scholarly journals Intestinal Schistosomiasis among Primary Schoolchildren in Two On-Shore Communities in Rorya District, Northwestern Tanzania: Prevalence, Intensity of Infection and Associated Risk Factors

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Z. Munisi ◽  
Joram Buza ◽  
Emmanuel A. Mpolya ◽  
Safari M. Kinung’hi
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Infection Intensity ◽  
Risk Groups ◽  
Public Health Importance ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Level Of Education ◽  
Treatment History ◽  
Associated Risk Factors

In Tanzania,Schistosoma mansoniis of great public health importance. Understanding the prevalence and infection intensity is important for targeted, evidence-based control strategies. This study aimed at studying the prevalence, intensity, and risk factors ofS. mansoniamong schoolchildren in the study area. A cross-sectional study was conducted in Busanga and Kibuyi villages. Sampled 513 schoolchildren provided stool specimens which were examined using kato-katz method. Pretested questionnaire was used to collect sociodemographic data and associated risk factors. The prevalence ofS. mansoniinfection was 84.01%, with geometric mean egg intensity of 167.13 (95% CI: 147.19–189.79) eggs per gram of stool (epg). Other parasites detected wereAscaris lumbricoides(1.4%) and hookworms (1.4%). The geometric mean infection intensity in Busanga and Kibuyi were 203.70 (95% CI: 169.67–244.56) and 135.98 (95% CI: 114.33–161.73) epg, respectively. Light, moderate, and heavy infection intensities were 34.11%, 39.91%, and 25.99%, respectively. Village of residence, parent’s level of education, toilet use, and treatment history were predictors of infection. The high prevalence and infection intensity in this study were associated with village, parent’s level of education, inconsistent toilet use, and treatment history. To control the disease among at-risk groups, these factors need to be considered in designing integrated schistosomiasis control interventions.

scholarly journals Brucellosis in camel and human: Seroprevalence and associated risk factors in Amibara district of Afar region, Ethiopia

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fekadu Gutema ◽  
Prof Kebede Amenu ◽  
Adugna Chalchisa ◽  
Prof Gezahegn Mamo
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Close Contact ◽  
Mammalian Species ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Public Health Importance ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
North East ◽  
Afar Region ◽  
Associated Risk Factors

Abstract Background: Brucellosis is an important neglected zoonotic disease caused by infection with bacteria of the genus Brucella affecting different mammalian species including man. A cross-sectional study was conducted to estimate the seroprevalence of brucellosis in camels and human and its associated risk factors in Amibara district of Afar region, North east Ethiopia from October 2019 to May 2020Result: A total of 250 camel and 120 human sera were serially tested using the Rose Bengal Plate Test (RBPT), and Complement Fixation Test (CFT). The overall seroprevalence of camel brucellosis in the current study was 7.6% (95% CI: 4.9-11.56) using RBPT and 3.2% (95% CI: 1.63-6.2) by combined RBPT and CFT. In Human twelve (10%) of the collected sera were positive by RBPT among which only four of them (3.33%) were positive by CFT. The risk factors analysis indicated that, age, body condition, number of parity and abortion history were significantly associated with brucella seropositivity in camel(P≤0.05). In human, occupation and non-protective handling of dystocia cases showed apparent association with brucella seropositivity.Conclusion: The results of the present study indicated that, brucellosis is a common health problem in camel and human in Amibara district of Afar region. The public health importance of this disease is associated with raw milk consumption and close contact with the animals having history of recent abortion. Therefore, controlling the risk factors, establishing brucella diagnostic service in human clinics and hospitals, continuous social training with feedback assessments and overall implementing of One Health approach framework to attain optimal health for people and domestic animals in area are recommended to safeguard the health of society.

scholarly journals Seroprevalence and associated risk factors of leptospirosis in slaughter pigs; a neglected public health risk, western Kenya

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeremiah N. Ngugi ◽  
Eric M. Fèvre ◽  
Georgies F. Mgode ◽  
Mark Obonyo ◽  
Ginethon G. Mhamphi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Lake Victoria ◽  
Risk Groups ◽  
Lake Victoria Basin ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Public Health Importance ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Slaughter Pigs

Abstract Background Leptospirosis is a neglected zoonosis of public health importance transmitted through contact with contaminated soil, water or urine of infected animals. In pigs the disease is characterized by abortion, still births and weak piglets. A cross-sectional study was conducted in May to July 2018 to estimate the sero-prevalence of leptospirosis and factors associated with seropositivity in slaughter pigs. A questionnaire was used to collect information on animal demographics. Serum was tested for anti-leptospiral antibodies using microscopic agglutination test (MAT) with a panel of 8 serovars. Sera were considered positive for sero-reactivity at a MAT titre ≥1:40 against at least one serovar. Chi-square tests were used to measure the strength of association between the MAT test result and exploratory variables. Results A total of 252 pig serum samples from seven slaughterhouses were tested for Leptospira antibodies by MAT. Of the 252 pigs sampled, 88.8% (244/252) were indigenous breeds; 55.6% (140/252) were female and 88.7% (220/252) were reared in extensive production systems. Eighty-three (32.9%; 83/252) sera samples tested positive on MAT against at least one serovar. Of the 8 serovars, the highest prevalence was recorded for serovar Lora 21.4% followed by Kenya 5.2%, Sokoine 3.6% and Grippotyphosa at 3.2%. Risk factors for leptospirosis seropositivity in pigs were: originating from farms with other types of livestock (OR 2.3; 95% CI 1.0–4.5) and mature pigs (OR 1.9; 95% CI 1.1–3.3). Conclusion This study demonstrates that there is a high prevalence of leptospirosis positive pigs at slaughter in a small-holder livestock keeping region of the Lake Victoria basin. The potential for cross species transmission of pathogenic serovars is highlighted as well as the potential for occupational exposure to slaughterhouse personnel. Improvements in husbandry practices (confinement and rodent control) and public health education among slaughterhouse workers and other high-risk groups is recommended.

scholarly journals Prevalence, infection intensity and associated risk factors of Intestinal Schistosomiasis among primary school Children in Lira District, Northern Uganda

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Paul Byagamy ◽  
Geoffrey Maxwell Malinga ◽  
Harriet Angwech ◽  
Robert Opiro ◽  
Richard Echodu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Primary School ◽  
School Children ◽  
Primary Schools ◽  
Infection Intensity ◽  
Public Health Education ◽  
Primary School Children ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Intestinal Schistosomiasis ◽  
Associated Risk Factors

Abstract Objective: The aim of this cross-sectional study was to determine the prevalence, infection intensity and associated risk factors of intestinal schistosomiasis among primary school children in Lira district, Uganda. The study was conducted among 532 primary school pupils aged 6-16 years from eight randomly selected primary schools (March-May 2017). Stool samples were collected and examined for schistosomiasis using Odongo-Aginya method. Data on socio-demographic characteristics and risk factors were obtained using questionnaires. Results: The overall prevalence of Schistosoma mansoni was 35.7% indicating a moderate infection. Both males and females were equally affected with S. mansoni . Ogur sub county had highest prevalence (42.1%) than others. Akangi and Akano primary schools both had highest (21.1%) prevalence compared to the others. Individuals aged 14-16 and 10-14 years had heavy infections (mean epg) of 600 and 565 eggs, respectively than those aged 6-9 years. With regard to risk factors, source of drinking water, sub-county location and primary school were associated with infection. Participants who fetch water from spring (85,44.7%) had higher infection than those who fetch from other sources. The study recommends provision of safe water, periodic treatment of school-aged children with praziquantel and public health education to reduce prevalence of S. mansoni .

scholarly journals Knowledge and Awareness of Glaucoma and associated Risk Factors in Urban Community

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shahariar Islam ◽  
Shahariar Islam ◽  
Shahariar Islam ◽  
Shahariar Islam ◽  
Shahariar Islam
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Marital Status ◽  
Employment Status ◽  
Urban Community ◽  
Monthly Income ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Residential Status ◽  
Level Of Education ◽  
Status Occupation ◽  
Associated Risk Factors

Background :Although glaucoma is the second leading cause of irreversible blindness globally, the condition shows no signs or symptoms until later stages. Knowledge about the disease is known to influence utilization of eye screening services. This study aimed at understanding knowledge and awareness of glaucoma and its associated risk factors among residents of urban community of Rajshahi district, Bangladesh. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study with the use of a semi-structured questionnaire. Descriptive statistics were used to describe the socio-demographic characteristics, knowledge and awareness of glaucoma and associated risk factors. Results: Out of a total of 185 respondents, 52.3 % were females and 0.5 % were aware of glaucoma. Majority (99.5 %) of the respondents were unaware of glaucoma and 24.3% (n=45) of the respondents didn't know that the disease can result in blindness. Only (16.2%) affirming that blindness from glaucoma is irreversible. 9.2 % of the respondents perceived themselves to be at risk of developing glaucoma. The results showed that age, sex, level of education, employment status, occupation, residential status, marital status and monthly income of the respondents (p<0.05) were statistically significant with glaucoma knowledge level. In addition, the result also showed that age, level of education, employment status, occupation, residential status, marital status and monthly income of the respondents (p<0.05) were statistically significant with glaucoma awareness. Conclusion: Glaucoma awareness was not satisfactory and the findings also display inadequate knowledge about glaucoma. So there is a need to effectively inform and educate people about the disease.

scholarly journals Prevalence and associated risk factors of HIV in prisons in Balochistan, Pakistan: a cross-sectional study

F1000Research ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 1821
Author(s):  
Muhammad Dawood Khan ◽  
Ahmad Wali ◽  
Razia Fatima ◽  
Aashifa Yaqoob ◽  
Shoaib Aziz
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Sexual Transmission ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Risk Groups ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
History Of ◽  
Associated Risk Factors

Background: The prevalence of HIV is 0.1% in Pakistan, with epidemicity in high-risk groups. The infection is on verge of transmission from key populations to the general population through people who inject drugs and sexual transmission. Prisoners are vulnerable to infectious diseases like HIV. This study was conducted in four prisons in Balochistan, Pakistan to determine the prevalence of HIV and associated risk factors. Methods: This cross sectional study was conducted from March to June 2018, in the prisons of Balochistan. WHO-approved rapid diagnostic kits were used for determining the prevalence of HIV and structured interviews were conducted for the assessment of risk factors. Results: Out of 2084 screened prisoners, 33 (1.6%) were found to be positive. A subset of 104 interviews was analyzed for risk factors of HIV. Among HIV-infected prisoners 68.8% (OR 4.48; 95% CI 1.41-14.2) had extramarital sex, 43.8% (OR 2.09 95% CI 0.69-6.28) had a homosexual experience, and 50% had a history of needle sharing (OR 43; 95% CI 7.77-237). About 94% (OR 16.42; 95% CI 2.09-129.81) of prisoners had a history of drug addiction of any type while 50% (OR 13; 95% CI 2.82-60.01) of HIV-infected had a history of using injectable drugs. Around 75% of HIV-infected prisoners had spent 1-5 years in prison, and 25% had spent more than 10 years. Conclusion: The high prevalence of HIV in prisons of Balochistan demands that preventive and treatment strategies should be designed and implemented carefully, allowing early diagnosis and treatment initiation to minimize the spread of infection among the prisons and ultimately their onward transmission into the community.

scholarly journals Prevalence and Associated Risk Factors of Typhoid Fever in Children Attending “Deo Gratias” Hospital in Douala, Littoral Region

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Teh Exodus Akwa ◽  
Nguimbous Simone
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Typhoid Fever ◽  
Communicable Disease ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Salmonella Typhi ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Associated Risk Factors

Typhoid fever is a communicable disease transmitted by the bacteria Salmonella typhi, related to serotype paratyphi A, B and C. The disease is of a significant health concern in most developing countries especially Cameroon. Objectives: The study aimed at determining the prevalence and associated risk factors of typhoid fever in children ( 0-18 years) attending the &ldquo;Deo Gratias&rdquo; hospital in Douala. Method: A hospital base cross sectional study from August to September 2018 was carried out in patients&rsquo; age 0-18 years suffering from typhoid fever at the Deo gratias Catholic hospital. Widal slide agglutination test was the diagnostic test used. Positive tested patients were administered questionnaires to evaluate the level of knowledge, attitude and practice toward the disease, as well as their self-management abilities. Data obtained from respondents was analysed by descriptive statistics. One-way ANOVA and means comparison using Tukey&rsquo;s test (&alpha; = 0.05) was performed to check whether the population of respondents differed significantly across risk factor practices. Results were finally presented on bar charts, tables and pie chart. Results: Typhoid fever was more prevalent in females (52.3%) than in males (47.7%), with a high proportion in the ages 5-9 years (38.6%). A significant difference was observed in population of respondents across risk factor practices. Conclusion: Water quality have a great impact on the burden of typhoid fever among children. The identification of risk factors associated to the disease is of great importance in the development of rational control strategies of the disease.

scholarly journals Prevalence and associated risk factors of HIV in prisons in Balochistan, Pakistan: a cross-sectional study

F1000Research ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 1821
Author(s):  
Muhammad Dawood Khan ◽  
Ahmad Wali ◽  
Razia Fatima ◽  
Aashifa Yaqoob ◽  
Shoaib Aziz
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Sexual Transmission ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Risk Groups ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
History Of ◽  
Associated Risk Factors

Background: The prevalence of HIV is 0.1% in Pakistan, with epidemicity in high-risk groups. The infection is on verge of transmission from key populations to the general population through people who inject drugs and sexual transmission. Prisoners are vulnerable to infectious diseases like HIV. This study was conducted in four prisons in Balochistan. Pakistan to determine the prevalence of HIV and associated risk factors. Methods: This cross sectional study was conducted from March to June 2018, in the prisons of Balochistan. WHO-approved rapid diagnostic kits were used for determining the prevalence of HIV and structured interviews were conducted for the assessment of risk factors. Results: Out of 2084 screened prisoners, 33 (1.6%) were found to be positive. A subset of 104 interviews were analysed for risk factors of HIV. Among HIV-infected prisoners 68.8% (OR 4.48; 95% CI 1.41-14.2) had extramarital sex, 43.8% (OR 2.09 95% CI 0.69-6.28) had homosexual experience, and 50% had history of needle sharing (OR 43; 95% CI 7.77-237). About 94% (OR 16.42; 95% CI 2.09-129.81) of prisoners had history of drug addiction of any type while 50% (OR 13; 95% CI 2.82-60.01) of those infected with HIV had a history of using injectable drugs. Around 75% of HIV-infected prisoners had spent 1-5 years in prison, and 25% had spent more than 10 years. Conclusion: The high prevalence of HIV in prisons of Balochistan demands that preventive and treatment strategies should be designed and implemented carefully, allowing early diagnosis and treatment initiation to minimize the spread of infection among the prisons and ultimately their onward transmission into the community.

scholarly journals Prevalence and Risk Factors of Schistosoma Mansoni Infection Among Preschool-Aged Children From Panamasso Village, Burkina Faso

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mamoudou Cisse ◽  
Ibrahim Sangare ◽  
Arthur D. Djibougou ◽  
Marc C. Tahita ◽  
Souleymane Gnissi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Burkina Faso ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Point Of Care ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Water Contact ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Preschool Aged Children

Abstract BackgroundSchistosomiasis remains a major public health concern in sub-Saharan Africa. Although schistosomiasis is well documented in school-aged children in Burkina Faso, prevalence data among preschool-aged children (PSAC) are limited and outdated, and its risk factors in this group remain poorly documented. The main objective of this study was to assess the prevalence and risk factors associated with Schistosoma (S.) mansoni infection among PSAC from Panamasso village, western Burkina Faso.MethodologyA cross-sectional study was carried out among 228 children under 6 years old from Panamasso village. Sociodemographic and water contact data were collected using a structured questionnaire. Kato-Katz and formol-ether concentration techniques were used to detect S. mansoni eggs in stool samples. Urine samples were subjected to a point-of-care circulating cathodic antigen (POC-CCA) cassette test and a centrifugation method to check for both S. mansoni and S. haematobium infection, respectively. Potential risk factors for S. mansoni infection were explored using multivariable logistic regression.ResultsThe mean age of children was 40.2 ± 15.0 months. The prevalence of S. mansoni infection as determined by Kato-Katz, formol-ether concentration, and POC-CCA was 42.1%, 39.5% and 80.7%, respectively. Based on the combined results of the three methods, the overall prevalence of S. mansoni infection was 81.1%. No case of S. haematobium infection was found. The geometric mean intensity of S. mansoni infection was 107.2 eggs per gram of faeces with 54.2%, 33.3%, and 12.5% of the children having light, moderate, and heavy infections, respectively. Girls (AOR = 2.9, 95% CI: 1.3-6.1), a household located within 500 m from the pond (AOR = 3.0, 95% CI: 1.0-8.6), or between 500 and 1000 m from the pond (AOR = 3.0, 95% CI: 1.2-7.2), and child’s history of going to the pond (AOR = 5.0, 95% CI: 1.7-14.3) were the variables significantly associated with S. mansoni infection. ConclusionS. mansoni was the sole species infecting a high proportion of PSAC in the study area. A mass drug administration program with praziquantel is therefore urgently required for those below 6 year-old. Other control strategies should include increased community-awareness and provision of safe water.

scholarly journals Prevalence and risk factors of Schistosoma mansoni infection among preschool-aged children from Panamasso village, Burkina Faso

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mamoudou Cisse ◽  
Ibrahim Sangare ◽  
Arthur D. Djibougou ◽  
Marc C. Tahita ◽  
Souleymane Gnissi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Burkina Faso ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Point Of Care ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Water Contact ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Preschool Aged Children

Abstract Background Schistosomiasis remains a major public health concern in sub-Saharan Africa. Although schistosomiasis is well documented in school-aged children in Burkina Faso, prevalence data among preschool-aged children (PSAC) are limited and outdated, and its risk factors in this group remain poorly documented. The main objective of this study was to assess the prevalence and risk factors associated with Schistosoma (S.) mansoni infection among PSAC from Panamasso village, western Burkina Faso. Methodology A cross-sectional study was carried out among 228 children under 6 years old from Panamasso village. Sociodemographic and water contact data were collected using a structured questionnaire. Kato-Katz and formol-ether concentration techniques were used to detect S. mansoni eggs in stool samples. Urine samples were subjected to a point-of-care circulating cathodic antigen (POC-CCA) cassette test and a centrifugation method to check for both S. mansoni and S. haematobium infection, respectively. Potential risk factors for S. mansoni infection were explored using multivariable logistic regression. Results The mean age of children was 40.2 ± 15.0 months. The prevalence of S. mansoni infection as determined by Kato-Katz, formol-ether concentration and POC-CCA was 42.1%, 39.5% and 80.7%, respectively. Based on the combined results of the three methods, the overall prevalence of S. mansoni infection was 81.1%. No case of S. haematobium infection was found. The geometric mean intensity of S. mansoni infection was 107.2 eggs per gram of feces with 54.2%, 33.3% and 12.5% of the children having light, moderate and heavy infections, respectively. Girls (AOR = 2.9, 95% CI 1.3–6.1), a household located within 500 m from the pond (AOR = 3.0, 95% CI 1.0–8.6) or between 500 and 1000 m from the pond (AOR = 3.0, 95% CI 1.2–7.2), and the child’s history of going to the pond (AOR = 5.0, 95% CI 1.7–14.3) were the variables significantly associated with S. mansoni infection. Conclusion S. mansoni was the sole species infecting a high proportion of PSAC in the study area. A mass drug administration program with praziquantel is therefore urgently required for those below 6 years old. Other control strategies should include increased community-awareness and provision of safe water.

scholarly journals Brucellosis in Camels and Humans: Seroprevalence and Associated Risk Factors in Amibara District of Afar Region, Ethiopia

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Fekadu Gutema Wegi ◽  
Kebede Amenu ◽  
Adugna Chalchisa ◽  
Gezahegne Mamo
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Close Contact ◽  
Mammalian Species ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Public Health Importance ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Afar Region ◽  
Human Sera ◽  
Associated Risk Factors

Brucellosis is an important neglected zoonotic disease caused by infection with bacteria of the genus Brucella affecting different mammalian species including humans. A cross-sectional study was conducted to estimate the seroprevalence of brucellosis in camels and humans and its associated risk factors in Amibara District of Afar Region in Northeast Ethiopia, from October 2019 to May 2020. A total of 250 camel and 120 human sera were serially tested using the Rose Bengal plate test (RBPT) and complement fixation test (CFT). The overall seroprevalence of camel brucellosis in this study was 7.6% (95% CI: 4.9–11.56) by RBPT and 3.2% (95% CI: 1.63–6.2) by combined RBPT and CFT. In humans, twelve (10%) of the collected sera were positive by RBPT among which only four of them (3.33%) were positive by CFT. The risk factor analysis indicated that age, body condition, number of parity, and abortion history were significantly associated with Brucella seropositivity in camel ( P  ≤ 0.05). In humans, occupation and nonprotective handling of dystocia cases showed an apparent association with Brucella seropositivity. The results of this study indicated that brucellosis is a common health problem in camels and humans in Amibara District of Afar Region. The public health importance of this disease is associated with raw milk consumption and close contact with the animals having history of recent abortion. Therefore, controlling the risk factors, establishing Brucella diagnostic service in human clinics and hospitals, continuous social training with feedback assessments, and overall implementing of One Health approach framework to attain optimal health for people and domestic animals in area are recommended to safeguard the health of society.

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