scholarly journals Artemisia princepsInhibits Biofilm Formation and Virulence-Factor Expression of Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Na-Young Choi ◽  
Sun-Young Kang ◽  
Kang-Ju Kim
Keyword(s):  
Organic Acids ◽  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Acid Production ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance Gene ◽  
Ethanol Extract ◽  
Confocal Laser ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Phytochemical Analysis ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Organic Acid Production

In this study, we used ethanol extract ofA. princepsand investigated its antibacterial effects against MRSA. Ethanol extract ofA. princepssignificantly inhibited MRSA growth and organic acid production during glucose metabolism at concentrations greater than 1 mg/mL (P < 0.05). MRSA biofilm formation was observed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and safranin staining.A. princepsextract was found to inhibit MRSA biofilm formation at concentrations higher than 2 mg/mL significantly (P < 0.05). Bactericidal effects of theA. princepswere observed using confocal laser microscopy, which showed thatA. princepswas bactericidal in a dose-dependent manner. Using real-time PCR, expression ofmecA, an antibiotic-resistance gene of MRSA, was observed, along with that ofsea, agrA, andsarA.A. princepssignificantly inhibitedmecA, sea, agrA, andsarA, mRNA expression at the concentrations greater than 1 mg/mL (P < 0.05). The phytochemical analysis ofA. princepsshowed a relatively high content of organic acids and glycosides. The results of this study suggest that the ethanol extract ofA. princepsmay inhibit proliferation, acid production, biofilm formation, and virulence gene expressions of MRSA, which may be related to organic acids and glycosides, the major components in the extract.

scholarly journals Antibacterial Activity ofRhus javanicaagainst Methicillin-ResistantStaphylococcus aureus

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yong-Ouk You ◽  
Na-Young Choi ◽  
Sun-Young Kang ◽  
Kang-Ju Kim
Keyword(s):  
Laser Scanning ◽  
Ethanol Extract ◽  
Bactericidal Effect ◽  
Laser Scanning Microscopy ◽  
Confocal Laser ◽  
Pcr Analysis ◽  
Phytochemical Analysis ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Inhibited Acid

In the present study, the leaves ofRhus javanica(R. javanica) were extracted with ethanol, and we investigated the antimicrobial activity of the ethanol extract ofR. javanicaagainst methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureus(MRSA). Control groups were treated with media containing 0.1% DMSO. The ethanol extract ofR. javanicainhibited the growth of MRSA at concentrations ranging from 0.05 to 0.2 mg/mL and inhibited acid production at concentrations higher than 0.1 mg/mL (P<0.05). MRSA biofilm formation was determined by scanning electron microscopy and safranin staining. The ethanol extract ofR. javanicainhibited the formation of MRSA biofilms at concentrations higher than 0.05 mg/mL. In confocal laser scanning microscopy, high concentration (0.4–1.6 mg/mL) ofR. javanicaextract showed bactericidal effect in a dose-dependent manner. In real-time PCR analysis,R. javanicaextract showed the inhibition of the genetic expression of virulence factors such asmecA,sea,agrA, andsarAin MRSA. Preliminary phytochemical analysis revealed the strong presence of phenolics. These results suggest thatR. javanicamay be a useful medicinal plant for inhibiting MRSA, which may be related to the presence of phenolics in theR. javanicaextract.

scholarly journals Kaurenoic Acid fromAralia continentalisInhibits Biofilm Formation ofStreptococcus mutans

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seung-Il Jeong ◽  
Beom-Su Kim ◽  
Ki-Suk Keum ◽  
Kwang-Hee Lee ◽  
Sun-Young Kang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Real Time Pcr ◽  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Acid Production ◽  
Laser Scanning ◽  
Laser Scanning Microscopy ◽  
Confocal Laser ◽  
Pcr Analysis ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Kaurenoic Acid

We isolated a single chemical compound fromA. continentalisand identified it to be kaurenoic acid (KA) and investigated the influence of anticariogenic properties. Inhibitory effects of KA on cariogenic properties such as growth, acid production, biofilm formation, and the adherence ofS. mutanswere evaluated. Furthermore, real-time PCR analysis was performed to evaluate the influence of KA on the genetic expression of virulence factors. KA significantly inhibited the growth and acid production ofS. mutansat 2–4 μg/mL and 4 μg/mL of KA, respectively. Furthermore, the adherence onto S-HAs was inhibited at 3-4 μg/mL of KA and biofilm formation was significantly inhibited when treated with 3 μg/mL KA and completely inhibited at 4 μg/mL. Also, the inhibitory effect of KA on biofilm formation was confirmed by SEM. In confocal laser scanning microscopy, bacterial viability gradually decreased by KA in a dose dependent manner. Real-time PCR analysis showed that the expressions ofgtfB, gtfC, gbpB, spaP, brpA, relA, andvicRwere significantly decreased inS. mutanswhen it was treated with KA. These results suggest that KA fromA. continentalismay be a useful agent for inhibiting the cariogenic properties ofS. mutans.

scholarly journals Bacterial lipopolysaccharides variably modulate in vitro biofilm formation of Candida species

2010 ◽  
Vol 59 (10) ◽  
pp. 1225-1234 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. M. H. N. Bandara ◽  
O. L. T. Lam ◽  
R. M. Watt ◽  
L. J. Jin ◽  
L. P. Samaranayake
Keyword(s):  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Laser Scanning ◽  
Significant Inhibition ◽  
Laser Scanning Microscopy ◽  
Confocal Laser ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Bacterial Lipopolysaccharides ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Biofilm Development

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the bacterial endotoxin LPS on Candida biofilm formation in vitro. The effect of the LPS of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Serratia marcescens and Salmonella typhimurium on six different species of Candida, comprising Candida albicans ATCC 90028, Candida glabrata ATCC 90030, Candida krusei ATCC 6258, Candida tropicalis ATCC 13803, Candida parapsilosis ATCC 22019 and Candida dubliniensis MYA 646, was studied using a standard biofilm assay. The metabolic activity of in vitro Candida biofilms treated with LPS at 90 min, 24 h and 48 h was quantified by XTT reduction assay. Viable biofilm-forming cells were qualitatively analysed using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), while scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was employed to visualize the biofilm structure. Initially, adhesion of C. albicans was significantly stimulated by Pseudomonas and Klebsiella LPS. A significant inhibition of Candida adhesion was noted for the following combinations: C. glabrata with Pseudomonas LPS, C. tropicalis with Serratia LPS, and C. glabrata, C. parapsilosis or C. dubliniensis with Salmonella LPS (P<0.05). After 24 h of incubation, a significant stimulation of initial colonization was noted for the following combinations: C. albicans/C. glabrata with Klebsiella LPS, C. glabrata/C. tropicalis/C. krusei with Salmonella LPS. In contrast, a significant inhibition of biofilm formation was observed in C. glabrata/C. dubliniensis/C. krusei with Pseudomonas LPS, C. krusei with Serratia LPS, C. dubliniensis with Klebsiella LPS and C. parapsilosis/C. dubliniensis /C. krusei with Salmonella LPS (P<0.05). On further incubation for 48 h, a significant enhancement of biofilm maturation was noted for the following combinations: C. glabrata/C. tropicalis with Serratia LPS, C. dubliniensis with Klebsiella LPS and C. glabrata with Salmonella LPS, and a significant retardation was noted for C. parapsilosis/C. dubliniensis/C. krusei with Pseudomonas LPS, C. tropicalis with Serratia LPS, C. glabrata/C. parapsilosis/C. dubliniensis with Klebsiella LPS and C. dubliniensis with Salmonella LPS (P<0.05). These findings were confirmed by SEM and CLSM analyses. In general, the inhibition of the biofilm development of LPS-treated Candida spp. was accompanied by a scanty architecture with a reduced numbers of cells compared with the profuse and densely colonized control biofilms. These data are indicative that bacterial LPSs modulate in vitro Candida biofilm formation in a species-specific and time-dependent manner. The clinical and the biological relevance of these findings have yet to be explored.

scholarly journals CAESALPINIA DECAPETALA

2013 ◽  
Vol 20 (03) ◽  
pp. 478-484
Author(s):  
MUHAMMAD KASHIF BAIG ◽  
IRAM IRSHAD ◽  
FAIZA NASEER
Keyword(s):  
Structural Changes ◽  
Ethanol Extract ◽  
Hepatoprotective Activity ◽  
Phytochemical Analysis ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Medical College ◽  
Study Materials ◽  
Sinusoidal Dilatation ◽  
Histopathological Studies ◽  
Animal House

Members of genus Caesalpinia are found world widely in tropical and temperate areas. Caesalpinia species have variouspharmacological actions that include antidiabetic, antiulcer, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and antirheumatic. Objectives:To assess the Hepatoprotective activity of ethanol extract of Caesalpinia decapetala. Duration of study: September 2012 to November2012. Setting: Pharmacology and Pathology departments of Independent medical college and animal House of university of agriculture,Faisalabad. Study design: Experimental study. Materials and Methods: Hepatoprotective activity was determined by measuring the livermarker enzymes like Bilirubin, AST, ALT and ALK levels and then hepatic biopsy to see any structural changes. Phytochemical analysis ofplant extract indicates that it contains polyphenols and flavonoids that possess antioxidant potential and hence possess Hepatoprotectiveactivity. Results: Liver enzyme levels were significantly raised in rabbits receiving paracetamol and the enzyme levels were significantlyreduced in rabbits who were receiving Caesalpinia Decapetala and paracetamol comparable to silymarin and Paracetamol. Resultsobservation was done in concentration and dose dependent manner. Histopathological studies indicated centrizonal and focal necrosisand ballooning in liver of rabbits treated with paracetamol. It showed only mild steatosis with sinusoidal dilatation and binucleate cells ingroups receiving Caesalpinia decapetala. Conclusions: It is concluded that Caesalpinia decapetala possesses significantHepatoprotective activity.

scholarly journals Composition Analysis and Inhibitory Effect ofSterculia lychnophoraagainst Biofilm Formation byStreptococcus mutans

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yang Yang ◽  
Bok-Im Park ◽  
Eun-Hee Hwang ◽  
Yong-Ouk You
Keyword(s):  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Ethanol Extract ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Significant Inhibition ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Composition Analysis ◽  
Phytochemical Analysis ◽  
Chinese Drug ◽  
Nutrient Contents ◽  
Ethanol Extracts

Pangdahai is a traditional Chinese drug, specifically described in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia as the seeds ofSterculia lychnophoraHance. Here, we separatedS. lychnophorahusk and kernel, analyzed the nutrient contents, and investigated the inhibitory effects ofS. lychnophoraethanol extracts on cariogenic properties ofStreptococcus mutans, important bacteria in dental caries and plaque formation. Ethanol extracts ofS. lychnophorashowed dose-dependent antibacterial activity againstS. mutanswith significant inhibition at concentrations higher than 0.01 mg/mL compared with the control group (p<0.05). Furthermore, biofilm formation was decreased byS. lychnophoraat concentrations > 0.03 mg/mL, while bacterial viability was decreased dose-dependently at high concentrations (0.04, 0.08, 0.16, and 0.32 mg/mL). Preliminary phytochemical analysis of the ethanol extract revealed a strong presence of alkaloid, phenolics, glycosides, and peptides while the presence of steroids, terpenoids, flavonoids, and organic acids was low. TheS. lychnophorahusk had higher moisture and ash content than the kernel, while the protein and fat content of the husk were lower (p<0.05) than those of the kernel. These results indicate thatS. lychnophoramay have antibacterial effects againstS. mutans, which are likely related to the alkaloid, phenolics, glycosides, and peptides, the major components ofS. lychnophora.

scholarly journals Curative Effects of Aqueous and Ethanol Stem Bark Extracts of Vitex doniana on Doxorubicin-Induced Cardiotoxicity in Rats

2021 ◽  
pp. 8-17
Author(s):  
Mohammed A. Sulaiman ◽  
Daniel Dahiru ◽  
Mahmoud S. Jada ◽  
Ahmed I. Hayatu
Keyword(s):  
Oral Treatment ◽  
Ethanol Extract ◽  
Stem Bark ◽  
Traditional Healers ◽  
Serum Marker ◽  
Serum Markers ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Phytochemical Analysis ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Vitex Doniana

Background: Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) constitute the number one cause of mortality at the global level, representing 30% of all global deaths. Therefore, finding ways to reduce deaths due to CVDs remain an important public health goal. Traditional healers in northern Nigeria use the stem bark of Vitex doniana to treat hypertensive patients. This study was aimed to investigate the cardiocurative potential of Vitex doniana on doxorubicin-induced Cardiotoxicity in rats. Methods: Thirty five (35) adult Albino rats weighing 175 ± 25 g were used, of which 30 were induced with cardiotoxicity by intraperitoneal injection of doxorubicin (10 mg/kg) for three consecutive days. Rats were treated by oral administration of Silymarin (100 mg/kg) and Vitex doniana aqueous or ethanol extract (100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg) for 14 consecutive days and thereafter were sacrificed on the 15th day. Blood, plasma and serum were analyzed for lipid profile and serum markers for cardiotoxicity. Results: Phytochemical analysis of the extracts showed the presence of alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, steroids, phenols, saponins, terpenoids and glycosides. Oral treatment with Vitex doniana extracts significantly (p<0.05) lowered the elevated levels of total cholesterol, triglycerides and LDL but significantly (p<0.05) increased the level of HDL (18.61 ± 0.55 mg/dl to 57.98 ± 0.78 mg/dl). The extracts also significantly (p<0.05) decreased the levels of serum marker enzymes for cardiotoxicity ALT, AST, CK – mb and LDH. Conclusion: The prophylactic cardiocurative use of Vitex doniana stem bark has been confirmed in this study as the extracts exhibited hypolipidemic and cardiocurative effects in dose dependent manner in doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity rat model.

scholarly journals Inhibition of Cronobacter Sakazakii Biofilm Formation and Expression of Virulence Factors by Coenzyme Q0

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ning Guan ◽  
Yiqi Shi ◽  
Haoyu Tong ◽  
Yanpeng Yang ◽  
Jiahui Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Laser Scanning ◽  
Coenzyme Q ◽  
Polymerase Chain Reaction Analysis ◽  
Laser Scanning Microscopy ◽  
Raw 264.7 Cells ◽  
Confocal Laser ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Cronobacter Sakazakii ◽  
And Control

Abstract Objectives：Here, we investigated the inhibitory effects of coenzyme Q0 (CoQ0) on biofilm formation and the expression of virulence genes by Cronobacter sakazakii. Results：We found that the minimum inhibitory concentration of CoQ0 against C. sakazakii strains ATCC29544 and ATCC29004 was 100 μg/mL, while growth curve assays showed that sub-inhibitory concentrations (SICs) of CoQ0 for both strains were 6.4, 3.2, 1.6 and 0.8 μg/mL. Assays exploring the inhibition of specific biofilm formation showed that SICs of CoQ0 inhibited biofilm formation by C. sakazakii in a dose-dependent manner, which was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy and confocal laser scanning microscopy analyses. CoQ0 inhibited the swimming and swarming motility of C. sakazakii and reduced its ability to adhere to and invade HT-29 cells. In addition, CoQ0 impeded the ability of C. sakazakii to survive and replicate within RAW 264.7 cells. Finally, real time polymerase chain reaction analysis confirmed that nine C. sakazakii genes associated with biofilm formation and virulence were down-regulated in response to CoQ0 treatment. Conclusion：Overall, our findings suggest that CoQ0 is a promising antibiofilm agent and provide new insights for the prevention and control of infections caused by C. sakazakii.

scholarly journals Disruption of a putative mitochondrial oxaloacetate shuttle protein in Aspergillus carbonarius results in secretion of malic acid at the expense of citric acid production

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lei Yang ◽  
Tore Linde ◽  
Abeer H. Hossain ◽  
Mette Lübeck ◽  
Peter J. Punt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Citric Acid ◽  
Organic Acids ◽  
Organic Acid ◽  
Malic Acid ◽  
Acid Production ◽  
Mitochondrial Membrane ◽  
Citric Acid Production ◽  
Aspergillus Carbonarius ◽  
Transcription Analysis ◽  
Organic Acid Production

Abstract Background In filamentous fungi, transport of organic acids across the mitochondrial membrane is facilitated by active transport via shuttle proteins. These transporters may transfer different organic acids across the membrane while taking others the opposite direction. In Aspergillus niger, accumulation of malate in the cytosol can trigger production of citric acid via the exchange of malate and citrate across the mitochondrial membrane. Several mitochondrial organic acid transporters were recently studied in A. niger showing their effects on organic acid production. Results In this work, we studied another citric acid producing fungus, Aspergillus carbonarius, and identified by genome-mining a putative mitochondrial transporter MtpA, which was not previously studied, that might be involved in production of citric acid. This gene named mtpA encoding a putative oxaloacetate transport protein was expressed constitutively in A. carbonarius based on transcription analysis. To study its role in organic acid production, we disrupted the gene and analyzed its effects on production of citric acid and other organic acids, such as malic acid. In total, 6 transformants with gene mtpA disrupted were obtained and they showed secretion of malic acid at the expense of citric acid production. Conclusion A putative oxaloacetate transporter gene which is potentially involved in organic acid production by A. carbonarius was identified and further investigated on its effects on production of citric acid and malic acid. The mtpA knockout strains obtained produced less citric acid and more malic acid than the wild type, in agreement with our original hypothesis. More extensive studies should be conducted in order to further reveal the mechanism of organic acid transport as mediated by the MtpA transporter.

scholarly journals Bioactive Phytochemicals from Mulberry: Potential Anti-Inflammatory Effects in Lipopolysaccharide-Stimulated RAW 264.7 Macrophages

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (15) ◽  
pp. 8120
Author(s):  
Dahae Lee ◽  
Seoung Rak Lee ◽  
Ki Sung Kang ◽  
Ki Hyun Kim
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Ethanol Extract ◽  
Phytochemical Analysis ◽  
Raw 264.7 ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Concentration Dependent Manner ◽  
Raw 264.7 Macrophages ◽  
Iκb Kinase ◽  
Cox 2 ◽  
Anti Inflammatory

The fruits of the mulberry tree (Morus alba L.), known as white mulberry, have been consumed in various forms, including tea, beverages, and desserts, worldwide. As part of an ongoing study to discover bioactive compounds from M. alba fruits, the anti-inflammatory effect of compounds from M. alba were evaluated in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated mouse RAW 264.7 macrophages. Phytochemical analysis of the ethanol extract of the M. alba fruits led to the isolation of 22 compounds. Among the isolated compounds, to the best of our knowledge, compounds 1, 3, 5, 7, 11, 12, and 14–22 were identified from M. alba fruits for the first time in this study. Inhibitory effects of 22 compounds on the production of the nitric oxide (NO) known as a proinflammatory mediator in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages were evaluated using NO assays. Western blot analysis was performed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effects of cyclo(L-Pro-L-Val) (5). We evaluated whether the anti-inflammatory effects of cyclo(L-Pro-L-Val) (5) following LPS stimulation in RAW 264.7 macrophages occurred because of phosphorylation of IκB kinase alpha (IKKα), IκB kinase beta (IKKβ), inhibitor of kappa B alpha (IκBα), nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and activations of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). Cyclo(L-Pro-L-Val) (5) significantly suppressed phosphorylations of IKKα, IKKβ, IκBα, and NF-κB and activations of iNOS and COX-2 in a concentration-dependent manner. Taken together, these results indicate that cyclo(L-Pro-L-Val) (5) can be considered a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of inflammation-associated disorders.

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