Isolation ofBacillus sphaericusfrom Lombok Island, Indonesia, and Their Toxicity againstAnopheles aconitus

Malaria is endemic to Lombok Island, Indonesia. One approach to suppress malaria spread is to eliminate anopheline larvae in their habitat and the environmentally safe agent is bacteria, that is,Bacillus sphaericus. However, there is no information regarding local isolate ofB. sphaericusthat is toxic to mosquito larvae from Lombok. The aims of the study were to isolateB. sphaericusfrom soil in areas close to beach surrounding Lombok Island and to test their toxicity against 3rd instarAnopheles aconituslarvae. Soil samples were collected from 20 different sampling locations from Lombok Island and homogenized with sterile physiological salt solution. Suspension was heat-shocked at 80°C for 30 minutes and then spread onto antibiotic-supplemented NYSM solid medium. Colonies grown were characterized and subjected to initial toxicity test against anopheline larvae. Isolates with more than 50% killing percentage were subjected to bioassay testing against anopheline larvae. From 20 locations, 1 isolate showed mild toxicity (namely, isolate MNT) and 2 isolates showed high toxicity (namely, isolates SLG and TJL2) againstAn. aconitus. Those 3 isolates were potentially useful isolates, as they killed almost all larvae in 24 hours. The discovery of toxic indigenous isolates ofB. sphaericusfrom Lombok Island opens opportunity to develop a biopesticide from local resources.

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Bio-larvicidal effervescent preparation development based on locally isolated Bacillus sphaericus from Lombok Island (West Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia) against Anopheles larvae

10.1063/1.5061873 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Bambang Fajar Suryadi ◽

Baiq Wiwin Maruni Diarti ◽

Yunan Jiwantarum ◽

Baiq Laily Zainiati ◽

Santi Pristianingrum

Keyword(s):

Bacillus Sphaericus ◽

Lombok Island

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POSSIBLE OCCURRENCE OF TOXIC AND HARMFUL PHYTOPLANKTON IN LOMBOK BAY, LOMBOK, INDONESIA

Marine Research in Indonesia ◽

10.14203/mri.v32i2.455 ◽

1970 ◽

Vol 32 (2) ◽

pp. 197-202

Author(s):

Boy Rahardjo Sidharta ◽

Hilman Ahyadi

Keyword(s):

Adverse Effect ◽

Algal Bloom ◽

Harmful Algal Bloom ◽

Marine Microalgae ◽

Present Survey ◽

Ceratium Furca ◽

Abundant Phytoplankton ◽

Almost All ◽

Gymnodinium Catenatum ◽

Lombok Island

Harmful Algal Bloom (HAB) incidences in Indonesian waters were increasingly occurred from time to time. Extensive and continous studies in this field are needed to be done in more areas in the country. This objective of this present survey were to determine the occurrence of potential toxic and harmful marine microalgae in Lombok, to reveal the diversity of marine microalgae found in the area, and to give some information on the occurrence of HAB phytoplankton in Lombok island. Plankton samples were taken from six stations in Lembar bay, Lombok on February, 2007. This survey found 23 marine microalgae species and two of those were potentially harmful and toxic, namely Dinophysis caudata and Gymnodinium catenatum. Four species, such as Ceratium spp, Dinophysis miles, Prorocentrum gracile, and P micans, were noted to be harmful though so far no report on adverse effect caused by these microalgae in the area. Diatom Chaetoceros spp were the most abundant phytoplankton in almost all of the sampling areas and followed by Ceratium furca and Protoperidinium sp.

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Actualization of prospects of thermal usage of groundwater of mines during liquidation

E3S Web of Conferences ◽

10.1051/e3sconf/201912301046 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 123 ◽

pp. 01046 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Ivan Sadovenko ◽

Oleksandr Inkin ◽

Nataliia Dereviahina ◽

Yuliia Khryplyvets

Keyword(s):

Heat Transfer ◽

Mine Water ◽

Heat Removal ◽

Heat Pumps ◽

Heat Transfer Fluid ◽

Circulation System ◽

Heating And Cooling ◽

Environmentally Safe ◽

Mathcad Software ◽

Almost All

The aim of the paper is justification of the economically efficient technological scheme for development of a thermal resource of “Stashkov” mine after its closure, ensuring the maintenance of a favorable energy and ecological-hydrogeological regime in the region. A geotechnological scheme of environmentally safe usage of mine water was justified, involving water pumping up to the surface, heat removal and water reverse pumping into the seams. The suggested circulation system is characterized by an increased energy balance, since it is used to extract almost all the groundwater heat, as well as part of the heat of host rocks. In order to estimate the effectiveness of usage of this technology, calculations of usage of mine water as a source of low-potential energy in heat pumps in comparison with other alternatives (groundwater and surface water streams) using Mathcad software were performed, and it was established that this gives great conversion coefficients of mine water. A geotechnological scheme of usage of mine water was developed, which considers heat transfer, filtration direction, velocity and temperature of groundwater during pumping and removal of heat-transfer fluid from an aquifer for heating and cooling of buildings. The mechanism of heat removal in a flooded rock massif of amine during liquidation was studied with justification of environmentally safe usage of mine water.

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It takes a village to raise a militia: local politics, the Nuer White Army, and South Sudan's civil wars

The Journal of Modern African Studies ◽

10.1017/s0022278x17000064 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 55 (2) ◽

pp. 177-199 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Noel Stringham ◽

Jonathan Forney

Keyword(s):

Rural Communities ◽

Civil Wars ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Political Competition ◽

Local Politics ◽

South Sudan ◽

Military Officers ◽

Local Resources ◽

Oil Wealth ◽

Almost All

AbstractWhy does South Sudan continue to experience endemic, low intensity conflicts punctuated by catastrophic civil wars? Reporters and analysts often mischaracterise conflicts in the young country of South Sudan as products of divisive ‘tribal’ or ‘ethnic’ rivalries and political competition over oil wealth. More nuanced analyses by regional experts have focused almost exclusively on infighting among elite politicians and military officers based in Juba and other major cities who use patronage networks to ethnicise conflicts. This paper argues instead that civilian militias known as the Nuer White Army have consistently rebelled against elites who they blame for mounting inequalities between urban areas and the rural communities regardless of their ethnicity. While unable to stop governments and NGOs from funnelling almost all their resources to the cities, these militias have consistently mobilised local resources for violent campaigns that redistribute wealth by pillaging urban areas.

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Evaluation of 99 Pesticide Residues in Major Agricultural Products from the Western Highlands Zone of Cameroon Using QuEChERS Method Extraction and LC-MS/MS and GC-ECD Analyses

Foods ◽

10.3390/foods7110184 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 7 (11) ◽

pp. 184 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Joseph Galani ◽

Michael Houbraken ◽

Abukari Wumbei ◽

Joseph Djeugap ◽

Daniel Fotio ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Scientific Evidence ◽

Chili Pepper ◽

Agricultural Products ◽

Electron Capture Detection ◽

Limit Of Quantification ◽

Kidney Beans ◽

Sampling Locations ◽

Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass ◽

Food Commodities ◽

Almost All

There is no information available on pesticide residue levels in major food commodities harvested in Cameroon, especially from the western highlands region, the food basket of the country. Hence, this study evaluated the residues of 99 pesticides in 72 samples of 12 agricultural products collected in the region, using QuEChERS (Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged, and Safe) method extraction, and analyzed by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and gas chromatography with electron capture detection (GC-ECD). This method was suitable for detecting the targeted compounds: For 81 pesticides by LC-MS/MS, the limit of quantification (LOQ) was between 0.0004 and 0.0537 mg/kg; and for 18 halogenated pesticides by GC-ECD, it ranged from 0.0012 to 0.2180 mg/kg. The residues of 62 pesticides, including 12 banned compounds, were found in the samples. Insecticides (39.7%) were the most prevalent group, with all the samples containing at least one pesticide. Twenty-one pesticides (34.4%) exceeded their European Union maximum residue limits (MRLs) and 22 pesticides (34.4%) were found in all 6 sampling locations. Malathion and p,p′-DDT were the most distributed pesticides, found in almost all the samples and sampling sites. Food items with the highest rates of positive results were chili pepper (23.2%), white pepper (20.2%), kidney beans (17.3%), and soybeans (17.2%). Samples with residues above their MRLs represented 38% of all the positive analyses; chili pepper (6.4%) and kidney beans (5.5%) were found to have the most residues above their MRLs. The most critical food commodities were kidney beans, soybeans, chili pepper, and maize. This data presents scientific evidence that investigation into continuous monitoring and good regulation of pesticide usage in Cameroon is needed, and paves the way for health risks analysis.

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Protein sources for monogastric and ruminant livestock in the cauca valley of colombia

Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Production (1972) ◽

10.1017/s030822960001134x ◽

1989 ◽

Vol 1989 ◽

pp. 144-144

Author(s):

M L Cruz ◽

T R Preston ◽

A W Speedy

Keyword(s):

Production Systems ◽

Cropping Systems ◽

Developed Countries ◽

Renewable Energy Resources ◽

High Quality ◽

Tropical Regions ◽

Local Resources ◽

High Level ◽

Almost All ◽

Selection Of

Almost all attempts to improve animal production systems in developing countries have failed because they relied on the transfer of technologies from developed countries. Livestock production systems in industrialized conuntries have high rates of animal productivity, which at the same time require high quality feeds, rich in energy and protein. Most developed countries are located in temperate climates in which cereals and high quality feeds and grains can be readily grown and have the currency to provide all the fossil fuel inputs required.In order for Third World countries, located mostly in tropical regions, to adapt these systems, they must import exotic livestock and provide the high level of feeding at high cost. The transferred system has led to a loss of interest in indigenous breeds and local resources.It is clear that there is a great need for new rural development strategies that should take into account not only food production but also renewable energy resources, employment generation, self reliance and protection of the enviroment. This strategy includes selection of crops and cropping systems which maximize biomass production, nitrogen fixation and minimize the use of imported or expensive inputs.

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An essay on ecosystem availability of Nicotiana glauca graham alkaloids: the honeybees case study

BMC Ecology ◽

10.1186/s12898-020-00325-3 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 20 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Konstantinos M. Kasiotis ◽

Epameinondas Evergetis ◽

Dimitrios Papachristos ◽

Olympia Vangelatou ◽

Spyridon Antonatos ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Food Chain ◽

Invasive Plant ◽

Methanolic Extract ◽

Coumarin Derivative ◽

Mediterranean Ecosystems ◽

Nicotiana Glauca ◽

Local Resources ◽

Repeatability And Reproducibility ◽

Tandem Mass Spectrometric ◽

Mild Toxicity

Abstract Background Invasive plant species pose a significant threat for fragile isolated ecosystems, occupying space, and consuming scarce local resources. Recently though, an additional adverse effect was recognized in the form of its secondary metabolites entering the food chain. The present study is elaborating on this subject with a specific focus on the Nicotiana glauca Graham (Solanaceae) alkaloids and their occurrence and food chain penetrability in Mediterranean ecosystems. For this purpose, a targeted liquid chromatography electrospray tandem mass spectrometric (LC–ESI–MS/MS) analytical method, encompassing six alkaloids and one coumarin derivative, utilizing hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) was developed and validated. Results The method exhibited satisfactory recoveries, for all analytes, ranging from 75 to 93%, and acceptable repeatability and reproducibility. Four compounds (anabasine, anatabine, nornicotine, and scopoletin) were identified and quantified in 3 N. glauca flowers extracts, establishing them as potential sources of alien bio-molecules. The most abundant constituent was anabasine, determined at 3900 μg/g in the methanolic extract. These extracts were utilized as feeding treatments on Apis mellifera honeybees, resulting in mild toxicity documented by 16–18% mortality. A slightly increased effect was elicited by the methanolic extract containing anabasine at 20 μg/mL, where mortality approached 25%. Dead bees were screened for residues of the N. glauca flower extracts compounds and a significant mean concentration of anabasine was evidenced in both 10 and 20 μg/mL treatments, ranging from 51 to 92 ng/g per bee body weight. Scopoletin was also detected in trace amounts. Conclusions The mild toxicity of the extracts in conjunction with the alkaloid and coumarin residual detection in bees, suggest that these alien bio-molecules are transferred within the food chain, suggesting a chemical invasion phenomenon, never reported before.

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Mechanical properties of waterwork sludges – shear strength

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.1997.0392 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 36 (11) ◽

pp. 43-50 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Knut Wichmann ◽

Andreas Riehl

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Shear Strength ◽

Water Source ◽

Capillary Suction ◽

Treatment Processes ◽

Influence Of Water ◽

Environmentally Safe ◽

Measurement Devices ◽

Almost All ◽

Water Contents

In order to ensure a regular and environmentally safe utilization and disposal of waterwork sludges especially the mechanical properties must be controlled. Monitoring of the mechanical properties is of great importance to almost all treatment, utilization and disposal operations. Depending on the raw water source and the treatment processes, different types of waterwork sludge can be described. The first step of this research project included the collection of data from literature reports, information about measuring methods on rheological and soil mechanical parameters and preliminary measurements on selected waterwork sludge samples. Measurement of vane shear strength is a method used in the field of waste disposal/landfill in Germany. Therefore this method was the main topic of the first investigations. Aims were to examine: 1. Influence of water contents and dewatering capacity on shear strength. 2. Correlation between laboratory and field measurement devices. Sludge samples from different waterworks were investigated with following devices: laboratory vane shear apparatus, pocket vane apparatus, pocket penetrometer and capillary suction time measuring.

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LARVICIDAL ACTIVITY OF Bacillus sphaericus 2362 AGAINST Anopheles nuneztovari, Anopheles darlingi AND Anopheles braziliensis (DIPTERA, CULICIDAE)

Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo ◽

10.1590/s0036-46651999000200007 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 41 (2) ◽

pp. 101-105 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Iléa Brandão RODRIGUES ◽

Wanderli Pedro TADEI ◽

José Manuel Cabral da Silva DIAS

Keyword(s):

Mortality Rate ◽

Larvicidal Activity ◽

Preliminary Data ◽

Mosquito Species ◽

Larval Instar ◽

Bacillus Sphaericus ◽

Anopheles Darlingi ◽

Standard Strain ◽

The Third ◽

Anopheline Larvae

In this present study, preliminary data was obtained regarding the mortality rate of the Amazonian anophelines, Anopheles nuneztovari, Anopheles darlingi and Anopheles braziliensis when subjected to treatment with Bacillus sphaericus strain 2362, the WHO standard strain. Initially, experiments were conducted to test the mortality rate of the three species of anopheline larvae. The third larval instar of An. nuneztovari and the second and third larval instars of An. darlingi proved to be the least susceptible. In other experiments, the same three mosquito species were tested with the standard strain 2362, An. nuneztovari was the least susceptible to this insect pathogen, while An. braziliensis was the most susceptible. This latter species showed a difference in the level of LC50 concentration, when compared to the former, of 2.4, 2.5 and 1.8 in readings taken 24, 48 and 72 hours after exposure to the bacillus.

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Microplastic Pollution in Urban Lake Phewa, Nepal: The First Report on Abundance and Composition in Surface Water of Lake in Different Seasons

10.21203/rs.3.rs-972278/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Rajeshwori Malla-Pradhan ◽

Thitipone Suwunwong ◽

Khamphe Phoungthong ◽

Tista Prasai Joshi ◽

Bijay Lal Pradhan

Keyword(s):

Surface Water ◽

Winter Season ◽

Average Concentration ◽

Lake Surface ◽

Tourist Destination ◽

Advanced Technique ◽

Sampling Locations ◽

Different Seasons ◽

Freshwater System ◽

Almost All

Abstract Microplastics are man-made pollutants which have been detected in surface water and groundwater. Research on microplastic concentration in aquatic environment is an emerging field for developing countries. Nepal despite having rich water resources no information regarding microplastic in freshwater system is available. Therefore, this study investigate the presence and abundance of microplastic in lake surface water of Phewa Lake, the second largest lake of the country. A total of 16 sampling locations were selected for surface water sample to cover the area of 5.72 km2. The average concentration of microplastic for surface water was 2.96±1.83 particles/L for winter season and 1.51 ±0.62 particles/L for rainy season. Significance difference in microplastic concentration were observed in two different seasons. Fibers was the commonly found microplastic type in lake water and transparent as the dominant color for the two seasons. Almost all the detected microplastic were found to be <1 mm in size. Polymer identification was not possible due to small size of microplastic and unavailability of advanced technique. Phewa Lake, the heart of Pokhara is an important tourist destination so proper waste disposal plan can only maintain the lake’s beauty from further deterioration.

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