Therapeutic Effects of Acetone Extract of Saraca asoca Seeds on Rats with Adjuvant-Induced Arthritis via Attenuating Inflammatory Responses

Saraca asoca has been traditionally used in Indian system for treatment of uterine, genital, and other reproductive disorders in women, fever, pain, and inflammation. The hypothesis of this study is that acetone extract of Saraca asoca seeds is an effective anti-inflammatory treatment for arthritis in animal experiments. The antiarthritic effect of its oral administration on Freund’s adjuvant-induced arthritis has been studied in Wistar albino rats after acute and subacute toxicities. Phytochemical analysis revealed presence of high concentrations of phenolic compounds such as flavonoids and tannins, while no mortality or morbidity was observed up to 1000 mg/kg dose during acute and subacute toxicity assessments. Regular treatment up to 21 days of adjuvant-induced arthritic rats with Saraca asoca acetone extract (at 300 and 500 mg/kg doses) increases RBC and Hb, decreases WBC, ESR, and prostaglandin levels in blood, and restores body weight when compared with control (normal saline) and standard (Indomethacin) groups. Significant (P<0.05) inhibitory effect was observed especially at higher dose on paw edema, ankle joint inflammation, and hydroxyproline and glucosamine concentrations in urine. Normal radiological images of joint and histopathological analysis of joint, liver, stomach, and kidney also confirmed its significant nontoxic, antiarthritic, and anti-inflammatory effect.

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Emblica officinalis (Amla) Ameliorates High-Fat Diet Induced Alteration of Cardiovascular Pathophysiology

Cardiovascular & Hematological Agents in Medicinal Chemistry ◽

10.2174/1871525717666190409120018 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 17 (1) ◽

pp. 52-63 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Bheemshetty S. Patil ◽

Pallavi S. Kanthe ◽

Chandramouli R. Reddy ◽

Kusal K. Das

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Stress ◽

High Fat Diet ◽

Ethanolic Extract ◽

Albino Rats ◽

Histopathological Study ◽

Histopathological Analysis ◽

Phytochemical Analysis ◽

Emblica Officinalis ◽

High Fat ◽

Elastic Artery

Background: Dietary high fat possibly causes oxidative stress. Also, it alters the pathophysiology of metabolically active myocardial tissues and vascular architecture. Emblica officinalis contains a potential antioxidant that counteracts oxidative stress and possibly maintains vascular integrity. Objective: To assess the effect of ethanolic extract of Emblica officinalis (EEO) on High Fat Diet (HFD) induced changes in vascular chemistry and histopathology of the cardiovascular system in male albino rats. Materials and Methods: Ethanolic extract of Emblica Officinalis (EEO) was prepared and phytochemical analysis was done. Rats were divided into four groups, having six rats in each group as follows: group 1- Control (20% fat); group 2 (20% fat+ EEO 100 mg/kg/b w); group 3 (30% fat) and group 4 (30% fat + EEO 100 mg/kg/b w). Dietary and EEO supplementation was continued for 21 days. Gravimetric and oxidative stress markers like MDA, NO, antioxidants like Vitamin C and E, and molecular marker (NOS3) were evaluated. Histopathological analysis was done on the myocardium and elastic artery along with measurement of coronary arterial wall thickness and lumen diameter. One way ANOVA was done for analysis of data. Results: High fat diet showed a significant increase in MDA, decrease of NO with unaltered NOS3 protein in rats fed with high fat diet, which indicate possible alteration of vascular pathophysiology. Supplementation of EEO showed an ameliorating effect on high fat diet induced oxidative stress. These results were further corroborated with findings of a histopathological study on the myocardium, elastic artery and coronary arterial architecture. Conclusion: Ethanolic extract of Emblica officinalis (EEO) indicates its cardioprotective efficacy against rats fed with high fat diet.

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Therapeutic Effects of Sodium Hyaluronate and Diclofenac Sodium in Chronic Arthritis

Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and Development ◽

10.22270/ajprd.v7i4.536 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 7 (4) ◽

pp. 17-33

Author(s):

Alsadek H Bogzil ◽

Gamal Shams ◽

Sohair Abd El-Latif

Keyword(s):

Experimental Model ◽

Diclofenac Sodium ◽

Sodium Hyaluronate ◽

Chronic Arthritis ◽

Albino Rats ◽

Therapeutic Effects ◽

Monosodium Iodoacetate ◽

Anti Inflammatory ◽

Inflammatory Effect

The present study was designed to compare the anti-inflammatory effect of sodium hyaluronate, which is similar to the lubricant fluid that found naturally in the capsule of the healthy joint with diclofenac sodium, a member of NSAIDs commonly used in treatment of Osteoarthritis (OA), separately and in combination on an experimental model of osteoarthritis in rats induced by monosodium-iodoacetate (MIA). Twenty-five male albino rats weighing at the beginning of the experiment 160± 20 gm were used in this study. Rats were housed in cages at 25± 0.5°C. The rats were divided into 5 main groups.

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Therapeutic Effects of Hypoxic and Pro-Inflammatory Priming of Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles in Inflammatory Arthritis

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms23010126 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 23 (1) ◽

pp. 126

Author(s):

Alasdair G. Kay ◽

Kane Treadwell ◽

Paul Roach ◽

Rebecca Morgan ◽

Rhys Lodge ◽

...

Keyword(s):

T Cell ◽

Extracellular Vesicles ◽

Inflammatory Responses ◽

Therapeutic Potential ◽

Histopathological Analysis ◽

Therapeutic Effects ◽

Synovial Joint ◽

Paracrine Signalling

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) immunomodulate inflammatory responses through paracrine signalling, including via secretion of extracellular vesicles (EVs) in the cell secretome. We evaluated the therapeutic potential of MSCs-derived small EVs in an antigen-induced model of arthritis (AIA). EVs isolated from MSCs cultured normoxically (21% O2, 5% CO2), hypoxically (2% O2, 5% CO2) or with a pro-inflammatory cytokine cocktail were applied into the AIA model. Disease pathology was assessed post-arthritis induction through swelling and histopathological analysis of synovial joint structure. Activated CD4+ T cells from healthy mice were cultured with EVs or MSCs to assess deactivation capabilities prior to application of standard EVs in vivo to assess T cell polarisation within the immune response to AIA. All EVs treatments reduced knee-joint swelling whilst only normoxic and pro-inflammatory primed EVs improved histopathological outcomes. In vitro culture with EVs did not achieve T cell deactivation. Polarisation towards CD4+ helper cells expressing IL17a (Th17) was reduced when normoxic and hypoxic EV treatments were applied in vitro. Normoxic EVs applied into the AIA model reduced Th17 polarisation and improved Regulatory T cell (Treg):Th17 homeostatic balance. Normoxic EVs present the optimal strategy for broad therapeutic benefit. EVs present an effective novel technology with the potential for cell-free therapeutic translation.

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Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory, and Anti-Apoptotic Effects of Azolla pinnata Ethanolic Extract against Lead-Induced Hepatotoxicity in Rats

Antioxidants ◽

10.3390/antiox9101014 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (10) ◽

pp. 1014

Author(s):

Ahmed Shaaban Abd Elrasoul ◽

Ahmed Abdelmoniem Mousa ◽

Sahar Hassan Orabi ◽

Mostafa Abd El-Gaber Mohamed ◽

Shaban M. Gad-Allah ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Lead Acetate ◽

Ethanolic Extract ◽

Serum Levels ◽

Hepatic Tissue ◽

Control Group ◽

Albino Rats ◽

Phytochemical Analysis ◽

Necrosis Factor Alpha ◽

The Third ◽

Anti Inflammatory

The current study investigated the protective potential of Azolla pinnate ethanolic extract (APE) against lead-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Sixty male Wistar albino rats were randomly allocated into six groups (n = 10). The control group was orally administrated with saline. The second group received lead acetate (100 mg/kg body weight (BW) orally for 60 days). The third group was fed with APE (10 mg/kg BW orally for 60 days). The fourth group was administrated with lead acetate like the second group and APE like the third group, concomitantly, for 60 days. The fifth group was administrated with APE like the third group for 30 days, then orally administrated with the lead acetate like the second group for another 30 days. The sixth group was administrated with lead acetate like the second group for 30 days, then with APE like the third group for a further 30 days. Phytochemical analysis of APE indicated the presence of peonidin 3-O-glucoside cation, vitexin, rutin, thiamine, choline, tamarixetin, hyperoside, astragalin, and quercetin. The latter has been elucidated using one- and two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance (1D and 2D NMR) and liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC–MS-MS). Lead acetate increased the serum levels of alanine and aspartate aminotransferases and that of urea, creatinine, tumor necrosis factor alpha, and interleukin 1β, hepatic tissue malondialdehyde contents, and caspase 3 protein expression, as well as altering the hepatic tissue architecture. However, it decreased the serum levels of interleukin 10 and glutathione (GSH) contents, and the activities of catalase and superoxide dismutase in hepatic tissue. In contrast, the administration of APE ameliorated the lead-induced alterations in liver function and structure, exemplifying the benefits of Azolla’s phytochemical contents. Collectively, A. pinnate extract is a protective and curative agent against lead-induced hepatotoxicity via its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic impacts.

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Anti-inflammatory effects and the molecular pattern of the therapeutic effects of dietary seeds of Adenanthera Pavonina in albino rats

10.1063/1.5033416 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Israel Sunmola Afolabi ◽

Tolulope Dorcas Olawole ◽

Khadijat Abiola Adams ◽

Omolola Ashiedu Shopeju ◽

Mmaegbunem Chidera Ezeaku

Keyword(s):

Albino Rats ◽

Therapeutic Effects ◽

Adenanthera Pavonina ◽

Molecular Pattern ◽

Anti Inflammatory

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β-Caryophyllene, A Natural Dietary CB2 Receptor Selective Cannabinoid can be a Candidate to Target the Trinity of Infection, Immunity, and Inflammation in COVID-19

Frontiers in Pharmacology ◽

10.3389/fphar.2021.590201 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

Niraj Kumar Jha ◽

Charu Sharma ◽

Hebaallah Mamdouh Hashiesh ◽

Seenipandi Arunachalam ◽

MF Nagoor Meeran ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Signaling Pathways ◽

Immune Modulation ◽

Molecular Mechanisms ◽

Inflammatory Responses ◽

Therapeutic Potential ◽

Endocannabinoid System ◽

Therapeutic Effects ◽

Peroxisome Proliferator ◽

Cb2 Receptors ◽

Anti Inflammatory

Coronavirus disease (COVID-19), caused by novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is an ongoing pandemic and presents a public health emergency. It has affected millions of people and continues to affect more, despite tremendous social preventive measures. Identifying candidate drugs for the prevention and treatment of COVID-19 is crucial. The pathogenesis and the complications with advanced infection mainly involve an immune-inflammatory cascade. Therefore, therapeutic strategy relies on suppressing infectivity and inflammation, along with immune modulation. One of the most promising therapeutic targets for the modulation of immune-inflammatory responses is the endocannabinoid system, particularly the activation of cannabinoid type 2 receptors (CB2R), a G-protein coupled receptor which mediates the anti-inflammatory properties by modulating numerous signaling pathways. To pharmacologically activate the CB2 receptors, a naturally occurring cannabinoid ligand, beta-caryophyllene (BCP), received attention due to its potent anti-inflammatory, antiviral, and immunomodulatory properties. BCP is recognized as a full selective functional agonist on CB2 receptors and produces therapeutic effects by activating CB2 and the nuclear receptors, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs). BCP is regarded as the first dietary cannabinoid with abundant presence across cannabis and non-cannabis plants, including spices and other edible plants. BCP showed tissue protective properties and favorably modulates numerous signaling pathways and inhibits inflammatory mediators, including cytokines, chemokines, adhesion molecules, prostanoids, and eicosanoids. Based on its pharmacological properties, molecular mechanisms, and the therapeutic potential of BCP as an immunomodulator, anti-inflammatory, organ-protective, and antiviral, we hypothesize that BCP could be a promising therapeutic and/or preventive candidate to target the triad of infection, immunity, and inflammation in COVID-19. In line with numerous studies that proposed the potential of cannabinoids in COVID-19, BCP may be a novel candidate compound for pharmaceutical and nutraceutical development due to its unique functional receptor selectivity, wide availability and accessibility, dietary bioavailability, nonpsychoactivity, and negligible toxicity along with druggable properties, including favorable pharmacokinetic and physicochemical properties. Based on reasonable pharmacological mechanisms and therapeutic properties, we speculate that BCP has potential to be investigated against COVID-19 and will inspire further preclinical and clinical studies.

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Anti-Inflammatory and Antioxidant Properties of Ethanol Extracts of Raw, Blanched, Steamed, and Sous-Vide Cooked Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) in LPS or H2O2-Treated RAW264.7 Cells

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app11052432 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (5) ◽

pp. 2432

Author(s):

Taenam Lee ◽

Nami Joo

Keyword(s):

Nitric Oxide ◽

Inflammatory Responses ◽

Antioxidant Properties ◽

Abelmoschus Esculentus ◽

Cooking Methods ◽

Therapeutic Effects ◽

Raw264.7 Macrophages ◽

Sous Vide ◽

Anti Inflammatory ◽

Antioxidant Effects

Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) is a plant belonging to the Malvaceae family. All parts of okra, including the pod, leaf, and branch, are edible, with the pod being especially enriched with sugars, dietary fibers, minerals, vitamins, and antioxidants. It has beneficial effect against colitis, hepatitis, and gastric ulcer. However, studies on okra’s anti-inflammatory effects remain limited. It is known that cooking methods change nutrition and functional compounds in foods. In this study, we prepared ethanolic extracts of okra using four different cooking methods (raw, blanching, steaming, and sous-vide), and analyzed anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects on lipopolysaccharide- (LPS) or hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-treated RAW264.7 macrophages. Cell viability was similar between all four cooking methods, confirming that okra extracts (≤200 μg/mL) were not cytotoxic. All cooking methods inhibited nitric oxide production (indicator of inflammatory responses). Sous-vide cooking showed low inhibitory effect at 100–200 μg/mL of okra extract. Moreover, examining the mRNA expression of inducible cycloxygenase-2 (COX-2), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and interleukin 1-beta (IL-1β)) showed inhibitory effects by all cooking methods. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were also reduced for all cooking methods, with sous-vide cooking showing the highest rate of reduction. These results confirm the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of raw and multimethod cooked okra. Notably, sous-vide cooking showed the greatest potential to improve okra’s therapeutic effects.

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Analgesic Mechanisms of Steroid Ointment against Oral Ulcerative Mucositis in a Rat Model

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms222212600 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 22 (22) ◽

pp. 12600

Author(s):

Mako Naniwa ◽

Chihiro Nakatomi ◽

Suzuro Hitomi ◽

Kazunari Matsuda ◽

Takuya Tabuchi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Inflammatory Responses ◽

Therapeutic Effects ◽

Human Volunteers ◽

History Of ◽

Trigeminal Ganglion Neurons ◽

Anti Inflammatory ◽

Hypertonic Stimulation ◽

History Of Use ◽

Ganglion Neurons

Despite the long history of use of steroid ointments for oral mucositis, the analgesic mechanism has not been fully elucidated. In this study, we examined the effects of triamcinolone acetonide (Tmc) on oral ulcerative mucositis-induced pain in conscious rats by our proprietary assay system. Based on evaluations of the physical properties and retention periods in the oral mucosa of human volunteers and rats, we selected TRAFUL® ointment as a long-lasting base. In oral ulcerative mucositis model rats, TRAFUL® with Tmc suppressed cyclooxygenase-dependent inflammatory responses with upregulations of glucocorticoid receptor-induced anti-inflammatory genes and inhibited spontaneous nociceptive behavior. When an ointment with a shorter residual period was used, the effects of Tmc were not elicited or were induced to a lesser extent. Importantly, TRAFUL® with Tmc also improved oral ulcerative mucositis-induced mechanical allodynia, which has been reported to be independent of cyclooxygenase. Ca2+ imaging in dissociated trigeminal ganglion neurons showed that long-term preincubation with Tmc inhibited the hypertonic stimulation-induced Ca2+ response. These results suggest that the representative steroid Tmc suppresses oral ulcerative mucositis-induced pain by general anti-inflammatory actions and inhibits mechanical sensitivity in peripheral nerves. For drug delivery, long-lasting ointments such as TRAFUL® are needed to sufficiently induce the therapeutic effects.

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Anti-inflammatory properties of Dirinaria consimilis extracts in albino rats

Journal of Biomedical Sciences ◽

10.3126/jbs.v4i1.20572 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

pp. 3-8 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Vinay Bharadwaj Tatipamula ◽

Girija Sastry Vedula

Keyword(s):

Protein Denaturation ◽

Chloroform Extract ◽

Acetone Extract ◽

Albino Rats ◽

Paw Oedema ◽

Anti Inflammatory ◽

Rat Paw ◽

Rat Paw Oedema

BackgroundEarlier, the lichens are used in traditional medicines by different cultures across the world. As the Dirinaria genus has been shown to be biologically active against inflammation in folklore, we assessed the in vitro and in vivo anti-inflammatory profile of Dirinaria consimilis.Material and methodsInitially, the hydroalcoholic extract of lichen, D. consimilis (Dc-HE) was prepared and re-extracted with n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, acetone and methanol. The resultant extracts were evaluated for their in vitro (protein denaturation method), acute toxicity and in vivo (formalin-induced rat paw oedema assay) anti-inflammatory studies.ResultsAmong all the tested extracts, the acetone and chloroform extract of D. consimilis depicted prominent anti-inflammatory activity in both the bioassays. The acetone extract inhibited protein denaturation with IC50 value of about 468 µg/mL while the standard (Indomethacin) with 120 µg/mL. Moreover, the Dc-HE was screened for acute toxicity studies in male albino rats up to 2000 mg/Kg b.w dosage. The in vivo anti-inflammatory analysis of acetone extract (200 mg/mL) showed potent reduction of rat paw oedema nearer to that of the standard, whereas chloroform extract depicted moderate depletion and the other extracts revealed mild inhibitory profile against inflammation.ConclusionThis study reveals that the lichen, D. consimilis might be a good source of anti-inflammatory agents.

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