scholarly journals Determination of Microalgal Lipid Content and Fatty Acid for Biofuel Production

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhipeng Chen ◽  
Lingfeng Wang ◽  
Shuang Qiu ◽  
Shijian Ge
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Organic Solvents ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Lipid Extraction ◽  
Gravimetric Method ◽  
Biofuel Production ◽  
Composition Analysis ◽  
Chromatography Method ◽  
Microalgal Biomass ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages

Biofuels produced from microalgal biomass have received growing worldwide recognition as promising alternatives to conventional petroleum-derived fuels. Among the processes involved, the downstream refinement process for the extraction of lipids from biomass greatly influences the sustainability and efficiency of the entire biofuel system. This review summarizes and compares the current techniques for the extraction and measurement of microalgal lipids, including the gravimetric methods using organic solvents, CO2-based solvents, ionic liquids and switchable solvents, Nile red lipid visualization method, sulfo-phospho-vanillin method, and the thin-layer chromatography method. Each method has its own competitive advantages and disadvantages. For example, the organic solvents-based gravimetric method is mostly used and frequently employed as a reference standard to validate other methods, but it requires large amounts of samples and is time-consuming and expensive to recover solvents also with low selectivity towards desired products. The pretreatment approaches which aimed to disrupt cells and support subsequent lipid extraction through bead beating, microwave, ultrasonication, chemical methods, and enzymatic disruption are also introduced. Moreover, the principles and procedures for the production and quantification of fatty acids are finally described in detail, involving the preparation of fatty acid methyl esters and their quantification and composition analysis by gas chromatography.

scholarly journals Influence of Light Intensity and Photoperiod on the Photoautotrophic Growth and Lipid Content of the Microalgae Verrucodesmus verrucosus in a Photobioreactor

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 6606
Author(s):  
Laura Vélez-Landa ◽  
Héctor Ricardo Hernández-De León ◽  
Yolanda Del Carmen Pérez-Luna ◽  
Sabino Velázquez-Trujillo ◽  
Joel Moreira-Acosta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Lipid Accumulation ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Lipid Extraction ◽  
Growth Conditions ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Microalgal Biomass ◽  
Bg11 Medium ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectroscopy

Microalgal biomass has the capacity to accumulate relatively large quantities of triacylglycerides (TAG) for the conversion of methyl esters of fatty acids (FAME) which has made microalgae a desirable alternative for the production of biofuels. In the present work Verrucodesmus verrucosus was evaluated under autotrophic growth conditions as a suitable source of oil for biodiesel production. For this purpose BG11 media were evaluated in three different light:dark photoperiods (L:D; 16:08; 12:12; 24:0) and light intensities (1000, 2000 and 3000 Lux) in a photobioreactor with a capacity of three liters; the evaluation of the microalgal biomass was carried out through the cell count with the use of the Neubauer chamber followed by the evaluation of the kinetic growth parameters. So, the lipid accumulation was determined through the lipid extraction with a Soxhlet system. Finally, the fatty acid profile of the total pooled lipids was determined using gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). The results demonstrate that the best conditions are a photoperiod of 12 light hours and 12 dark hours with BG11 medium in a 3 L tubular photobioreactor with 0.3% CO2, 25 °C and 2000 Lux, allowing a lipid accumulation of 50.42%. Palmitic acid is identified as the most abundant fatty acid at 44.90%.

scholarly journals Chemical, Nutritional and Antioxidant Characteristics of Different Food Seeds

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 1589 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lacrimioara Senila ◽  
Emilia Neag ◽  
Oana Cadar ◽  
Melinda Haydee Kovacs ◽  
Anca Becze ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Lipid Extraction ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Hemp Seed ◽  
Chromatography Analysis ◽  
Total Fatty Acids ◽  
Antioxidant Characteristics

The objective of this study was to determine the chemical composition of five different food seeds (sunflower, poppy, hemp, flax and sesame) regarding fatty acid, mineral (Fe, Cu, Zn, Na, Mg, K, Ca, Al) and protein content. In addition, the total antioxidant capacity of the seeds was evaluated using the photochemiluminescent assay. The food seeds were subjected to lipid extraction and converted into fatty acid methyl esters before the gas chromatography analysis. In all food seeds, the saturated (SFAs), monounsaturated (MUFAs) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) were identified, respectively. PUFAs were the most abundant fatty acids (61.2% ± 0.07% and 84.8% ± 0.08% of total fatty acids), with the highest content in flax and hemp seed oil. Also, high amounts of omega-3 from PUFAs were determined in flax and hempseed oil. Based on the obtained results the sunflower, sesame and poppy seeds are good sources of omega-6, while flax and hemp seeds are good sources of omega-3. All samples are rich in minerals (Na, K, Ca, Mg) and have more than 20% protein content.

Evaluation of Dominant Parameters in Lipase Transesterification of Cottonseed Oil

2019 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 467-474 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stanley Anderson ◽  
Terry Walker ◽  
Bryan Moser ◽  
Caye Drapcho ◽  
Yi Zheng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Oxidative Stability ◽  
Fatty Acid Methyl Esters ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Cottonseed Oil ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Chromatography Method ◽  
Induction Periods ◽  
Acid Methyl ◽  
The Difference

Abstract. Eversa Transform was used as an enzymatic catalyst to transform glandless and crude (heavy pigment) cottonseed oils into biodiesel. The oils were reacted with methanol at a 6:1 molar ratio with modified amounts of water, lipase, and temperature. Reactions were conducted in the presence of lipase and water at doses of 2, 5, and 8 wt% and 1, 3, and 6 wt%, respectively. Product composition and conversion were determined using the gas chromatography method of ASTM D6584. Oxidative stability was determined following EN 15751. The conversion to fatty acid methyl esters averaged 98.5% across all samples. Temperature had the most significant effect on conversion (p < 0.0035). Lipase and water dosages did not affect conversion, while each had an effect with temperature that was significant across the difference between 3 and 1 wt% water content and between 8 and 5 wt% enzyme content between the two temperatures (p = 0.0018 and 0.0153), respectively. Induction periods (oxidative stability) of the glandless and crude cottonseed oils were significantly different, but there was no difference between the two oil conversions based on oil type. Keywords: Biodiesel, Cottonseed oil, Fatty acid methyl esters, Lipase, Oxidative stability, Transesterification.

Green Diesel: A Second Generation Biofuel

2007 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tom Kalnes ◽  
Terry Marker ◽  
David R. Shonnard
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Diesel Fuel ◽  
Fatty Acid Methyl Esters ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Biofuel Production ◽  
Process Technology ◽  
Green Diesel ◽  
Acid Methyl ◽  
Petroleum Refineries

Environmentally-conscious design of processes and products is increasingly viewed as an important strategy in the sustainable development of new refining and chemical processes. This paper discusses a new process technology developed by UOP and Eni S.p.A; the UOP/Eni EcofiningTM process to produce green diesel from vegetable oil. This novel process utilizes catalytic saturation, hydrodeoxygenation, decarboxylation and hydroisomerization reactions to produce an isoparaffin-rich diesel fuel from renewable feedstock containing triglycerides and fatty acids. The resultant biofuel product has a high cetane value, a lower gravity, good cold flow properties and excellent storage stability. Green diesel is completely compatible for blending with the standard mix of petroleum-derived diesel fuels, thus providing significant value to the refiner. The process for producing green diesel operates at mild operating conditions and integrates well within existing petroleum refineries. In contrast to fatty acid methyl esters, where fuel properties depend on feed origin and process configuration, green diesel product is independent of feed origin and the fully deoxygenated biofuel is readily blended with conventional diesel fuel. A life cycle assessment (LCA) of this promising new biofuel production technology has been undertaken to quantify the intrinsic benefits of green diesel production over the current practice of converting various forms of lipids to fatty acid methyl esters. This paper will describe the technology, discuss the results of the LCA study and summarize the advantages this new technology can offer over other processing routes.

scholarly journals Effect of Nitrogen Concentration on the Alkalophilic Microalga Nitzschia sp. NW129-a Promising Feedstock for the Integrated Production of Lipids and Fucoxanthin in Biorefinery

2022 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zihao Cao ◽  
Xiaotong Shen ◽  
Xujing Wang ◽  
Baohua Zhu ◽  
Kehou Pan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Methyl Esters ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Cetane Number ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Biofuel Production ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Cold Filter Plugging Point

Microalgae are considered promising resources for producing a variety of high-value-added products, especially for lipids and pigments. Alkalophilic microalgae have more advantages than other microalgae when cultured outdoors on a large scale. The present study investigated the comprehensive effects of different nitrogen concentrations on fucoxanthin (Fx), lipids accumulation and the fatty acid profile of the alkaliphilic microalgae Nitzschia sp. NW129 to evaluate the potential for simultaneous production of Fx and biofuels. Fx and Lipids amassed in a coordinated growth-dependent manner in response to various concentrations, reaching 18.18 mg g–1 and 40.67% dry weight (DW), respectively. The biomass of Nitzschia sp. NW129 was 0.58 ± 0.02 g L–1 in the medium at the concentration of 117.65 mM. The highest productivities of Fx (1.44 mg L–1 d–1) and lipid (19.95 ± 1.29 mg L–1 d–1) were obtained concurrently at this concentration. Furthermore, the fatty acid methyl esters revealed excellent biofuel properties with an appropriate value of the degree unsaturation (49.97), cetane number (62.72), and cold filter plugging point (2.37), which met the European standards for biofuel production (EN14214). These results provided a reliable strategy for further industrialization and comprehensive production of biofuel and Fx by using the alkaliphilic microalgal Nitzschia sp. NW129.

scholarly journals First Report on Tertiary Amine as a Co2 Switchable Solvent for Hypersaline Trebouxiophycean Microalgae Towards Greener and Competent Lipid Extraction

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susaimanickam Anto ◽  
M Premalatha ◽  
Thangavel Mathimani
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Lipid Extraction ◽  
Solvent System ◽  
Extraction Process ◽  
Extraction Time ◽  
Tertiary Amines ◽  
Microalgal Biomass ◽  
Lipid Yield ◽  
Fame Profile

Abstract Considering the momentous cost drivers in energy efficient algal biorefinery processes, a green alternative in the lipid extraction process from microalgae is anticipated. Switchable solvent system using tertiary amines namely DMBA (Dimethylbenzylamine), DMCHA (Dimethylcyclohexylamine), and DIPEA (Diisopropylethylamine) for lipid extraction from wet hypersaline microalgae was investigated in this study. Interestingly, showed that at 1:1 (v/v of fresh DMBA solvent: microalgal biomass), and for 1 h extraction time, the lipid yield was 41.9, 26.6, and 33.3% for Chlorella sp. NITT 05, Chlorella sp. NITT 02, and Picochlorum sp. NITT 04 respectively and for recovered DMBA solvent at 1:1 (v/v) and for 1 hour extraction time, the lipid yield was 40.8, 25.97, and 32%, respectively. Similarly, lipid extraction using DMCHA solvent for Chlorella sp. NITT 05, Chlorella sp. NITT 02, and Picochlorum sp. NITT 04 at 1:1 (v/v of solvent: microalgal biomass) and 1 h extraction time showed 34.28, 24.24 and 23.33% lipids, respectively for fresh solvent and 34.01, 24.24 and 23.18% for recovered solvent respectively; while DIPEA was not competent in lipid extraction from three tested microalgae. FAME profile shows the presence of major saturated fatty acid as C16:0 (~ 30%) and major unsaturated fatty acid as C18:1 (~17%).

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