39.88 min and 69.23 min and the Gini coefficients 0.03, 0.18 and 0.42 to the nearest primary, secondary and tertiary facilities, respectively, under motorised mode. For primary facilities, low accessibility was found in the northern mountain belt; for secondary facilities, the accessibility decreased with increased distance from the district centres; and for tertiary facilities, low accessibility was found in most areas except the developed areas like zonal centres. The potential locations of new facilities differed for the three levels of facilities. Besides, the majority of inequalities of geographical accessibility were from within-province.ConclusionThe high-resolution geographical accessibility maps and the assessment of inequality provide valuable information for health resource allocation and health-related planning in Nepal.

scholarly journals Elderly suicide rates: the importance of a non-linear relationship with distal risk and protective factors

2012 ◽  
Vol 24 (9) ◽  
pp. 1363-1367 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ajit Shah ◽  
Ravi Bhat ◽  
Sofia Zarate-Escudero
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Protective Factors ◽  
Population Level ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Risk And Protective Factors ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
National Study ◽  
Detailed Knowledge ◽  
Suicide Rates

The elderly population size is increasing worldwide due to prolonged life expectancy and falling birth rates. Traditionally, suicide rates increase with age. For example, a recent cross-national study of 62 developing and developed countries reported an increase in suicide rates with aging in males and females in 25 and 27 countries respectively (Shah, 2007a). Thus, suicides in the elderly are an important public health concern. While much is known about proximal (individual level) risk and protective factors for elderly suicides (e.g. Conwell et al., 1991; Cattell and Jolley, 1995; Harwood et al., 2001), less is known about more distal (societal or population level) risk and protective factors (Rehkopf and Buka, 2006). Moreover, detailed knowledge of these distal factors may have greater public health relevance for the development of comprehensive prevention strategies (Knox et al., 2004).

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