Molecular Detection and Sensitivity to Antibiotics and Bacteriocins of Pathogens Isolated from Bovine Mastitis in Family Dairy Herds of Central Mexico

Thirty-two farms (n=535cows) located in the state of Guanajuato, Mexico, were sampled. Pathogens from bovine subclinical mastitis (SCM) and clinical mastitis (CLM) were identified by 16S rDNA and the sensitivity to both antibiotics and bacteriocins ofBacillus thuringiensiswas tested. Forty-six milk samples were selected for their positive California Mastitis Test (CMT) (≥3) and any abnormality in the udder or milk. The frequency of SCM and CLM was 39.1% and 9.3%, respectively. Averages for test day milk yield (MY), lactation number (LN), herd size (HS), and number of days in milk (DM) were 20.6 kg, 2.8 lactations, 16.7 animals, and 164.1 days, respectively. MY was dependent on dairy herd (DH), LN, HS, and DMP<0.01, and correlations between udder quarters from the CMT were around 0.49P<0.01. Coagulase-negative staphylococci were mainly identified, as well asStaphylococcus aureus,Streptococcus uberis,Brevibacterium stationis,B. conglomeratum, andStaphylococcus agnetis. Bacterial isolates were resistant to penicillin, clindamycin, ampicillin, and cefotaxime. Bacteriocins synthesized byBacillus thuringiensisinhibited the growth of multiantibiotic resistance bacteria such asS. agnetis,S. equorum,Streptococcus uberis,Brevibacterium stationis, andBrachybacterium conglomeratum, but they were not active againstS. sciuri, a microorganism that showed an 84% resistance to antibiotics tested in this study.

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The occurrence of mastitis and its effect on the milk malondialdehyde concentrations and blood enzymatic antioxidants in dairy cows

Veterinární Medicína ◽

10.17221/67/2019-vetmed ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 64 (No. 10) ◽

pp. 423-432

Author(s):

F Zigo ◽

J Elecko ◽

M Vasil ◽

S Ondrasovicova ◽

Z Farkasova ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Clinical Status ◽

Dairy Herd ◽

Subclinical Mastitis ◽

Clinical Mastitis ◽

Enzymatic Antioxidants ◽

Coagulase Negative Staphylococci ◽

Complex Investigation ◽

Udder Health ◽

Milk Samples ◽

California Mastitis Test

Early identification of mastitis is a serious challenge for dairy farmers and veterinarians in ensuring the health of an animal and the hygienic quality of the produced milk. The purpose of this study was to detect the occurrence and aetiology of mastitis in a dairy herd of 15 milked cows localised in a farm in west Slovakia. During the complex investigation, 606 quarter milk samples were examined (6 quarters were discarded) and classified based on the clinical status, the presence of abnormal udder secretions, the result of the California mastitis test (CMT), the somatic cell count (SCC) and the bacteriological identification of the pathogens causing the intramammary infection (IMI). The study was augmented by the detection of malondialdehyde (MDA) in the milk and the measurements of the blood enzymatic activities of glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) as potential biomarkers for the udder health screening. A positive CMT score was recorded in 19.5% (118) of the examined quarters and 12.5% (76) of the quarters were infected with bacterial pathogens causing latent mastitis (LM; 1.3%), subclinical mastitis (SM; 8.3%), and clinical mastitis (CM; 2.9%). The most commonly isolated bacteria from the infected quarters were coagulase-negative staphylococci (55.2%), Staphylococcus aureus (11.8%) and streptococci (10.5%). The concentration of MDA and SCC were significantly higher from both the SM and CM cases than in the milk samples from the healthy cows, while the blood activities of SOD and GPx were lower in the cows with CM compared to the healthy cows. The higher MDA concentrations in the SM and CM milk observed in this study showed the presence of an oxidative stress in the infected milk, accompanied by a decrease in the antioxidative enzymatic activity in the blood of the cows. Therefore, the measurement of the milk MDA concentration and the activity of the blood SOD and GPx may prove insightful for the better screening of the udder health in the early diagnosis of mastitis.

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Variations in the levels of acute-phase proteins and lactoferrin in serum and milk during bovine subclinical mastitis

Journal of Dairy Research ◽

10.1017/s002202992100056x ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-5

Author(s):

Aarsha Raj ◽

Vinodkumar Kulangara ◽

Tresamol P. Vareed ◽

Deepa P. Melepat ◽

Latha Chattothayil ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Acute Phase ◽

Acute Phase Proteins ◽

Solid Phase ◽

Bovine Mastitis ◽

Subclinical Mastitis ◽

Clinical Mastitis ◽

Reactive Protein ◽

Amyloid A ◽

California Mastitis Test ◽

Bacterial Organism

Abstract Variations in the levels of acute phase proteins and lactoferrin in serum and milk for diagnosis of subclinical mastitis in dairy cows are described in this research paper. Milking animals from two organized dairy farms in Kerala, India, were screened by California Mastitis Test (CMT), Electrical Conductivity test (EC) and Somatic Cell Count (SCC) test to identify animals affected with sub clinical mastitis (SCM). The concentrations of acute phase proteins (APP) Haptoglobin (Hp), C- reactive protein (CRP), Albumin, Lactoferrin (Lf) and α- 1 acid glycoprotein (AGP) in milk and Hp, Albumin, Serum Amyloid A (SAA) and CRP in the serum of 40 normal cows and 40 cows affected with sub clinical mastitis were assessed. Solid phase ELISA was employed for assessment of all parameters except the albumin levels, for which spectrophotometry was used. The values of Hp in milk; and SAA, AGP and Lf in serum, were significantly elevated in the group with sub clinical mastitis. Such variations were found to be independent of the specific bacterial organism causing the disease. These results show that significant variations exist in the levels of acute phase proteins Hp, AGP and Lf in milk, and SAA in serum of animals affected with subclinical bovine mastitis that are not affected by specific bacterial etiology.

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Using milk leukocyte differentials for diagnosis of subclinical bovine mastitis

Journal of Dairy Research ◽

10.1017/s0022029917000267 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 84 (3) ◽

pp. 309-317 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Juliano Leonel Gonçalves ◽

Roberta L. Lyman ◽

Mitchell Hockett ◽

Rudy Rodriguez ◽

Marcos Veiga dos Santos ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Bovine Mastitis ◽

Dairy Herd ◽

Inflammatory Cells ◽

Subclinical Mastitis ◽

Absolute Number ◽

Dairy Herds ◽

Milk Samples ◽

Lactating Cows ◽

Automated Instrument ◽

Culture Positive

This research study aimed to evaluate the use of the milk leukocyte differential (MLD) to: (a) identify quarter milks that are culture-positive; and (b) characterize the milk leukocyte responses to specific groups of pathogens causing subclinical mastitis. The MLD measures the absolute number and relative percentage of inflammatory cells in milk samples. Using the MLD in two dairy herds (170 and 172 lactating cows, respectively), we studied all lactating cows with a most recent monthly Dairy Herd Improvement Association somatic cell count (SCC) >200 × 103 cells/ml. Quarter milk samples from 78 cows meeting study criteria were analysed by MLD and aseptically collected milk samples were subjected to microbiological culture (MC). Based upon automated instrument evaluation of the number and percentage of inflammatory cells in milk, samples were designated as either MLD-positive or – negative for subclinicial mastitis. Positive MC were obtained from 102/156 (65·4%) of MLD-positive milk samples, and 28/135 (20·7%) of MLD-negative milk samples were MC-positive. When MC was considered the gold standard for mastitis diagnosis, the calculated diagnostic Se of the MLD was 65·4% (IC95% = 57·4 to 72·8%) and the Sp was 79·3% (IC95% = 71·4 to 85·7%). Quarter milks positive on MC had higher absolute numbers of neutrophils, lymphocytes and macrophages, with higher neutrophils% and lymphocytes% but lower macrophages%. The Log10 (N/L) ratios were the most useful ratio to differentiate specific subclinical mastitis quarters from healthy quarters. Use of the MLD on cows with monthly composite SCC > 200 × 103 cells/ml for screening at quarter level identified quarters more likely to be culture-positive.In conclusion, the MLD can provide an analysis of mammary quarter status more detailed than provided by SCC alone; however, the MLD response to subclinical mastitis was not found useful to specifically identify the causative pathogen.

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Coagulase-negative staphylococci isolated from bovine extramammary sites and intramammary infections in a single dairy herd

Journal of Dairy Research ◽

10.1017/s0022029908003312 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 75 (4) ◽

pp. 422-429 ◽

Cited By ~ 68

Author(s):

Suvi Taponen ◽

Johanna Björkroth ◽

Satu Pyörälä

Keyword(s):

Bovine Mastitis ◽

Dairy Herd ◽

Common Species ◽

Clinical Mastitis ◽

23S Rrna ◽

Coagulase Negative Staphylococci ◽

Intramammary Infections ◽

Milk Samples ◽

Lactating Dairy Cows ◽

The University

Isolates of various species of coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) from extramammary swab samples were compared with isolates of bovine mastitis CNS species. Swab samples were taken from perineum skin and udder skin, teat apices and teat canals of lactating dairy cows of the research dairy herd of the University of Helsinki in 1999 and 2002. In addition, hands of herd staff and liners of teat cups were sampled for CNS. CNS isolates from milk samples of subclinical or clinical mastitis in the same herd were collected during 1998–2002. Species identification was performed using phenotyping (API Staph ID 32 test) and by constructing a 16 and 23S rRNA RFLP library (ribotyping). Based on phenotype, 84% of mastitis isolates and 57% of extramammary isolates were identified at species level with >90% probability. Ribotype patterns formed 24 clusters, and 15 of them included a CNS type strain. If the ribotype clusters contained isolates of both extramammary and mastitis origin, they were further typed using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). The predominant CNS species in mastitis, based both on phenotyping and genotyping, wereStaph. chromogenesandStaph. simulans. Phenotyping failed to identify half of the extramammary isolates. Based on phenotyping,Staph. equorumandStaph. sciuri, and based on ribotyping,Staph. succinusandStaph. xylosus, were the predominant CNS species in extramammary samples. The most common species in milk samples,Staph. chromogenes, was also isolated from several extramammary samples, and five out of ten pulsotypes were shared between mastitis and extramammary isolates, indicating that strains from udder skin are highly similar. The second commonest mastitis species,Staph. simulans, was isolated only from three extramammary samples, indicating thatStaph. simulansmay be more specifically associated with mastitis. Consequently, the origin of CNS mastitis may vary depending on the causing CNS species.

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The Impact of Mastitis on Reproductive Parameters of Dairy Cows

Folia Veterinaria ◽

10.2478/fv-2019-0030 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 63 (3) ◽

pp. 72-78

Author(s):

F. Zigo ◽

A. Adamová ◽

M. Vasiľ ◽

J. Elečko ◽

S. Ondrašovičová ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Dairy Cows ◽

Subclinical Mastitis ◽

Clinical Mastitis ◽

Reproductive Parameters ◽

Coagulase Negative Staphylococci ◽

Milk Samples ◽

California Mastitis Test ◽

Service Period ◽

High Incidence ◽

The Impact

Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate the occurrence of mastitis and its impact on the reproductive parameters in a herd of 180 dairy cows. Based on the herd records 127 cows of Slovak spotted cattle and their crosses with red Holstein were selected for study between 1—2 months after calving. The examination of the health status of the mammary glands consisted of: the clinical examination of the udder, the California mastitis test (CMT) supplemented by the collection of mixed milk samples, and the laboratory examination of bacterial pathogens causing the mastitis. In addition to the mammary investigation, reproduction indicators such as the length of the insemination interval, the service period, the intercalving period and the insemination index were also analyzed. The results of this study indicated: a high incidence of mastitis (41.6 %), especially latent (21.2 %), subclinical (15.7 %) and clinical (4.7 %) forms were most common in the herd. The most frequently isolated bacteria from the infected milk samples were: coagulase negative staphylococci (54.1 %), S. aureus (16.9 %), Streptococcus spp. (15.0 %), A. viridans (7.5 %) and Ent. faecalis (6.4 %). According to the available literature, the optimum values of the intercalving period were 365—400 days, the insemination interval 55—80 days, the insemination index 1.2—2 and the service period 60—110 days. In comparison, our results showed increased, unsatisfactory reproductive values in the group of dairy cows with clinical mastitis. While in healthy cows as well as in groups of cows with latent and subclinical mastitis, all of the reproductive indicators were within the optimal levels.

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Assessment of udder health in lame cows

Acta Veterinaria Brno ◽

10.2754/avb202089020133 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 89 (2) ◽

pp. 133-140

Author(s):

Vladimír Hisira ◽

Pavel Slovák ◽

Paulína Marčeková ◽

Marián Kadaši ◽

Pavol Mudroň

Keyword(s):

Dairy Cows ◽

Subclinical Mastitis ◽

Clinical Mastitis ◽

Coagulase Negative Staphylococci ◽

Digital Dermatitis ◽

White Line ◽

Udder Health ◽

Milk Samples ◽

California Mastitis Test ◽

Sole Ulcers

The objective of this study was to assess the udder health in lame dairy cows. The study was performed on 35 dairy cows which were admitted to the Clinic of Ruminants. The most frequent claw diseases were white line abscess (28.6%) and toe necrosis (28.6%), followed by digital dermatitis (17.1%), toe ulcers (14.3%), and sole ulcers (11.4%). The prevalence of mastitis in lame cows was 74.3% (26); clinical mastitis was detected in 5 (19.2%) and subclinical mastitis in 21 (80.8%) dairy cows. Distribution of mastitis was similar in terms of front (52.54%) and rear quarters (47.46%). For statistical analyses of mastitis grade in lame dairy cows, a six-point Mastitis Score was created based on physical examination of the mammary gland and results of California Mastitis Test. The Mastitis Score tended to be higher in cows with corium inflammation than in those with digital dermatitis (10.0 and 6.5, respectively). Microbiological culture of 24 positive milk samples was performed and intra-mammary pathogens were isolated in 18 (75%) samples. The most prevalent bacteria were coagulase negative staphylococci (50%), followed by Enterococcus spp. (16.7%), Proteus spp. (11.1%), and Aerococcus viridians (11.1%). Of the total bacteria, contagious pathogens were determined in two milk samples (11.1%). In conclusion, high prevalence of mastitis was detected in lame cows suffering from claw diseases without a significant effect of the type of claw diseases on the mastitis grade. Moreover, the dominating isolation of environmental pathogens may be a result of longer lying period of animals affected with lameness.

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Prevalence of mastitis in dairy goat farms in Eastern Algeria

Veterinary World ◽

10.14202/vetworld.2019.1563-1572 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 12 (10) ◽

pp. 1563-1572 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Zahra Gabli ◽

Zouhir Djerrou ◽

Abd Elhafid Gabli ◽

Mounira Bensalem

Keyword(s):

Subclinical Mastitis ◽

Mammary Glands ◽

Clinical Mastitis ◽

Control Measures ◽

Dairy Goat ◽

Coagulase Negative Staphylococci ◽

California Mastitis Test ◽

Eastern Algeria ◽

And Control ◽

Positive Half

Aim: This study aimed to investigate mastitis in dairy goat farms through the California mastitis test (CMT) and bacteriological examinations. Materials and Methods: A total of 845 goats belonging to 18 farms from four regions (Tébessa, Guelma, Souk Ahras, and Skikda) were examined. Results: Clinical examination of the mammary glands showed that 30/845 (3.55%) goats had clinical mastitis and 32 goats had half-teat inflammation. CMT subclinical mastitis (SCM) was detected in 815 goats that were presumed to be healthy. CMT showed 46 (5.64%) CMT-positive goats as well as 47 (2.88%) positive half-udders with a score of ≥2. A total of 79 bacteria were isolated and identified from the 79 bacterial positive samples. Bacteriological analyses showed that Gram-positive staphylococci were largely responsible for clinical and SCM. Coagulase-negative staphylococci, with an isolation frequency of 56.96%, were the most prevalent bacteria from all isolated organisms. The second most prevalent organism was Staphylococcus aureus at 40.50% and streptococci (2.53%) had the smallest percentage of isolation. Conclusion: It is suggested that due to the prevalence of mastitis in this species, farmers should be aware of the problem to plan preventive and control measures to reduce dairy goat losses due to this disease.

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Prevalence of Bovine Mastitis in the Western Region of Cameroon

Journal of Infectious Diseases & Case Reports ◽

10.47363/jidscr/2021(2)149 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-5

Author(s):

Müller FOTSAC DZOUSSE ◽

◽

Marc K. KOUAM ◽

Keyword(s):

Bovine Mastitis ◽

Clinical Signs ◽

Subclinical Mastitis ◽

Clinical Mastitis ◽

Feeding Method ◽

Lactating Cows ◽

Stage Of Lactation ◽

California Mastitis Test ◽

Farm Type ◽

Age Range

Mastitis is the major disease in milking cows causing huge losses to the dairy industry worldwide. It is in view to contribute to the eradication of this pathology that the present study was carried out in cattle farms of the West Region of Cameroon from March 2020 to November 2020. A total of 473 lactating cows of local and improved breeds were screened for mastitis. Screening for clinical and sub-clinical mastitis was based on the observation of clinical signs and on the use of the California Mastitis Test (CMT) respectively. The overall prevalence was 34.88%, among which 9.72% and 25.16% represented clinical and subclinical mastitis respectively. In summary, the factors influencing the occurrence of mastitis were: the divisions surveyed (p<0.001), breed type (p=0.003), age range (p<0,001), farm type (p=0.05), soil type (p<0,001), cleaning frequency (p<0.001), feeding method (p<0.001), hygiene of udder (p=0.05) and stage of lactation (p=0.02). The results obtained allow us to recommend an improvement of the breeding conditions to prevent mastitis, because once mastitis appears in a farm, it becomes very difficult to eradicate it.

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Study of antibiotic susceptibility of Coagulase- Negative staphylococci isolated from bovine mastitis

Al-Anbar Journal of Veterinary Sciences ◽

10.37940/ajvs.2018.11.10 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 11 (2) ◽

Author(s):

E Mahmmoud ◽

G Shamoon

Keyword(s):

Bovine Mastitis ◽

Subclinical Mastitis ◽

Clinical Mastitis ◽

Penicillin G ◽

Test Results ◽

Normal Flora ◽

Veterinary Antibiotics ◽

Biochemical Tests ◽

Coagulase Negative Staphylococci ◽

Milk Samples

A total of 141 milk samples were tested belong to 27 cows infected with clinical mastitis and 114 cows were diagnosed with subclinical mastitis after detected their milk samples by California Mastitis and Whiteside tests, samples were collected from different areas of Mosul city. After the first isolation, the biochemical tests were carried out on all isolation. The samples showed 33 (23.40%) isolates of Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci (C-NS). S. chromogenes & S. epidermidis were predominant in clinical mastitis, while in the sub-clinical cases the S. haemolyticus was most frequently in isolation. The sensitivity test was carried out on isolated bacteria. The test results showed that there was absolute resistance to ampicillin and 90.9% for Penicillin-G, while the lowest resistance and highest sensitivity of Chloramphenicol was 27.27%, 57.57%, respectively, as well as, isolated give varying sensitivity and resistance to other antibiotics. The use of antibiotics at random and the non-completion of treatment the animal by the owner lead to produce a normal flora resistant to most common veterinary antibiotics used, which can become a pathogen when conditions are available, this shown by the results of the current study.

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Mastitogenic bacteria isolated from dairy cows in Kenya and their antimicrobial sensitivity

Journal of the South African Veterinary Association ◽

10.4102/jsava.v85i1.950 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 85 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

George K. Gitau ◽

Royford M. Bundi ◽

John Vanleeuwen ◽

Charles M. Mulei

Keyword(s):

Dairy Cattle ◽

Dairy Cows ◽

Bovine Mastitis ◽

Antibiotic Sensitivity ◽

Subclinical Mastitis ◽

Clinical Mastitis ◽

California Mastitis Test ◽

Antimicrobial Sensitivity ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Causative Agents

There is limited epidemiological knowledge on udder health in Kenyan dairy cattle that would aid in a pro-active approach towards mastitis prevention. The study objectives were: (1) to investigate the prevalence and distribution of clinical and subclinical mastitis in dairy cattle in Mukurwe-ini and Nakuru Districts, Kenya, and (2) to determine the antibacterial sensitivity of the organisms causing bovine mastitis in these districts. The study involved field-screening of milk samples from 241 dairy cows on 128 farms by use of the California Mastitis Test (CMT) and, if CMT-positive, followed by bacteriological culture of the major causative agents and their respective antibiotic sensitivity to eight commonly used antibiotics. All participating farms were visited twice during the study period. The results obtained during the first and second visits showed the prevalence of clinical mastitis to be very low: 0.9% and 0.5%, respectively; 56.0% and 65.0% of cows were CMT-positive on at least one quarter and 49.6% and 58.7% of cows were culture-positive, respectively. There was no significant difference in mastitis prevalence between Nakuru and Mukurwe-ini districts (p > 0.10). Staphylococcus aureus was isolated in 68.0% and 77.0% of samples during the first and second visits, respectively. Other frequently isolated agents included Streptococcus agalactiae, and other Streptococcus spp., S. aureus and S. agalactiae were most sensitive to gentamycin and norfloxacin, and least sensitive to cotrimazole and ampicillin. Knowing the prevalence of mastitogenic organisms and their antibiotic sensitivities could improve treatment efficacy and cow longevity.

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