Achieving Motor Development Milestones at the Age of Three Months May Determine, but Does Not Guarantee, Proper Further Development

Proper motor performance at 3rd month is necessary for further motor development. The paper aims to demonstrate the reliability, sensitivity, and predictive value of an original motor performance assessment tool in comparison with the neurological assessment at 3, 6, and 9 months. Children (n=123), born at term without pre- or perinatal complications, born at term with pre- or perinatal complications, or born preterm, were assessed at the age of 3, 6, and 9 months, by a neurologist and a physiotherapist. The physiotherapist evaluated 15 qualitative features typical for the age of 3 months in the prone and supine positions. The final neurological assessment determined the degree of developmental disorder. Neurological and global physiotherapeutic assessments showed a statistically significant correlation. Qualitative assessment results were very good in healthy children and decreased with worsening neurological diagnoses. Children diagnosed with cerebral palsy did not show proper qualitative features of 3 months when analyzed at 3, 6, and 9 months. Children with delayed motor development revealed minor qualitative performance impairments as early as 3 months but improved with age. Qualitative assessment at 3 months not only facilitates diagnosis of major developmental disorders but is also a good predictor of delayed motor development in children.

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Crawl Position Depends on Specific Earlier Motor Skills

Journal of Clinical Medicine ◽

10.3390/jcm10235605 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (23) ◽

pp. 5605

Author(s):

Ewa Gajewska ◽

Jerzy Moczko ◽

Mariusz Naczk ◽

Alicja Naczk ◽

Barbara Steinborn ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Motor Skills ◽

Supine Position ◽

Motor Development ◽

Motor Performance ◽

Qualitative Assessment ◽

Early Assessment ◽

Neurological Assessment ◽

Proper Position ◽

Starting Point ◽

The Relationship

Early assessment of motor performance should allow not only the detection of disturbances but also create a starting point for the therapy. Unfortunately, a commonly recognised method that should combine these two aspects is still missing. The aim of the study is to analyse the relationship between the qualitative assessment of motor development at the age of 3 months and the acquisition of the crawl position in the 7th month of life. A total of 135 children were enrolled (66 females). The analysis was based on physiotherapeutic and neurological assessment and was performed in the 3rd, 7th and 9th months of life in children, who were classified according to whether they attained the crawl position or not in the 7th month. Children who did not attain the crawl position in the 7th month did not show distal elements of motor performance at the age of 3 months and thus achieved a lower sum in the qualitative assessment. Proper position of the pelvis at the age of 3 months proved to be very important for the achievement of the proper crawl position at the 7th month. Failure to attain the crawl position in the 7th month delays further motor development. The proximal-distal development must be achieved before a child is able to assume the crawl position. Supine position in the 3rd month seemed more strongly related to achieving the crawl position than assessment in the prone position.

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Assessment of Motor Development in Childhood: Contemporary Issues, Considerations, and Future Directions

Journal of Motor Learning and Development ◽

10.1123/jmld.2018-0028 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (2) ◽

pp. 391-409 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Priscila Tamplain ◽

E. Kipling Webster ◽

Ali Brian ◽

Nadia C. Valentini

Keyword(s):

Motor Development ◽

Motor Performance ◽

Screening Tools ◽

Development Research ◽

Critical Aspect ◽

Future Directions ◽

Short Forms ◽

Reliability Sensitivity ◽

Contemporary Status ◽

Health Applications

Assessment of the motor domain is a critical aspect of understanding motor development. Measurement of motor development is the baseline to understand potential delays and to promote the tools for change and improvement of this domain. This paper aims to reflect on the construct of motor development and the process of assessing motor performance. We review the use of assessments in motor development research and discuss issues of validity, reliability, sensitivity, and specificity. We appraise selected assessments, describe how the use of assessments changed over the periods of study in motor development, and examine the contemporary status of assessments and its applications. Finally, and most importantly, we provide suggestions and recommendations for future directions in the field, as well as pose important questions for researchers and practitioners to consider when selecting, using, and interpreting assessment results. In light of the contemporary view of motor development and the increasing focus on health applications, we recommend the use of screening tools, short forms, and technology, as well as encouraging the use of and more research on motor development assessments in childhood.

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Motor performance of HIV-positive children

Fisioterapia em Movimento ◽

10.1590/0103-5150.029.001.ao06 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 29 (1) ◽

pp. 61-70

Author(s):

Grazielle Aurelina Fraga-Sousa ◽

Maria Clara Rangel Rodrigues ◽

Marjorie Graziolli Pereira ◽

Tatiana Santos Arruda ◽

Regina Célia Turolla de Souza

Keyword(s):

Motor Function ◽

Motor Development ◽

Motor Performance ◽

Fine Motor ◽

Hiv Positive ◽

Healthy Children ◽

Whitney Test ◽

Mann Whitney Test ◽

Group I ◽

Significant Difference

Abstract Introduction: Evidence indicates that HIV-positive children have a lower motor performance compared to uninfected children. The analysis of the factors that determine these changes is very important for the implementation of rehabilitation strategies. Objective: To analyze the motor development of seropositive children and compare it to the performance of healthy children with normal neuropsycomotor development. Materials and Methods: Eight children were evaluated, aged between four and six years, divided into two groups: Group I (n = 4) composed of HIV-positive children without any secondary disease and Group II (n = 4) composed of healthy children, matched to Group I by sex and age. The Peabody Developmental Motor Scales (PDMS-2) for gross motor function and fine motor function were used to evaluate motor performance. Results: In both groups, most of the children presented an average or above average motor performance, according to normal data of PDMS-2. The analysis indicated no inter-group differences in the gross scores (p > 0,05, Mann-Whitney test) or motor quotients (p> 0.05, Mann-Whitney test). However, intra-group analysis indicated a marginally significant difference between motor quotients (p = 0,07, Wilcoxon test), with higher fine motor quotient in both groups. Conclusion: The data suggest no significant difference between the motor performance of HIV-positive children and healthy children. These results contribute to the analysis of motor development of HIV-positive children, raising questions about factors that may influence the motor development of these children.

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A Quantitative and Qualitative Assessment of Autistic Individuals on Selected Motor Tasks

Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly ◽

10.1123/apaq.2.1.43 ◽

1985 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

pp. 43-55 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Brian Morin ◽

Greg Reid

Keyword(s):

Mental Retardation ◽

Motor Performance ◽

Qualitative Assessment ◽

Motor Tasks ◽

Motor Patterns ◽

Formal Testing ◽

Test Items ◽

Qualitative Performance ◽

Guided Play

Previous descriptions of the motor performance of autistic persons have often confounded autism and mental retardation. Therefore, this study compared high functioning autistic individuals to functionally retarded subjects matched closely on chronological age and measured intelligence. Quantitative and qualitative scores for balance, throwing, catching, jumping, and running test items were obtained in a formal testing situation. Also, for autistic subjects, the relationship between qualitative performance on the formal test items and the quality of motor patterns elicited during guided play was determined. It was concluded that the selected test items generally represented reliable indices of the motor performance of autistic persons and that performance during formal testing essentially mirrored that of guided play. While there was some trend toward inferior qualitative scores by autistic individuals compared to their matched counterparts, there were no meaningful quantitative differences between the groups. It is possible that the poor motor performance associated with autism is largely a factor of mental retardation.

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Neurodevelopmental outcome of preterm very low birth weight infants admitted to an Italian tertiary center over an 11-year period

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-95864-0 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Stefania Longo ◽

Camilla Caporali ◽

Camilla Pisoni ◽

Alessandro Borghesi ◽

Gianfranco Perotti ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cerebral Palsy ◽

Birth Weight ◽

Low Birth Weight ◽

Very Low Birth Weight ◽

Neurodevelopmental Outcome ◽

International Studies ◽

Perinatal Complications ◽

Neurological Assessment ◽

Low Birth Weight Infants ◽

Tertiary Center

AbstractPreterm very low birth weight infants (VLBWi) are known to be at greater risk of adverse neurodevelopmental outcome. Identifying early factors associated with outcome is essential in order to refer patients for early intervention. Few studies have investigated neurodevelopmental outcome in Italian VLBWi. The aim of our longitudinal study is to describe neurodevelopmental outcome at 24 months of corrected age in an eleven-year cohort of 502 Italian preterm VLBWi and to identify associations with outcome. At 24 months, Griffiths’ Mental Developmental Scales were administered. Neurodevelopmental outcome was classified as: normal, minor sequelae (minor neurological signs, General Quotient between 76 and 87), major sequelae (cerebral palsy; General Quotient ≤ 75; severe sensory impairment). 75.3% showed a normal outcome, 13.9% minor sequelae and 10.8% major sequelae (3.8% cerebral palsy). Male gender, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, abnormal neonatal neurological assessment and severe brain ultrasound abnormalities were independently associated with poor outcome on multivariate ordered logistic regression. Rates of major sequelae are in line with international studies, as is the prevalence of developmental delay over cerebral palsy. Analysis of perinatal complications and the combination of close cUS monitoring and neurological assessment are still essential for early identification of infants with adverse outcome.

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Intra-Rater (Live vs. Video Assessment) and Inter-Rater (Expert vs. Novice) Reliability of the Test of Gross Motor Development—Third Edition

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph18041652 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (4) ◽

pp. 1652

Author(s):

Aida Carballo-Fazanes ◽

Ezequiel Rey ◽

Nadia C. Valentini ◽

José E. Rodríguez-Fernández ◽

Cristina Varela-Casal ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Physical Education ◽

Motor Development ◽

Intraclass Correlation ◽

Slow Motion ◽

Healthy Children ◽

Gross Motor ◽

Rater Reliability ◽

Video Assessment ◽

Gross Motor Development ◽

Ball Skills

The Test of Gross Motor Development (TGMD) is one of the most common tools for assessing the fundamental movement skills (FMS) in children between 3 and 10 years. This study aimed to examine the intra-rater and inter-rater reliability of the TGMD—3rd Edition (TGMD-3) between expert and novice raters using live and video assessment. Five raters [2 experts and 3 novices (one of them BSc in Physical Education and Sport Science)] assessed and scored the performance of the TGMD-3 of 25 healthy children [Female: 60%; mean (standard deviation) age 9.16 (1.31)]. Schoolchildren were attending at one public elementary school during the academic year 2019–2020 from Santiago de Compostela (Spain). Raters scored each children performance through two viewing moods (live and slow-motion). The ICC (Intraclass Correlation Coefficient) was used to determine the agreement between raters. Our results showed moderate-to-excellent intra-rater reliability for overall score and locomotor and ball skills subscales; moderate-to-good inter-rater reliability for overall and ball skills; and poor-to-good for locomotor subscale. Higher intra-rater reliability was achieved by the expert raters and novice rater with physical education background compared to novice raters. However, the inter-rater reliability was more variable in all the raters regardless of their experience or background. No significant differences in reliability were found when comparing live and video assessments. For clinical practice, it would be recommended that raters reach an agreement before the assessment to avoid subjective interpretations that might distort the results.

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Effects of exercise on symptoms, cognitive and motor performance tasks using the sport concussion assessment tool (SCAT2) in healthy young adults and children

British Journal of Sports Medicine ◽

10.1136/bjsports-2012-092101.27 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 47 (5) ◽

pp. e1.20-e1

Author(s):

Nour Boutros ◽

Mary Catherine Norcia ◽

Jamila Sammouda ◽

Chi-Lan Tran ◽

Isabelle Pearson ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Young Adults ◽

Motor Performance ◽

Assessment Tool ◽

Performance Tasks ◽

Sport Concussion ◽

Adults And Children

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Motor Performance in the Third, Not the Second Month, Predicts Further Motor Development

Journal of Motor Behavior ◽

10.1080/00222895.2014.974495 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 47 (3) ◽

pp. 246-255 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Ewa Gajewska ◽

Ewa Barańska ◽

Magdalena Sobieska ◽

Jerzy Moczko

Keyword(s):

Motor Development ◽

Motor Performance ◽

The Third

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Symptoms of problematic feeding in children with CHD compared to healthy peers

Cardiology in the Young ◽

10.1017/s1047951118001981 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 29 (2) ◽

pp. 152-161 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Britt F. Pados

Keyword(s):

Linear Models ◽

Assessment Tool ◽

Genetic Disorder ◽

Secondary Analysis ◽

Parent Report ◽

Bottle Feeding ◽

Oral Feeding ◽

Healthy Children ◽

Medical Conditions ◽

Validity And Reliability

AbstractChildren with CHD often experience difficulty with oral feeding, which contributes to growth faltering in this population. Few studies have explored symptoms of problematic feeding in children with CHD using valid and reliable measures of oral feeding. The purpose of this study was to describe symptoms of problematic feeding in children with CHD compared to healthy children without medical conditions, taking into account variables that may contribute to symptoms of problematic feeding. Oral feeding was measured by the Pediatric Eating Assessment Tool, a parent report assessment of feeding with evidence of validity and reliability. This secondary analysis used data collected from web-based surveys completed by parents of 1093 children between 6 months and 7 years of age who were eating solid foods by mouth. General linear models were used to evaluate the differences between 94 children with CHD and 999 children without medical conditions based on the Pediatric Eating Assessment Tool total score and four subscale scores. Covariates tested in the models included breathing tube duration, type of CHD, gastroesophageal reflux, genetic disorder, difficulty with breast- or bottle-feeding during infancy, cardiac surgery, and current child age. Children with CHD had significantly more symptoms of problematic feeding than healthy children on the Pediatric Eating Assessment Tool total score, more physiologic symptoms, problematic mealtime behaviours, selective/restrictive eating, and oral processing dysfunction (p <0.001 for all), when taking into account relevant covariates. Additional research is needed in children with CHD to improve risk assessment and develop interventions to optimise feeding and growth.

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