scholarly journals The Effect of Resveratrol on Surgery-Induced Epidural Fibrosis in Laminectomy Rats

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peifeng Sun ◽  
Bo Miao ◽  
Hongmei Xin ◽  
Jinzhu Zhao ◽  
Guofeng Xia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Group ◽  
Inflammatory Factors ◽  
Epidural Fibrosis ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats ◽  
Blinded Study ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Double Blinded ◽  
Group 1

Epidural fibrosis (EF) is a common complication for the patients who underwent laminectomy. Recently, EF is thought to cause recurrent postoperative pain after laminectomy. Resveratrol has been shown to exert its anti-inflammatory, antifibrotic, and antiproliferative multifaceted properties. The object of this study was to investigate the effects of resveratrol on the prevention of postlaminectomy EF formation in laminectomy rats. A controlled double-blinded study was performed on 60 healthy adult Sprague-Dawley rats that underwent lumbar laminectomy at the L1-L2 levels. They were divided randomly into 3 groups (1, 2, and 3) of 20 rats each—group 1: resveratrol treatment group; group 2: resveratrol dilution saline treatment group; group 3: sham group (rats underwent laminectomy without treatment). All rats were killed 4 weeks after operation. The Rydell score, hydroxyproline content, vimentin cells density, fibroblasts density, and inflammatory factors expressional levels all suggested better results in resveratrol group than the other two groups. Resveratrol is able to inhibit fibroblasts proliferation, and TGF-β1 and IL-6 expressions and prevent epidural fibrosis in postlaminectomy rat.

scholarly journals Ethanolic Extract of Herb Pugun Tanoh (Picria fel-terrae Lour.) Modulates TCD4+ and TCD8+ Cell Profile of Doxorubicin-Induced Immuno-Suppressed Rats

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (22) ◽  
pp. 3774-3776
Author(s):  
Mustafa Ridwan Lubis ◽  
Reny Haryani ◽  
Safriana Safriana ◽  
Denny Satria
Keyword(s):  
Ethanolic Extract ◽  
Immune Functions ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Immunomodulatory Effects ◽  
Once Daily ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Cell Profile ◽  
Group 1

AIM: To evaluate the immunomodulatory effects of ethanolic extract of herb pugun tanoh on TCD4 and TCD8 cells in Doxorubicin-induced rats. METHODS: Fifteen male Sprague Dawley rats were divided into five groups consisting of six rats each as follows: Group 1, DOX-treated rats (4.67 mg/kg BW body weight on day 1 and 4) and were administered normal saline 0.9% orally once daily for 7 consecutive days, Group 2, receiving Ethanolic Extract of Herb Pugun Tanoh (Picria fel-terrae Lour.) of dose 150 mg/kg BW orally, Group 3, receiving dose Ethanolic Extract of Herb Pugun Tanoh (Picria fel-terrae Lour.) 300 mg/kg BW orally. The rats of group 2-3 were intramuscularly administered with doxorubicin at a dose of 4.67 mg/kg BW at the days 1-4 to suppress immune functions. RESULTS: Treatment of 300 mg/kg BW of Ethanolic Extract of Herb Pugun Tanoh (Picria fel-terrae Lour.) succeeded in reducing side effect doxorubicin based on increasing the TCD4+ and TCD8+ blood level. CONCLUSION: Ethanolic Extract of Herb Pugun Tanoh (Picria fel-terrae Lour.) could increase the level of TCD4+ and TCD8+ in rats which induced by doxorubicin.

A Comparison of Arterial and Venous Flaps

1992 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 359-364 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. P. CHOW ◽  
D. Z. CHEN ◽  
Y. D. GU
Keyword(s):  
Survival Rate ◽  
Elastic Properties ◽  
Perfusion Pressure ◽  
Skin Flap ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Venous Flaps ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Group 1

The survival rate and elastic properties of the anterior abdominal skin flap in Sprague-Dawley rats were studied in three groups of animals. In group 1 where the flaps were supplied by a normal artery, arterial flaps (1A) had better survival rate and elastic properties than venous flaps (1B). In group 2, where the flaps were supplied by an artery with diminished perfusion pressure, the arterial flaps (2A) still had slightly better results than venous flaps (2B). However, in group 3 where the flaps were supplied by a vein, venous flaps (3B) had better results than arterial flaps (3A).

scholarly journals Assessment of Nanosilver Hemocompatibility in Prehypertensive Salt-Induced Animal Model

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (7) ◽  
pp. 567-573
Author(s):  
Ogechukwu K Uche ◽  
Esiri F Ohiambe ◽  
Fabian C Amechina
Keyword(s):  
Tap Water ◽  
Osmotic Fragility ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Group 4 ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats ◽  
Normal Rat ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Group 1

Aim: There are Conflicting reports on safety profile of nanoparticles on biological cells. This study evaluated the impact of nanosilver on hemocompatibility on salt-loaded rats. Materials and Methods: Sprague-Dawley rats [(inbred) (120-140 g)] randomly divided into of 4 groups, (n = 6) were studied. Group 1(control) received normal rat chow and tap water, Group 2 received rat chow containing 8% NaCl [(salt-loaded rats (SLRs)]. Group 3 received rat chow + Nanosilver Solution (NS) 0.18 mL 10 ppm/kg/day. Group 4 comprised SLRs + NS. After 6 weeks oral gavage treatments, measurements of Blood pressure (Bp) and Heart Rate (HR) were by pressure transducer via cannulation of left common carotid artery following anaesthesia with urethane. HR was computed by the number of arterial pulse per 60 seconds. 5 ml of blood for WBC, PLATELETS, RBC, PCV, HB, MCH, MCHC and MCV analyses using automated haematology analyser and Osmotic fragility reactivity with standard spectrophotometer at 540 nm wavelength. Results: Exposure of nanosilver to normotensive rats resulted in significantly lower RBC level compared with control, whereas RBC level in Salt-Loaded Co-Treated Nanosilver (SCNS) was comparable with the SLRs. The tenet was the same for HB, PCV, MCH and MCHC. Nanosilver induced leukopenia in normotensive compared with control and prevented WBC elevation in SCNS. Platelets significantly increased in Nanosilver-Treated Normotensive Rats (NTNRs) compared with control and decreased in SCNS. Osmotic burst resistance increased in NTNRs and decreased in cells from treated groups. Conclusion: Chronic exposure of nanosilver to salt loaded rats alters haematological parameters which may worsen circulatory function and activate risk factors of cardiovascular disorders.

scholarly journals Preventive and therapeutic effects of relaxin on bisphosphonaterelated osteonecrosis of the jaw: an experimental study in rats

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tuba Develi ◽  
Sina Uckan ◽  
Burak Bayram ◽  
Kagan Deniz ◽  
Remzi Saban Erdem ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Osteonecrosis Of The Jaw ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Therapeutic Effects ◽  
Differentiation Process ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Group 4 ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Group 1

Objective: Bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (BRONJ) is a challenging complication of chronic bisphosphonate (BP) use. The hormone relaxin is able to induce the multistep differentiation process of human osteoclastogenesis, exhibits anti-fibrotic and anti-inflammatory actions, and promotes vasodilatation, wound healing, and angiogenesis. The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of relaxin in the prevention and management of BRONJ. Material and Methods: Thirty-six male Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into four groups. Rats in group 1 (n = 10) received relaxin and BP simultaneously for 12 weeks. Rats in group 2 (n = 10) received injections of BP for 12 weeks, followed by relaxin for another 12 weeks. Rats in group 3 (n = 10) received only BP injections, and those in group 4 (control, n = 6) received only saline. Necrosis and inflammation in the rats’ mandibles were evaluated as indicators of BRONJ. Results: Necrosis and inflammation were not detected in group 1 (BP + relaxin). In group 3 (BP only), incidence rates of necrosis and inflammation were 90% and 60%, respectively. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that relaxin may be potently effective in preventing BRONJ and have some benefit in the treatment of existing BRONJ.KEYWORDSAnimal model; BRONJ; Relaxin.

scholarly journals An Experimental Novel Study:Angelica sinensisPrevents Epidural Fibrosis in Laminectomy Rats via Downregulation of Hydroxyproline, IL-6, and TGF-β1

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chao Zhang ◽  
Xiaohong Kong ◽  
Hengxing Zhou ◽  
Chang Liu ◽  
Xuechao Zhao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Group ◽  
Rat Model ◽  
Inflammatory Cells ◽  
Treatment Method ◽  
Inflammatory Factors ◽  
Angelica Sinensis ◽  
Epidural Fibrosis ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Experimental Novel ◽  
Double Blinded

With laminectomy being widely accepted as the treatment for lumbar disorders, epidural fibrosis (EF) is a common complication for both the patients and the surgeons alike. Currently, EF is thought to cause recurrent postoperative pain after laminectomy or after discectomy.Angelica sinensisis a traditional Chinese medicine which has shown anti-inflammatory, antifibrotic, and antiproliferative properties. The object of this study was to investigate the effects ofAngelica sinensison the prevention of post-laminectomy EF formation in a rat model. A controlled double-blinded study was conducted in sixty healthy adult Wistar rats that underwent laminectomy at the L1-L2 levels. They were divided randomly into 3 groups according to the treatment method, with 20 in each group: (1)Angelica sinensistreatment group, (2) saline treatment group, and (3) sham group (laminectomy without treatment). All rats were euthanized humanely 4 weeks after laminectomy. The hydroxyproline content, Rydell score, vimentin cells density, fibroblasts density, inflammatory cells density, and inflammatory factors expressions all suggested better results inAngelica sinensisgroup than the other two groups. Topical application ofAngelica sinensiscould inhibit fibroblasts proliferation and TGF-β1 and IL-6 expressions and prevent epidural scar adhesion in postlaminectomy rat model.

Postoperative Morphine Use and Hyperalgesia Are Reduced by Preoperative but Not Intraoperative Epidural Analgesia

2003 ◽  
Vol 98 (6) ◽  
pp. 1449-1460 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joel Katz ◽  
Lorenzo Cohen ◽  
Roger Schmid ◽  
Vincent W.S. Chan ◽  
Adarose Wowk
Keyword(s):  
Morphine Consumption ◽  
Gynecologic Surgery ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Epidural Administration ◽  
Blinded Manner ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Double Blinded ◽  
Postoperative Morphine ◽  
Group 1

Background The aim of this study was to evaluate the postoperative morphine-sparing effects and reduction in pain and secondary mechanical hyperalgesia after preincisional or postincisional epidural administration of a local anesthetic and an opioid compared with a sham epidural control. Methods Patients undergoing major gynecologic surgery by laparotomy were randomly assigned to three groups and studied in a double-blinded manner. Group 1 received epidural lidocaine and fentanyl before incision and epidural saline 40 min after incision. Group 2 received epidural saline before incision and epidural lidocaine and fentanyl 40 min after incision. Group 3 received a sham epidural control (with saline injected into a catheter taped to the back) before and 40 min after incision. All patients underwent surgery with general anesthesia. Results One hundred forty-one patients completed the study (group 1, n = 45; group 2, n = 49; group 3, n = 47). Cumulative patient-controlled analgesia morphine consumption at 48 h was significantly lower (P = 0.04) in group 1 (89.8 +/- 43.3 mg) than group 3 (112.5 +/- 71.5 mg) but not group 2 (95.4 +/- 60.2 mg), although the hourly rate of morphine consumption between 24 and 48 h after surgery was significantly lower (P < 0.0009) in group 1 (1.25 +/- 0.02 mg/h) than group 2 (1.41 +/- 0.02 mg/h). Twenty-four hours after surgery, the visual analog scale pain score on movement was significantly less intense (P = 0.005) in group 1 (4.9 +/- 2.2 cm) than group 3 (6.0 +/- 2.6 cm) but not group 2 (5.3 +/- 2.5 cm), and the von Frey pain threshold near the wound was significantly higher (P = 0.03) in group 1 (6.4 +/- 0.6 log mg) than in group 3 (6.1 +/- 0.8 log mg) but not group 2 (6.2 +/- 0.7 log mg). Conclusions Preincisional administration of epidural lidocaine and fentanyl was associated with a significantly lower rate of morphine use, lower cumulative morphine consumption, and reduced hyperalgesia compared with a sham epidural condition. These results highlight the importance of including a standard treatment control group to avoid the problems of interpretation that arise when two-group studies of preemptive analgesia (preincisional vs. postsurgery) fail to find the anticipated effects.

scholarly journals Anti-CD28 Monoclonal Antibody Therapy Prevents Chronic Rejection of Renal Allografts in Rats

2002 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 519-527
Author(s):  
Igor A. Laskowski ◽  
Johann Pratschke ◽  
Markus J. Wilhelm ◽  
Victor M. Dong ◽  
Francisca Beato ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Single Dose ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Chronic Rejection ◽  
Interstitial Fibrosis ◽  
Inflammatory Factors ◽  
Renal Allografts ◽  
Short Course ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Group 1

ABSTRACT. The effects of a signaling anti-CD28 mAb (JJ319), which interferes with the CD28-B7 T cell costimulation pathway thought to be involved in the development of chronic rejection of organ transplants, was investigated. Functional, morphologic, and molecular changes in rat renal allografts were examined up to 24 wk after placement. Control Lewis rats, recipients of F344 kidneys, received a single dose of a nonspecific mouse mAb intravenously on the day of transplantation (group 1). Group 2 animals were given anti-CD28 mAb in similar fashion. Group 3 animals were treated with a short course of cyclosporin A (CsA), and group 4 received both anti-CD 28 mAb and CsA. The majority (>95%) of animals in groups 2, 3, and 4 survived throughout the follow-up, compared with 28% in group 1 (P < 0.001). Group 2 and 4 recipients produced negligible proteinuria, whereas group 1 controls developed progressively increasing proteinuria after 4 wk and group 3 animals developed proteinuria by 24 wk. Allografts in groups 2 and 4 were morphologically unremarkable at 24 wk. Kidneys of group 1 animals rapidly developed changes of acute rejection, and those that survived long-term showed extensive glomerulosclerosis and interstitial fibrosis. Changes of early chronic rejection were noted in group 3 grafts. By reverse transcriptase–PCR, expression of representative inflammatory factors interferon-γ and interleukin-10 were significantly elevated at 24 wk only in the surviving group 1 animals. A single dose of a signaling anti-CD28 mAb administered at transplantation or in combination with a short course of CsA significantly prolonged recipient survival, normalized function, and preserved the morphology of renal allografts in an established model of chronic rejection. These data support an important role for T cell costimulation in the evolution of the chronic process.

Abstract 14551: Biomarkers Predicting the Treatment-Resistant Kawasaki Disease

Circulation ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 142 (Suppl_3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yukako Yoshikane ◽  
Ryuji Fukazawa ◽  
Kyoko Imanaka-yoshida ◽  
Naho Kobayashi ◽  
Yasuhiro Katsube
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Group ◽  
Kawasaki Disease ◽  
Predictive Value ◽  
Scoring Systems ◽  
Line Treatment ◽  
Treatment Resistant ◽  
Cutoff Value ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Group 1

Introduction: Kawasaki disease (KD), which is the most common multisystem vasculitis with unknown causes in childhood, causes coronary artery lesions (CALs). Treatment with a high dose of intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG), plus steroids if needed, is the most effective therapy for the acute phase of KD. However, there are some very severe cases who need several times additional treatments and are at risk for CALs. In Japan, there are some scoring systems that initially predict IVIG-resistant patients. However, the problem is that these scoring systems fail in multiethnic populations. The aim of this study is to find universal biomarkers that predict treatment-resistant cases of KD. Methods: The subject was 276 KD patients, including Group 1 (n=214) who needed only 1 st line treatment, Group 2 (n=48) who needed 2 nd line treatment, Group 3 (n=14) who needed 3 rd line treatment or more. Tenascin C (TN-C), Pentraxin 3 (PTX3) and Procalcitonin (PCT) values, which were selected by systematic review, were measured before initial treatment in each group. Results: TN-C; 99.8±41.05 ng/ml in Group 1, 118.0±71.4 ng/ml in Group 2 and 183.0±25.0 ng/ml in Group 3. The TN-C level of Group 3 was significantly higher than that of all the others (p<0.01). The cutoff value for distinguishing Group 3 was 142.0 ng/ml (Area under the Curve (AUC)=0.81). PTX3; 16.2±9.0 ng/ml in Group 1, 31.4±19.7 ng/ml in Group 2 and 58.0±33.0 ng/ml in Group 3. The PTX3 level of Group 3 was significantly higher than that of all the others (p<0.01). The cutoff value for distinguishing Group 3 was 35.1 ng/ml (AUC=0.86). PCT; 0.79±0.77 ng/ml in Group 1, 2.55±3.01 ng/ml in Group 2 and 4.15±4.49 ng/ml in Group 3. The PCT level of Group 3 was significantly higher than that of all the others (p<0.01). The cutoff value for distinguishing Group 3 was 2.55 ng/ml (AUC=0.88). When those three biomarkers combined, Group 3 can be predicted with the sensitivity 79%, the specificity 96%, the positive predictive value 50% and the negative predictive value 99%. Conclusions: It may be possible to predict treatment-resistant KD cases with high sensitivity and specificity by combining the measurement from the universal biomarkers, TN-C, PTX3 and PCT, before initial treatment.

The effect of hGH on hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid function in patients with pituitary dwarfism

1980 ◽  
Vol 93 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reiko Demura ◽  
Hajime Yamaguchi ◽  
Ichiji Wakabayashi ◽  
Hiroshi Demura ◽  
Kazuo Shizume
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Group ◽  
Thyroid Function ◽  
Half Life ◽  
Good Growth ◽  
Normal Range ◽  
Pituitary Dwarfism ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Symptoms And Signs ◽  
Group 1

Abstract. The effect of growth hormone (hGH) on the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid function was studied in patients with pituitary dwarfism. Twenty-six patients were given KABI hGH, 0.5 U/kg/week, for a period of 4—18 months. Three groups of patients were identified according to their T4 levels before and during the treatment. Group 1: T4 levels were initially normal and stayed in the normal range throughout a course of treatment. Group 2: T4 levels were initially normal but dropped to the subnormal range after hGH. Group 3: T4 levels were initially subnormal and decreased further after hGH. Changes in T4 levels after hGH in groups 2 and 3 were accompanied by a decrease in plasma T3RSU without concomitant decrease in plasma T3. Clinically, most of them lacked symptoms and signs of hypothyroidism and exhibited a good growth response to hGH. Plasma TSH response to TRH in these patients revealed a sustained delayed pattern, which was suggestive of hypothalamic hypothyroidism. This pattern of TSH response to TRH became further exaggerated after hGH therapy. In contrast, TSH response to TRH among patients in group 1 was normal and was not influenced by hGH. Administration of 4.0 U of KABI hGH daily for 21 consecutive days to 3 patients resulted in a shortened half-life of T4 and inversely prolonged that of T3. These results suggest that various degrees of TRH deficiency exist among patients with idiopathic pituitary dwarfism. Therapy with hGH discloses a mild TRH deficiency by accelerating the half-life of T4. This also causes a further drop in the T4 levels in those with marked TRH deficiency. The development of clinical hypothyroidism is not so obvious in these patients because of inverse delay in half-life of T3 by hGH.

Platelet Function and Activation in Patients with Immune Thrombocytopenia Treated with Eltrombopag: Comparison with Steroid-Treated and Untreated Patients,

Blood ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 118 (21) ◽  
pp. 3280-3280
Author(s):  
Johanna Haselboeck ◽  
Alexandra Kaider ◽  
Ingrid Pabinger ◽  
Simon Panzer
Keyword(s):  
Platelet Count ◽  
Treatment Group ◽  
Prospective Study ◽  
Platelet Function ◽  
Immune Thrombocytopenia ◽  
Steroid Treatment ◽  
Group 3 ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Group 1 ◽  
Normally Distributed

Abstract Abstract 3280 Background: Eltrombopag has recently been approved for treatment in immune thrombocytopenia (ITP). Studies on platelet function in eltrombopag-treated patients in comparison to steroid-treated or untreated ITP patients are not available. Objectives: To assess the function of eltrombopag-induced platelets, we compared platelets from eltrombopag-treated patients to those from ITP patients treated with steroids and a group of patients without treatment in a prospective study (ClinicalTrials.gov number NCT00888901). Patients/Methods: We compared platelet function in patients treated with eltrombopag after treatment-induced platelet rise (group 1) to those under steroid treatment (group 2) and ITP patients without treatment (group 3) in a non-randomized prospective study. Platelet function was assessed by adhesion under high shear conditions (surface coverage, SC), P-selectin expression, and formation of platelet-monocyte aggregates (PMA) after treatment induced platelet rise or, in group 3, in patients with ITP without treatment and platelet count between 50–100×109/L at the time of inclusion. Data are given as median [quartiles]. Correlations of the outcome measures are described by the Spearman correlation coefficient. In case of normally distributed data, analysis of variance (ANOVA) and of covariance (ANCOVA) models and in case of non-normally distributed parameters the nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis test were used to compare the groups Results: Eleven patients (female=9) were included in the treatment group with eltrombopag (group 1), thirteen (female=5) in the steroid treatment (group 2) and 6 patients as untreated controls (group 3). None of these patients developed severe bleeding during the study period, none received rescue medication. Four/30 patients were not included in the final analysis, three because they had no treatment induced platelet rise (1 on eltrombopag and 2 on steroids) and 1 because of aspirin medication. Thus, ten patients on eltrombopag, ten patients on steroid treatment and 6 untreated patients were evaluated in the comparative analyses of platelet function. Platelet counts [x109/L] were 48.25 [45.00–59.00] in group 1 after eltrombopag-induced platelet rise, 82.75 [78.50–112.00] in group 2 and 69.25 [65.00–73.00] in group 3. SC was highest in steroid-treated patients (11.25% [8.10–14.00%]) compared to eltrombopag-treated (5.80% [1.80–9.00%]) and untreated (5.03% [3.80–6.20%]) patients and correlated significantly with the platelet count (r=0.72, p<0.0001). There were no differences in P-selectin expression [GeoMFI] (1.15 [0.47–2.77] in group 1, 0.27 [0.10–0.99] in group 2 and 0.59 [0.47–1.44] in group 3; p=0.34) and PMA levels (6.19% [3.91–21.39%] in group 1, 9.73% [1.88–13.29%] in group 2, and 6.56% [4.82–8.43%] in group 3; p=0.93) between the groups. Two patients developed venous thromboses during eltrombopag treatment. No characteristic alteration of platelet function and activation was identified in those 2 patients when compared to the other eltrombopag-treated patients. Conclusions: We proofed a good functional competence of eltrombopag-induced platelets. No substantial hyper-reactivity of eltrombopag-induced platelets in comparison to those of steroid-treated and untreated patients was determined. Disclosures: Pabinger: GlaxoSmithKline: Research Funding, Speakers Bureau. Panzer:GlaxoSmithKline: Speakers Bureau.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document