scholarly journals Rapid Accumulation of Total Lipid inRhizoclonium africanumKutzing as Biodiesel Feedstock under Nutrient Limitations and the Associated Changes at Cellular Level

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gour Gopal Satpati ◽  
Sanjit Kanjilal ◽  
Rachapudi Badari Narayana Prasad ◽  
Ruma Pal
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Total Lipid ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Neutral Lipids ◽  
Lipid Production ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Phosphate Limitation ◽  
Growth Media ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
High Accumulation

Increase of total lipid and the proportion of the favorable fatty acids in marine green filamentous macroalgaRhizoclonium africanum(Chlorophyceae) was studied under nitrate and phosphate limitations. These stresses were given by both eliminating and doubling the required amounts of nitrate and phosphate salts in the growth media. A significant twofold increase in total lipid (193.03 mg/g) was achieved in cells in absence of nitrate in the culture medium, followed by phosphate limitation (142.65 mg/g). The intracellular accumulation of neutral lipids was observed by fluorescence microscopy. The scanning electron microscopic study showed the major structural changes under nutrient starvation. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) revealed the presence of ester (C-O-C stretching), ketone (C-C stretching), carboxylic acid (O-H bending), phosphine (P-H stretching), aromatic (C-H stretching and bending), and alcohol (O-H stretching and bending) groups in the treated cells indicating the high accumulation of lipid hydrocarbons in the treated cells. Elevated levels of fatty acids favorable for biodiesel production, that is, C16:0, C16:1, C18:1, and C20:1, were identified under nitrate- and phosphate-deficient conditions. This study shows that the manipulation of cultural conditions could affect the biosynthetic pathways leading to increased lipid production while increasing the proportion of fatty acids suitable for biodiesel production.

scholarly journals Effects of nitrogen, phosphorus, EDTA and sodium chloride on biomass and lipid accumulation of Chaetomorpha aerea

2020 ◽  
pp. 152-158
Author(s):  
Gour Gopal Satpati ◽  
Ruma Pal
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
Total Lipid ◽  
Lipid Accumulation ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Stress Conditions ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Cultural Conditions ◽  
Chaetomorpha Aerea ◽  
Nitrogen Phosphorus

The increase of total lipid and fatty acids production was studied under different nutrient stress conditions using the macroalga, Chaetomorpha aerea. The effects of nitrogen, phosphorus, ethylene diamine tetra-acetate and sodium chloride on the growth and lipid accumulation were systematically investigated in laboratory conditions. The biomass was harvested at different stages of cultivation and assessed. The maximum changes of growth and lipid accumulation were observed in the exponential phase at different cultural conditions. The two-fold increase of total lipid was found in the order of 28.27±0.04 % (at 0.1 g/L nitrogen) > 27.30±0.37 % (at 0.5 g/L of phosphorus) > 25.86±0.77 % (at 0.05 g/L of EDTA)> 24.37±0.04 % (at 0.05 g/L NaCl) on 8th day of cultivation. The fatty acids were identified and quantified by gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The alga produces significantly high amount of monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) and saturated fatty acids (SFA) than the polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in different cultural conditions. The elevated levels of C16:1, C18:1 and C20:1 was identified under nitrate, phosphate and salt stress conditions, which are more suitable for biodiesel production.

Lipids of antibiotic-sensitive and -resistant strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa

1971 ◽  
Vol 17 (11) ◽  
pp. 1357-1365 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. A. Anderes ◽  
W. E. Sandine ◽  
P. R. Elliker
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Free Fatty Acid ◽  
Total Lipid ◽  
Total Phospholipid ◽  
Lipid Production ◽  
Ammonium Compound ◽  
Free Lipid ◽  
Resistant Cells

From a population of cells of Pseudomonas aeruginosa sensitive to 33 parts per million (ppm) of quaternary ammonium compound (QAC) and to 0.1 mg/ml of chloramphenicol (CAP), pure strains resistant to 750 ppm and 2.5 mg/ml of these antibacterial substances were isolated. Lipids from the sensitive and resistant cells grown under various conditions were extracted and characterized. Increased lipid biosynthesis was investigated as a possible factor in the resistance of this bacterium to CAP and QAC.Resistant cells grown in medium containing 207 ppm QAC at 25C averaged 77% more total lipid than sensitive cells. Resistant cells grown in the absence of QAC at 25C retained their resistance and averaged 27% more total lipid than sensitive cells. Cells grown at 32C in the presence of QAC contained 8% more total lipid than sensitive cells but less than cells grown at 25C under the same conditions. There was no increased lipid production by QAC-resistant cells grown at 37C in a Fermacell fermentor. Cells grown in CAP-containing medium (2.5 mg/ml) at 25C developed 28% more total lipid than sensitive cells grown in antibiotic-free medium.Gas–liquid chromatograms of the phospholipid, free fatty acid, and triglyceride fractions of the various cell types indicated that the same fatty acids were present. There was a 10% increase of the C18:1 fatty acid in both the phospholipid and free fatty acid fractions of the free lipids of cells grown in a Fermacell fermentor in the presence of CAP or QAC. However, there was no compensatory decrease in any single fatty acid, but rather a general decrease.Sensitive P. aeruginosa contained 14% free lipid and 3% to 6% bound lipid. The major phospholipid was phosphatidyl ethanolamine, which constituted 59% of the total phospholipid fraction of the sensitive cells. Analysis of fatty acids revealed that C16 amounted to 34%, C18:1 19%, and C16:1 and C18 each about 5% of the total present. These four fatty acids accounted for 63% of the free lipid present in the sensitive cells.

scholarly journals Volatile Fatty Acids from Lipid-Extracted Yeast Provide Additional Feedstock for Microbial Lipid Production

Catalysts ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 1009
Author(s):  
Gwon Woo Park ◽  
Seongsoo Son ◽  
Myounghoon Moon ◽  
Subin Sin ◽  
Kyoungseon Min ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Response Surface Methodology ◽  
Carbon Source ◽  
Response Surface ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Lipid Production ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Microbial Lipid ◽  
Initial Ph ◽  
Microbial Lipid Production

Microbial lipid production from oleaginous yeasts is a promising process for the sustainable development of the microbial biodiesel industry. However, the feedstock cost poses an economic problem for the production of microbial biodiesel. After lipid extraction, yeast biomass can be used as an organic source for microbial biodiesel production. In this study, volatile fatty acids (VFAs), produced via anaerobic digestion of a lipid-extracted yeast (LEY) residue, were utilized as a carbon source for the yeast Cryptococcus curvatus. The response surface methodology was used to determine the initial pH and inoculum volume for the optimal VFA production. The experimental result for VFA concentration was 4.51 g/L at an initial pH of 9 and an inoculation 25%. The optimization results from the response surface methodology showed that the maximal VFA concentration was 4.58 g/L at an initial pH of 8.40 and an inoculation of 39.49%. This study indicates that VFAs from LEY can be used as a carbon source for microbial biodiesel production, with the potential to significantly reduce feedstock costs.

scholarly journals Enhanced Lipid Production and Molecular Dynamics under Salinity Stress in Green Microalga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (137C)

Marine Drugs ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (8) ◽  
pp. 484 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thanapa Atikij ◽  
Yolani Syaputri ◽  
Hitoshi Iwahashi ◽  
Thanit Praneenararat ◽  
Sophon Sirisattha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Chlamydomonas Reinhardtii ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Lipid Production ◽  
Acid Methyl Ester ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Induced Stress ◽  
Green Microalga ◽  
Microalgal Lipids

Microalgal lipids are a source of valuable nutritional ingredients in biotechnological industries, and are precursors to biodiesel production. Here, the effects of salt-induced stresses, including NaCl, KCl, and LiCl stresses, on the production of lipid in green microalga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (137c) were investigated. NaCl stress dramatically increased saturated fatty acids (SFAs), which accounted for 70.2% of the fatty acid methyl ester (FAMEs) under stress. In contrary, KCl stress led to a slight increase in SFAs (47.05%) with the remaining being polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) (45.77%). RT-PCR analysis revealed that the genes involved in FA biosynthesis, such as PDH2, ACCase, MAT and KAS2, were up-regulated by NaCl-induced stress. Conversely, the genes responsible for the Kennedy pathway were suppressed. The alteration of FA homeostasis was further assessed by overexpressing MAT, the enzyme responsible for the production of malonyl-ACP, a key building block for FA biosynthesis, in the cyanobacterium Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942. Intracellular FA composition was affected, with a predominant synthesis of SFAs in transformed cells. Owing to the diversity and relative abundance of SFAs, monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFAs) and PUFAs enable the feasibility of using microorganisms as a source of microalgal lipids or valuable nutritional ingredients; salt-induced stress and expression of MAT are useful in providing precursors for enhanced lipid production.

Introduction of macroalgae as a source of biodiesel in Iran: analysis of total lipid content, fatty acid and biodiesel indices

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Zahra Zarei Jeliani ◽  
Nasrin Fazelian ◽  
Morteza Yousefzadi
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Green Algae ◽  
Total Lipid ◽  
Lipid Content ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Total Lipid Content ◽  
Marine Macroalgae ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Brown Seaweeds

Abstract The aim of this work was to describe and compare the main fatty acids and biodiesel indices of some green and brown macroalgae (seaweeds) collected from the Persian Gulf, as an alternative raw material for renewable biodiesel production. The macroalgae showed low lipid content (< 10% DW) but marine macroalgae with total lipid content > 5% DW are a good source for biodiesel production. The total lipid content and saturated fatty acids (SFAs) of green algae were higher than that of brown algae, while higher accumulation of unsaturated fatty acids (USFAs) was observed in brown seaweeds. Further, the main fatty acid in all studied seaweeds was palmitic acid (C16:0), which was followed by oleic acid (C18:1). The results of this work showed that three of the green algae, especially C. sertularioides, could be a potential source of fatty acids for biodiesel production owing to their high total lipid content, high cold flow indices (long chain saturated factor, cold filter plugging point and cloud point) and a fatty acid profile rich in SFAs with a high amount of C18:1, which is suitable for oil-based bio products. In contrast, the brown seaweeds Sargassum boveanum and Sirophysalis trinodis lipid content had a high proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), which makes them suitable for replacing fish oil.

scholarly journals Biodiesel Production from Oleaginous Fungi

2012 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
K Ravikumar ◽  
J Dakshayini ◽  
ST Girisha
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Oleic Acid ◽  
Palmitic Acid ◽  
Neutral Lipids ◽  
Fatty Acyl ◽  
Ethyl Esters ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Sudan Black B ◽  
Oleaginous Fungi ◽  
Micro Organisms

Biodiesel involves the mixture of fatty acyl methyl/ethyl esters, produced from transesterification neutral lipids and if the origin of the source is from oleaginous micro organisms, then it is termed as micro diesel. In the present work, aiming to exploit fungi for biodiesel production, 12 fungal isolates were screened for lipid content by Sudan Black B staining method. Among 12 isolates, lipid rich five species viz, Mortierella alpina , M.ramanianna, M.vinancea, M.hyalina and M.verticella have been taken for fatty acids analysis by spectrophotometry, which revealed that the amount of free fatty acids were ranged from highest in M.alpina 35 ?moles of Oleic acid , 25 ?moles of Palmitic acid and 14 ?moles of Myristic acids to lower as much as 21 ?moles of Oleic acid , 18 ?moles of Palmitic acid and 16 ?moles of Myristic acids respectively in M.ramanianna. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijls.v6i1.5721

scholarly journals Biotreatment of Poultry Waste Coupled with Biodiesel Production Using Suspended and Attached Growth Microalgal-Based Systems

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 5024
Author(s):  
Vasiliki Patrinou ◽  
Olga N. Tsolcha ◽  
Triantafyllos I. Tatoulis ◽  
Natassa Stefanidou ◽  
Marianna Dourou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Lipid Production ◽  
Pilot Scale ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
Filamentous Cyanobacterium ◽  
Poultry Waste ◽  
Total Sugars ◽  
Attached Growth ◽  
Nitrogen Phosphorus

Poultry litter extract (PLE) was treated using a microbial consortium dominated by the filamentous cyanobacterium Leptolyngbya sp. in synergy with heterotrophic microorganisms of the poultry waste. Laboratory- and pilot-scale experiments were conducted under aerobic conditions using suspended and attached growth photobioreactors. Different dilutions of the extract were performed, leading to different initial pollutant (nitrogen, phosphorus, dissolved chemical oxygen demand (d-COD), total sugars) concentrations. Significant nutrient removal rates, biomass productivity, and maximum lipid production were determined for all the systems examined. Higher d-COD, nitrogen, phosphorus, and total sugars removal were recorded in the attached growth reactors in both laboratory- (up to 94.0%, 88.2%, 97.4%, and 79.3%, respectively) and pilot-scale experiments (up to 82.0%, 69.4%, 81.0%, and 83.8%, respectively). High total biomass productivities were also recorded in the pilot-scale attached growth experiments (up to 335.3 mg L−1d−1). The produced biomass contained up to 19.6% lipids (w/w) on a dry weight basis, while the saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids accounted for more than 70% of the total fatty acids, indicating a potential biodiesel production system. We conclude that the processing systems developed in this work can efficiently treat PLE and simultaneously produce lipids suitable as feedstock in the biodiesel manufacture.

scholarly journals Assimilation and turnover rates of lipid compounds in dominant Antarctic copepods fed with 13 C-enriched diatoms

2020 ◽  
Vol 375 (1804) ◽  
pp. 20190647 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Graeve ◽  
Lauris Boissonnot ◽  
Barbara Niehoff ◽  
Wilhelm Hagen ◽  
Gerhard Kattner
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Total Lipid ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Lipid Production ◽  
Isotope Analysis ◽  
Dietary Fatty Acids ◽  
Total Lipids ◽  
Turnover Rates ◽  
High Turnover ◽  
Fatty Acids And Alcohols

The study revealed species- and stage-specific differences in lipid accumulation of the dominant Antarctic copepods, the primarily herbivorous Calanoides acutus (copepodite stage V (CV), females) and the more omnivorous Calanus propinquus (females) storing wax esters and triacylglycerols, respectively, which were collected in summer (end of December). Feeding carbon-labelled diatoms to these copepods, 13 C elucidated assimilation and turnover rates of copepod total lipids as well as specific fatty acids and alcohols. The 13 C incorporation was monitored by compound-specific stable isotope analysis (CSIA). CV stages of C. acutus exhibited an intense total lipid turnover and 55% of total lipids were labelled after 9 days of feeding. By contrast, total lipid assimilation of female C. acutus and C. propinquus was lower with 29% and 32%, respectively. The major dietary fatty acids 16:0, 16:1(n − 7) and 20:5(n − 3) had high turnover rates in all specimens. In C. acutus CV, the high rates of the de novo synthesized long-chain monounsaturated fatty acids and alcohols 20:1(n − 9) and 22:1(n − 11) indicate intense lipid deposition, whereas these rates were low in females. The differences in lipid assimilation and turnover clearly show that the copepod species exhibit a high variability and plasticity to adapt their lipid production to their various life phases. This article is part of the theme issue ‘The next horizons for lipids as ‘trophic biomarkers': evidence and significance of consumer modification of dietary fatty acids'.

scholarly journals Effect of Phytohormones Supplementation under Nitrogen Depletion on Biomass and Lipid Production of Nannochloropsis oceanica for Integrated Application in Nutrition and Biodiesel

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 592
Author(s):  
Hussein El-Sayed Touliabah ◽  
Adel W. Almutairi
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Lipid Accumulation ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Lipid Production ◽  
Human Nutrition ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Nannochloropsis Oceanica ◽  
Nitrogen Depletion ◽  
Omega Fatty Acids ◽  
Microalgal Lipids

Economic viability of biodiesel production relies mainly on the productivity of biomass and microalgal lipids. In addition, production of omega fatty acids is favorable for human nutrition. Thus, enhancement of lipid accumulation with high proportion of omega fatty acids could help the dual use of microalgal lipids in human nutrition and biodiesel production through biorefinery. In that context, phytohormones have been identified as a promising factor to increase biomass and lipids production. However, nitrogen limitation has been discussed as a potential tool for lipid accumulation in microalgae, which results in simultaneous growth retardation. The present study aims to investigate the combined effect of N-depletion and 3-Indoleacetic acid (IAA) supplementation on lipid accumulation of the marine eustigmatophyte Nannochloropsis oceanica as one of the promising microalgae for omega fatty acids production. The study confirmed that N-starvation stimulates the lipid content of N. oceanica. IAA enhanced both growth and lipid accumulation due to enhancement of pigments biosynthesis. Therefore, combination effect of IAA and nitrogen depletion showed gradual increase in the dry weight compared to the control. Lipid analysis showed lower quantity of saturated fatty acids (SFA, 26.25%) than the sum of monounsaturated (MUFA) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). Under N-depletion, SFA decreased by 12.98% compared to the control, which recorded much reduction by increasing of IAA concentration. Reduction of SFA was in favor of PUFA, mainly omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids which increased significantly due to IAA combined with N-depletion. Thus, the present study suggests a biorefinery approach for lipids extracted from N. oceanica for dual application in nutrition followed by biodiesel production.

Characterization of Newborn Fecal Lipid

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1974 ◽  
Vol 53 (4) ◽  
pp. 511-515
Author(s):  
John B. Watkins ◽  
C. Michael Bliss ◽  
Robert M. Donaldson ◽  
Roger Lester
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Total Lipid ◽  
Neutral Lipids ◽  
Saturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Lipid Fraction ◽  
Lipid Absorption ◽  
Gas Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Fecal Lipid ◽  
Lipid Excretion ◽  
Long Chain

Fecal lipid excretion was quantitated and analyzed in two groups of normal infants 3 to 11 days and 23 to 72 days of age. Total lipid excretion was similar in both groups averaging 10.8% of dietary intake. Fecal lipid was partitioned into four fractions: neutral lipids, insoluble divalent calcium soaps, ionized fatty acids and bound lipids. The neutral lipid fraction predominated in both groups, equalling 56 ± 5.3% (mean ± S.E.M.) of fecal lipid. It contained significant quantities of glycerides (13.6 ± 6.0% of the total lipid excreted). Calcium soaps comprised the other major fraction (25 ± 5.3%); analysis of this fraction by gas liquid chromatography showed that it contained primarily long-chain saturated fatty acids. The demonstration of glycerides in fecal lipid establishes that lipolysis is defective in newborn infants. Identification of long-chain saturated fatty acids in the calcium soap fraction documents the association between calcium and saturated fatty acid excretion. The presence of fecal monoglyceride, while conceivably the result of colonic bacterial hydrolysis of triglyceride, raises the possibility that lipid micellization and/or mucosal transport is insufficient for optimal lipid absorption. Thus, the intraluminal phase and possibly the mucosal phase of lipid absorption are not fully developed in the full-term newborn infant.

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