scholarly journals How Important Is the Etiology in the Treatment of Epiphora?

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahmut Oğuz Ulusoy ◽  
Sertaç Argun Kıvanç ◽  
Mehmet Atakan ◽  
Berna Akova-Budak
Keyword(s):  
Negative Impact ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Specific Treatment ◽  
Treatment Modalities ◽  
Common Cause ◽  
Lacrimal System ◽  
System Disease ◽  
Chronic Dacryocystitis ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Ophthalmologic Examination

Purpose.There are several etiological factors that cause epiphora, and treatment differs according to the cause. We aimed to evaluate the etiology of epiphora and the treatment modalities of the affected patients.Materials and Methods.Data of patients who were referred to ophthalmology clinics for epiphora were retrospectively analyzed. All patients were evaluated for epiphora etiology, treatment modalities, and duration of complaints, after complete ophthalmologic examination.Results.This study consisted of 163 patients with a mean age of 64.61 ± 16.52 years (range 1–92 years). Lacrimal system disease (48.4% [79/163]) was the most common cause, followed by ocular surface disease (dry eye/blepharitis) (38.7% [63/163]). Among the patients included in this study, 69% (113/163) did not receive any treatment, whereas only 1.8% (3/163) were treated surgically. About 4.3% of the patients (7/163) had a complaint for more than 5 years (p=0.012) and six of these had chronic dacryocystitis and one had ectropion.Conclusion.Epiphora not only has a negative impact on patients’ comfort, but also puts them at risk for probable intraocular operations in the future. Therefore, the wide range of its etiology must be taken into consideration and adequate etiology-specific treatment options must be applied.

scholarly journals Molecular Subtypes and Precision Oncology in Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (13) ◽  
pp. 2803
Author(s):  
Carolin Czauderna ◽  
Martha M. Kirstein ◽  
Hauke C. Tews ◽  
Arndt Vogel ◽  
Jens U. Marquardt
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Care ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Specific Treatment ◽  
Growth Factor Receptor ◽  
Treatment Modalities ◽  
Precision Oncology ◽  
Recurrence Rates ◽  
Isocitrate Dehydrogenase 1 ◽  
Liver Cancers

Cholangiocarcinomas (CCAs) are the second-most common primary liver cancers. CCAs represent a group of highly heterogeneous tumors classified based on anatomical localization into intra- (iCCA) and extrahepatic CCA (eCCA). In contrast to eCCA, the incidence of iCCA is increasing worldwide. Curative treatment strategies for all CCAs involve oncological resection followed by adjuvant chemotherapy in early stages, whereas chemotherapy is administered at advanced stages of disease. Due to late diagnosis, high recurrence rates, and limited treatment options, the prognosis of patients remains poor. Comprehensive molecular characterization has further revealed considerable heterogeneity and distinct prognostic and therapeutic traits for iCCA and eCCA, indicating that specific treatment modalities are required for different subclasses. Several druggable alterations and oncogenic drivers such as fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 gene fusions and hotspot mutations in isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 and 2 mutations have been identified. Specific inhibitors have demonstrated striking antitumor activity in affected subgroups of patients in phase II and III clinical trials. Thus, improved understanding of the molecular complexity has paved the way for precision oncological approaches. Here, we outline current advances in targeted treatments and immunotherapeutic approaches. In addition, we delineate future perspectives for different molecular subclasses that will improve the clinical care of iCCA patients.

scholarly journals History of the Development of the Treatment of Keratoconus

2013 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 34-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ramez Barbara ◽  
Lamis Abdelaziz
Keyword(s):  
Visual Acuity ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Treatment Modalities ◽  
Gradual Decline ◽  
Conical Shape ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
History Of ◽  
Corneal Thinning

ABSTRACT Keratoconus (from Greek meaning horn-shaped cornea) is a degenerative, ectatic disease of the cornea, causing corneal thinning and remodelling into a more conical shape.1 Symptoms include blurring of vision, and a gradual decline in visual acuity.1 It is usually bilateral, but can affect each eye at different severities.1 There are various treatment modalities, both surgical and nonsurgical, both simple and more invasive. Here, we review the history of the development and advances of the wide range of treatment options, since it was first recognized in 1748 up until now. How to cite this article Abdelaziz L, Barbara R. History of the Development of the Treatment of Keratoconus. Int J Kerat Ect Cor Dis 2013;2(1):31-33.

scholarly journals Plantar Fasciitis:

2012 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-17
Author(s):  
Suzan M. Attar
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Effective Treatment ◽  
Clinical Diagnosis ◽  
Plantar Fasciitis ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Heel Pain ◽  
Treatment Modalities ◽  
Medical Attention ◽  
Common Cause ◽  
Multiple Treatment

Plantar fasciitis is a common cause of heel pain in adults. It is a clinical diagnosis, as patients classically presents with pain that is particularly severe with the first few steps in the morning. Although it is a self-limited condition; however, due to the severity of the pain, medical attention is sought. Symptoms will ease quicker if risk factors are adjusted and multiple treatment modalities are started as early as possible. This article reviews plantar fasciitis; presents the most effective treatment options currently available.

scholarly journals Alcohol-Induced Neuropathy in Chronic Alcoholism: Causes, Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment Options

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 87-97
Author(s):  
Iga Dudek ◽  
Danuta Hajduga ◽  
Cezary Sieńko ◽  
Amr Maani ◽  
Elżbieta Sitarz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Peripheral Neuropathy ◽  
Alcohol Abuse ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Chronic Alcoholism ◽  
Treatment Modalities ◽  
Excessive Alcohol Consumption ◽  
Chronic Alcohol Abuse ◽  
Wide Range

Abstract Purpose of the Review Alcohol abuse causes a wide range of disorders that affect the nervous system. These include confusion, cerebellar ataxia, peripheral neuropathy, and cognitive impairment. Chronic and excessive alcohol consumption is the primary cause of peripheral neuropathy. It is worth noting that peripheral neuropathy has no reliable treatment due to the poor understanding of its pathology. Recent Findings Coasting is a major feature of alcoholic neuropathy, largely due to chronic alcohol abuse. Its major features are hyperalgesia, allodynia, and burning pain. Even though much research was done in this area, still we do not have a full understanding of the mechanism of alcoholic neuropathy. However, some theories have been proposed. These include direct or indirect effects of alcohol metabolites, impaired axonal transport, suppressed excitatory nerve pathway activity, or imbalance in neurotransmitters. Activation of spinal cord microglia, mGlu5 spinal cord receptors, and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis also seem to be implicated in the pathophysiology of this alcoholic neuropathy. The goal of treatment is to impede further damage to the peripheral nerves while also restoring their normal physiology. Alcohol abstinence, intake of balanced diets, and treatment with medications are suggested including benfotiamine, alpha-lipoic acid, acetyl-l-carnitine, vitamin E, methylcobalamin, myo-inositol, N-acetylcysteine, capsaicin, tricyclic antidepressants, or antiepileptic drugs. Summary This review focuses on the many pathways that play a role in the onset and development of alcohol-induced neuropathy, as well as present the possible treatment strategies of this disorder, providing insights into a further search of new treatment modalities.

Hypergonadotropic Hypogonadism: Management Of Infertility

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arif Kalkanli ◽  
Hakan Akdere ◽  
Gökhan Cevik ◽  
Emre Salabas ◽  
Nusret Can Cilesiz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Options ◽  
Sperm Concentration ◽  
Treatment Modalities ◽  
Hypergonadotropic Hypogonadism ◽  
Level Of Evidence ◽  
Medical Treatments ◽  
Estrogen Receptor Modulators ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Reproductive Techniques ◽  
Receptor Modulators

Background: Medical treatments are used either alone or in combination with assisted reproductive techniques for treatment of infertile patients with hypergonadotropic hypogonadism. A wide range of treatment options such as gonadotropins, aromatase inhibitors (AIs), selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) and their combination are available as options. Objective: The aim of this review was to evaluate treatment options for the infertile men with hypergonadotropic hypogonadism. Methods: A literature search of MEDLINE (1980-2019) was conducted using the terms ‘hypogonadism’, ‘male infertility’, ‘gonadotropins’, ‘SERMs’ and ‘AIs’. Pathologies leading to hypergonadotropic hypogonadism and treatment modalities such as gonadotropins, SERMs, AIs and surgical treatment were discussed. Results: FSH increases spontaneous pregnancy rates but level of evidence was proven to be low for live birth rates. AIs are valid treatment options for patients with low T/E2 ratio as they significantly increase sperm concentrations. SERMs are recommended for infertile males with a sperm concentration between 10-20 millions. Varicocele was reported to increase testosterone levels of hypogonadic infertile males. Conclusion: Medical treatment modalities such as gonadotropins, SERMs, AIs and combination of these therapies has been showed to have some effect in improvement of fertility but is not mainstream of the treatment.

scholarly journals Abnormal uterine bleeding in adolescence

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 1296 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sunita Samal ◽  
Ashwini Vishalakshi
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Options ◽  
Abnormal Uterine Bleeding ◽  
Uterine Bleeding ◽  
Treatment Modalities ◽  
Dysfunctional Uterine Bleeding ◽  
Gnrh Analogues ◽  
Combined Oral Contraceptives ◽  
Common Cause ◽  
Inflammatory Drugs ◽  
The One

Abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB), which is defined as excessively heavy, prolonged and/or frequent bleeding of uterine origin, is a frequent cause of visits to the Emergency Department and/or health care provider. While there are many etiologies of AUB, the one most likely among otherwise healthy adolescents is dysfunctional uterine bleeding (DUB), which is characterizing any AUB when all possible underlying pathologic causes have been previously excluded. The most common cause of DUB in adolescence is anovulation, which is very frequent in the first 2-3 post-menarchal years and is associated with immaturity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis. Management of AUB is based on the underlying etiology and the severity of the bleeding and primary goals are prevention of complications, such as anemia and reestablishment of regular cyclical bleeding, while the management of DUB can in part be directed by the amount of flow, the degree of associated anemia, as well as patient and family comfort with different treatment modalities. Treatment options for DUB are: combined oral contraceptives (COCs), progestogens, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), tranexamic acid (anti-fibrinolytic), GnRH analogues, Danazol and Levonorgestrel releasing intra uterine system (LNG IUS).

scholarly journals Delayed immune mediated adverse effects to hyaluronic acid fillers: report of five cases and review of the literature

2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ora Bitterman-Deutsch ◽  
Leonid Kogan ◽  
Faris Nasser
Keyword(s):  
Hyaluronic Acid ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
General Medicine ◽  
Treatment Modalities ◽  
Medical Specialties ◽  
Immune Mediated ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Delayed Reactions ◽  
The Individual

Hyaluronic acid (HA) fillers in cosmetic medicine have been considered relatively safe, though fillers used in European countries and throughout the world are not necessarily approved by the Food and Drug Administration. As their use continues to expand worldwide, physicians in a wide range of medical specialties are authorized to perform HA injections, including general medicine practitioners and even dentists. An increasing number of reports have appeared regarding side effects to these products. It is now known that reactions to Hyaluronic acid are related not only to technical faults of the injections, but also to immune responses, including delayed hypersensitivity and granulomatous reactions. Herein, we describe five cases treated by a variety of treatment modalities, all with delayed reactions to different brands of hyaluronic acid fillers. As there is currently no standardization of treatment options of adverse effects, these cases accentuate the debate regarding the approach to the individual patient and the possible need for pre-testing in patients with an atopic tendency.

Therapeutic potential of stem cells in lung disease: progress and pitfalls

2007 ◽  
Vol 114 (2) ◽  
pp. 99-108 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael R. Loebinger ◽  
Susana Aguilar ◽  
Sam M. Janes
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Lung Disease ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Lung Parenchyma ◽  
Treatment Modalities ◽  
In Vivo Experiments ◽  
Wide Range

There has been increasing excitement over the last few years with the suggestion that exogenous stem cells may offer new treatment options for a wide range of diseases. Within respiratory medicine, these cells have been shown to have the ability to differentiate and function as both airway and lung parenchyma epithelial cells in both in vitro and increasingly in vivo experiments. The hypothesis is that these cells may actively seek out damaged tissue to assist in the local repair, and the hope is that their use will open up new cellular and genetic treatment modalities. Such is the promise of these cells that they are being rushed from the benchside to the bedside with the commencement of early clinical trials. However, important questions over their use remain and the field is presently littered with controversy and uncertainty. This review evaluates the progress made and the pitfalls encountered to date, and critically assesses the evidence for the use of stem cells in lung disease.

scholarly journals Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: Update on Treatment Options and Treatment Considerations for the Future

2011 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. CMWH.S6715
Author(s):  
Kristen A. Farrell-Turner
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome ◽  
Polycystic Ovary ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Treatment Modalities ◽  
Ovary Syndrome ◽  
Common Cause ◽  
Endocrine Disorder ◽  
The Future ◽  
Treatment Considerations

Polycystic ovary syndrome is an endocrine disorder characterized by insulin resistance, hyperandrogenemia, obesity, and inflammation, and is the most common cause of infertility. Women with PCOS are at higher risk than non-PCOS women for diabetes, cardiovascular disease, endometrial cancer, and psychiatric disorders. Because many abnormalities present in PCOS and symptoms vary considerably among PCOS women, treatment is guided by presentation and does not consist of simply one modality. Often, however, one type of medication can ameliorate more than one abnormality in PCOS. This review summarizes current research on several treatment modalities for PCOS, including drugs that are fairly well-established as efficacious and other agents that may prove efficacious in the future, with particular emphasis on the benefits and barriers of lifestyle change.

Pathophysiology and causes of upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tasneem Pirani ◽  
Tony Rahman
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Specific Treatment ◽  
Gastrointestinal Haemorrhage ◽  
Treatment Modalities ◽  
Accurate Assessment ◽  
Common Cause ◽  
Ulcer Disease ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Risk Patients ◽  
Upper Gastrointestinal

Specific causes for upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage (UGIH) can often be ascertained through accurate history and examination. Causes can be thought of anatomically, as certain pathophysiological processes have a predilection for specific areas of the upper gastrointestinal tract, while other processes are diffuse. Specific treatment modalities exist for certain causes and therefore accurate assessment aids the tailoring of therapy. Peptic ulcer disease (PUD) is the most common cause of UGIH and Helicobacter pylori testing is recommended for all patients diagnosed with PUD. Understanding the risk factors associated with UGIH enables the physician to adopt preventative strategies such as gastric protection for high-risk patients on non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents.

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