scholarly journals Detailed Componential Characterization of Extractable Species with Organic Solvents from Wheat Straw

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Yong-Chao Lu ◽  
Yao Lu ◽  
Zhao-Lin Lu ◽  
Xian-Yong Wei
Keyword(s):  
Wheat Straw ◽  
Photoelectron Spectroscopy ◽  
Energy Dispersive Spectrometry ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Detailed Characterization ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Componential Analysis ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Total Extractives

Componential analysis of extractives is important for better understanding the structure and utilization of biomass. In this investigation, wheat straw (WS) was extracted with petroleum ether (PE) and carbon disulfide (CS2) sequentially, to afford extractable fractions EFPE and EFCS2, respectively. Detailed componential analyses of EFPE and EFCS2 were carried out with Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS), and electron probe microanalysis (EPMA). Total extractives were quantified 4.96% by weight compared to the initial WS sample. FTIR and GC/MS analyses results showed that PE was effective for the extraction of ketones and waxes derived compounds; meanwhile CS2 preferred ketones and other species with higher degrees of unsaturation. Steroids were enriched into EFPE and EFCS2 with considerable high relative contents, namely, 64.52% and 79.58%, respectively. XPS analysis showed that most of the C atoms in extractives were contained in the structures of C-C, C-COOR, and C-O. TEM-EDS and EPMA analyses were used to detect trace amount elements, such as Al, Si, P, S, Cl, and Ca atoms. Detailed characterization of extractable species from WS can provide more information on elucidation of extractives in biomass.

Characterization of columns grown during KrF laser micromachining of Al2O3–TiC ceramics

2003 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 1123-1130 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Oliveira ◽  
R. Vilar
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Photoelectron Spectroscopy ◽  
Laser Pulses ◽  
Formation Mechanisms ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Reducing Conditions ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Column Formation ◽  
Krf Laser

This paper aims to contribute to the understanding of column formation mechanisms in Al2O3–TiC ceramics micromachined using excimer lasers. Chemical and structural characterization of columns grown in Al2O3–TiC composite processed with 200 KrF laser pulses at 10 J/cm2 was carried out by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and x-ray diffraction analysis. Fully developed columns consist of a core of unprocessed material surrounded by an outer layer of Al2TiO5, formed in oxidizing conditions, and an inner layer, formed in reducing conditions, composed of TiC and Al3Ti or an AlTi solid solution. Possible mechanisms of column formation are discussed.

Preparation and Characterization of γ-Fe2O3-ZnFe2O4 Composite Nanoparticles

2013 ◽  
Vol 873 ◽  
pp. 152-157
Author(s):  
Long Long Chen ◽  
Jun Ming Li ◽  
Xiao Min Gong ◽  
Jian Li
Keyword(s):  
Photoelectron Spectroscopy ◽  
Chemical Species ◽  
Composite Nanoparticles ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Ferrite Core ◽  
Phase Synthesis ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Chemically Induced

Using a chemically induced transition in an FeCl2 solution, γ-Fe2O3 nanoparticles can be prepared from an amorphous precursor composed of FeOOH and Mg (OH)2. Surface modification by adding ZnCl2 during liquid-phase synthesis was attempted. The magnetization, morphology, crystal structure, and chemical species of as-prepared samples were characterized by vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDX), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The experimental results showed that the surface of the γ-Fe2O3 nanoparticles can be modified by adding ZnCl2 to form composite nanoparticles with a γ-Fe2O3/ZnFe2O4 ferrite core coated with Zn (OH)2 and absorbed FeCl36H2O; this modification can be enhanced by additional NaOH.

Synthesis and characterization of homogeneous lead-substituted tin oxide with the (110) face of rutile structure

2000 ◽  
Vol 15 (10) ◽  
pp. 2076-2079
Author(s):  
Chika Nozaki ◽  
Takashi Yamada ◽  
Kenji Tabata ◽  
Eiji Suzuki
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Tin Oxide ◽  
Photoelectron Spectroscopy ◽  
Synthesis And Characterization ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Rutile Structure ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Scanning Electron

Synthesis of a rutile-type lead-substituted tin oxide with (110) face was investigated. The characterization was performed by x-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller surface area measurements. The homogeneous rutile-type lead-substituted tin oxide was obtained until 4.1 mol% of tin was substituted with lead. The surface of obtained oxide had a homogeneously lead-substituted (110) face.

scholarly journals Hydrogenative Cyclization of Levulinic Acid to γ-Valerolactone with Methanol and Ni-Fe Bimetallic Catalysts

Catalysts ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 1096
Author(s):  
Ligang Luo ◽  
Xiao Han ◽  
Qin Zeng
Keyword(s):  
Photoelectron Spectroscopy ◽  
Levulinic Acid ◽  
Hydrogen Donor ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
Temperature Programmed

A series of Ni-Fe/SBA-15 catalysts was prepared and tested for the catalytic hydrogenation of levulinic acid to γ-valerolactone, adopting methanol as the only hydrogen donor, and investigating the synergism between Fe and Ni, both supported on SBA-15, towards this reaction. The characterization of the synthesized catalysts was carried out by XRD (X-ray powder diffraction), TEM (transmission electron microscopy), H2-TPD (hydrogen temperature-programmed desorption), XPS (X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy), and in situ FT-IR (Fourier transform–infrared spectroscopy) techniques. H2-TPD and XPS results have shown that electron transfer occurs from Fe to Ni, which is helpful both for the activation of the C=O bond and for the dissociative activation of H2 molecules, also in agreement with the results of the in situ FT-IR spectroscopy. The effect of temperature and reaction time on γ-valerolactone production was also investigated, identifying the best reaction conditions at 200 °C and 180 min, allowing for the complete conversion of levulinic acid and the complete selectivity to γ-valerolactone. Moreover, methanol was identified as an efficient hydrogen donor, if used in combination with the Ni-Fe/SBA-15 catalyst. The obtained results are promising, especially if compared with those obtained with the traditional and more expensive molecular hydrogen and noble-based catalysts.

Characterization of Fe–Ni(C) nanocapsules synthesized by arc discharge in methane

1999 ◽  
Vol 14 (5) ◽  
pp. 1782-1790 ◽  
Author(s):  
X. L. Dong ◽  
Z. D. Zhang ◽  
S. R. Jin ◽  
W. M. Sun ◽  
X. G. Zhao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Photoelectron Spectroscopy ◽  
Arc Discharge ◽  
Carbon Layer ◽  
Magnetization Measurement ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Energy Disperse Spectroscopy

Ultrafine Fe–Ni(C) particles of various compositions were prepared by arc discharge synthesis in a methane atmosphere. The particles were characterized by x-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, energy disperse spectroscopy, chemical analysis, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Mössbauer spectroscopy, and magnetization measurement. The carbon atoms solubilizing at interstitial sites in γ–(Fe, Ni, C) solution particles have the effects of forming austenite structure and changing microstructures as well as magnetic properties. A carbon layer covers the surface of Fe–Ni(C) particles to form the nanocapsules and protect them from oxidization. The mechanism of forming Fe–Ni(C) nanocapsules in the methane atmosphere was analyzed.

Preparation and Characterization of Carbon Nanotubes/Al2O3 Inorganic Hybrid Material - A Bio-Inspired Poly(Dopamine) Approach

2018 ◽  
Vol 54 ◽  
pp. 127-135
Author(s):  
Wen Zhao ◽  
Wen Cai Wang ◽  
Yong Lai Lu ◽  
Li Qun Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Nanotubes ◽  
Aqueous Solution ◽  
Photoelectron Spectroscopy ◽  
Oxidative Polymerization ◽  
The Self ◽  
Liquid Phase Deposition ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Cnts Surface

Carbon nanotubes/alumina (CNTs/Al2O3) nanocomposites were prepared by the poly (dopamine) assisted chemical liquid phase deposition (CLPD). The poly (dopamine) layers were firstly coated on the CNTs surface uniformly by the self-oxidative polymerization of dopamine in mild aqueous solution and then the Al2O3 nanoparticles formed on the poly (dopamine) coated CNTs surface by the CLPD. The hydrophilic poly (dopamine) layers on the CNTs surface can improve the dispersion of CNTs in aqueous solution. Moreover, it can be used as a key linker between the CNTs and Al2O3 because of the nitrogen-containing group in poly (dopamine) could coordinate with Al3+ ions. The as-prepared poly (dopamine) coated CNTs and CNTs/Al2O3 nanohybrids were characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), X-radial diffractometer (XRD) and high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). These results showed that the poly (dopamine) layers were coated on the surface of CNTs uniformly, and the Al2O3 nanoparticles embellished with the poly (dopamine) coated CNTs surface. Compared with pristine NR composites, the thermal conductivity of the as-prepared NR/CNTs@Al2O3 composites increased 17%.

Characterization of Changes in Properties and Microstructure of Glassy Polymeric Carbon Following Au Ion Irradiation

2009 ◽  
Vol 1215 ◽  
Author(s):  
Malek Amir Abunaemeh ◽  
Mohamed Seif ◽  
Young Yang ◽  
Lumin Wang ◽  
Yanbin Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Photoelectron Spectroscopy ◽  
Nuclear Reactor ◽  
Ion Irradiation ◽  
Pyrolytic Carbon ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Triso Fuel ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Displacement Per Atom ◽  
Polymeric Carbon

AbstractThe TRISO fuel has been used in some of the Generation IV nuclear reactor designs [1,2]. It consists of a fuel kernel of UOx coated with several layers of materials with different functions. Pyrolytic carbon (PyC) is one of the materials in the layers. In this study we investigate the possibility of using Glassy Polymeric Carbon (GPC) as an alternative to PyC. In this work, we are comparing the changes in physical and microstructure properties of GPC after exposure to irradiation fluence of 5 MeV Au equivalent to a 1 displacement per atom (dpa) at samples prepared at 1000, 1500 and 2000°C. The GPC material is manufactured and tested at the Center for Irradiation Materials (CIM) at Alabama A&M University. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy (RBS), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Raman spectroscopy were used for the analysis.

Preparation and characterization of CuInS2 nanorods and nanotubes from an elemental solvothermal reaction

2001 ◽  
Vol 16 (10) ◽  
pp. 2805-2809 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yang Jiang ◽  
Yue Wu ◽  
Shengwen Yuan ◽  
Bo Xie ◽  
Shuyuan Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Transmission Electron Microscopy ◽  
Photoelectron Spectroscopy ◽  
Electron Transfer Reaction ◽  
Solvothermal Reaction ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Spectroscopy Analysis ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Transmission Electron

A simple and convenient solvothermal reaction has been developed to produce CuInS2 nanorods and nanotubes from the elements in ethylenediamine at 280 °C. The products were characterized by x-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Analysis shows that the coordinating ability of ethylenediamine and the existence of liquid In may play important roles in the growth of one-dimension nanocrystallites and the electron-transfer reaction. In addition, spherical CuInS2 micrometer particles were obtained at 350 °C.

Synthesis and characterization of thermosensitive and polarity-sensitive fluorescent PNIPAM-coated gold nanoparticles

e-Polymers ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chunhua Luo ◽  
Meijuan Qian ◽  
Qiujing Dong
Keyword(s):  
Photoelectron Spectroscopy ◽  
Au Nanoparticles ◽  
Synthesis And Characterization ◽  
Strong Fluorescence ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Vis Spectroscopy ◽  
Grafting Through ◽  
Polarity Sensitive

AbstractThermosensitive PNIPAM-coated Au nanoparticles (AuNPs@P(NIPAM-co-MADMAC)) were synthesized by the radical “grafting through” copolymerization of 4-methacryloyloxy-4′-dimethylaminochalcone (MADMAC), MAEL-capped AuNPs and N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAM) using azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) as the initiator. AuNPs@P(NIPAM-co-MADMAC) were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. AuNPs@P(NIPAM-co-MADMAC) exhibited thermo-sensitivity from poly(NIPAM-co-MADMAC) chains and sensitive fluorescence from the MADMAC group. AuNPs@P(NIPAM-co-MADMAC) showed weak fluorescence after the temperature increased from 25°C to 45°C, or after β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) was added. Furthermore, it exhibited strong fluorescence when the solvent was changed to ethanol or chloroform.

scholarly journals Mineralogical and Geochemical Characterization of Asbestiform Todorokite, Birnessite, and Ranciéite, and Their host Mn-Rich Deposits from Serra D’Aiello (Southern Italy)

Fibers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 9
Author(s):  
Andrea Bloise ◽  
Domenico Miriello ◽  
Rosanna De Rosa ◽  
Giovanni Vespasiano ◽  
Ilaria Fuoco ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Dispersive Spectrometry ◽  
Southern Italy ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Geochemical Characterization ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Terrestrial Environments ◽  
Strong Control

Manganese ores, especially the oxyhydroxides in their different forms, are the dominant Mn-bearing minerals that occur in marine and terrestrial environments, where they are typically found as poorly crystalline and intermixed phases. Mn oxyhydroxides have a huge range of industrial applications and are able to exert a strong control on the mobility of trace metals. This paper reports the results of a detailed study on the Mn oxyhydroxides occurring in the manganiferous deposit outcropping in the Messinian sediments from Serra D’Aiello (Southern Italy). Nine Mn samples were characterized in detail using X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetry (TG), transmission electron microscopy combined with energy dispersive spectrometry (TEM/EDS), and X-ray fluorescence (XRF). The results indicated that the Mn deposit included the oxyhydroxide mineral species birnessite, todorokite, and rancièite. The size, morphology, and chemical composition of Mn oxyhydroxide samples were investigated in order to define their impact on the environment and human health. Todorokite displayed asbestiform shapes and could disperse fibers of breathable size in the air. Furthermore, since in-depth characterization of minerals within Mn deposits may be the first step toward understanding the genetic processes of manganese deposits, hypotheses about the genesis of the Mn oxyhydroxide deposits were discussed.

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