Role of Mast Cells and Type 2 Innate Lymphoid (ILC2) Cells in Lung Transplantation

The multifunctional role of mast cells (MCs) in the immune system is complex and has not fully been explored. MCs reside in tissues and mucous membranes such as the lung, digestive tract, and skin which are strategically located at interfaces with the external environment. These cells, therefore, will encounter external stimuli and pathogens. MCs modulate both the innate and the adaptive immune response in inflammatory disorders including transplantation. MCs can have pro- and anti-inflammatory functions, thereby regulating the outcome of lung transplantation through secretion of mediators that allow interaction with other cell types, particularly innate lymphoid cells (ILC2). ILC2 cells are a unique population of hematopoietic cells that coordinate the innate immune response against a variety of threats including infection, tissue damage, and homeostatic disruption. In addition, MCs can modulate alloreactive T cell responses or assist in T regulatory (Treg) cell activity. This paper outlines the current understanding of the role of MCs in lung transplantation, with a specific focus on their interaction with ILC2 cells within the engrafted organ.

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Current Concepts of Biliary Atresia and Matrix Metalloproteinase-7: A Review of Literature

Frontiers in Medicine ◽

10.3389/fmed.2020.617261 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 7 ◽

Author(s):

Mark Nomden ◽

Leonie Beljaars ◽

Henkjan J. Verkade ◽

Jan B. F. Hulscher ◽

Peter Olinga

Keyword(s):

Immune Response ◽

Liver Fibrosis ◽

Pulmonary Fibrosis ◽

Matrix Metalloproteinase ◽

Biliary Atresia ◽

Adaptive Immune Response ◽

Cell Contact ◽

T Helper 1 ◽

Matrix Metalloproteinase 7

Biliary atresia (BA) is a rare cholangiopathy of infancy in which the bile ducts obliterate, leading to profound cholestasis and liver fibrosis. BA is hypothesized to be caused by a viral insult that leads to over-activation of the immune system. Patients with BA are surgically treated with a Kasai portoenterostomy (KPE), which aims to restore bile flow from the liver to the intestines. After KPE, progressive liver fibrosis is often observed in BA patients, even despite surgical success and clearance of their jaundice. The innate immune response is involved during the initial damage to the cholangiocytes and further differentiation of the adaptive immune response into a T-helper 1 cell (Th1) response. Multiple studies have shown that there is continuing elevation of involved cytokines that can lead to the progressive liver fibrosis. However, the mechanism by which the progressive injury occurs is not fully elucidated. Recently, matrix metalloproteinase-7 (MMP-7) has been investigated to be used as a biomarker to diagnose BA. MMPs are involved in extracellular matrix (ECM) turnover, but also have non-ECM related functions. The role of MMP-7 and other MMPs in liver fibrosis is just starting to be elucidated. Multiple studies have shown that serum MMP-7 measurements are able to accurately diagnose BA in a cohort of cholestatic patients while hepatic MMP-7 expression correlated with BA-related liver fibrosis. While the mechanism by which MMP-7 can be involved in the pathophysiology of BA is unclear, MMP-7 has been investigated in other fibrotic pathologies such as renal and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. MMP-7 is involved in Wnt/β-catenin signaling, reducing cell-to-cell contact by shedding of E-cadherin, amplifying inflammation and fibrosis via osteopontin (OPN) and TNF-α while it also appears to play a role in induction of angiogenesis This review aims to describe the current understandings of the pathophysiology of BA. Subsequently, we describe how MMP-7 is involved in other pathologies, such as renal and pulmonary fibrosis. Then, we propose how MMP-7 can potentially be involved in BA. By doing this, we aim to describe the putative role of MMP-7 as a prognostic biomarker in BA and to provide possible new therapeutic and research targets that can be investigated in the future.

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The role of the T-helper/T-suppressor ratio in the adaptive immune response: a dynamical model

Journal of Physics A Mathematical and Theoretical ◽

10.1088/1751-8121/aaed5e ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 51 (50) ◽

pp. 505602 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

A Annibale ◽

L A Dziobek-Garrett ◽

H Tari

Keyword(s):

Immune Response ◽

Adaptive Immune Response ◽

Dynamical Model ◽

T Helper ◽

Adaptive Immune

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The Pathogenic Role of the Adaptive Immune Response to Modified LDL in Diabetes

Frontiers in Endocrinology ◽

10.3389/fendo.2012.00076 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 3 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Gabriel Virella ◽

Maria F. Lopes-Virella

Keyword(s):

Immune Response ◽

Adaptive Immune Response ◽

Pathogenic Role ◽

Adaptive Immune ◽

Modified Ldl

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Pattern Recognition Proteins: First Line of Defense Against Coronaviruses

Frontiers in Immunology ◽

10.3389/fimmu.2021.652252 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

Carlos A. Labarrere ◽

Ghassan S. Kassab

Keyword(s):

Immune Response ◽

Pattern Recognition ◽

Global Economy ◽

Rna Viruses ◽

Severe Disease ◽

Adaptive Immune Response ◽

Adaptive Immune ◽

Recognition Protein ◽

Pattern Recognition Protein

The rapid outbreak of COVID-19 caused by the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 in Wuhan, China, has become a worldwide pandemic affecting almost 204 million people and causing more than 4.3 million deaths as of August 11 2021. This pandemic has placed a substantial burden on the global healthcare system and the global economy. Availability of novel prophylactic and therapeutic approaches are crucially needed to prevent development of severe disease leading to major complications both acutely and chronically. The success in fighting this virus results from three main achievements: (a) Direct killing of the SARS-CoV-2 virus; (b) Development of a specific vaccine, and (c) Enhancement of the host’s immune system. A fundamental necessity to win the battle against the virus involves a better understanding of the host’s innate and adaptive immune response to the virus. Although the role of the adaptive immune response is directly involved in the generation of a vaccine, the role of innate immunity on RNA viruses in general, and coronaviruses in particular, is mostly unknown. In this review, we will consider the structure of RNA viruses, mainly coronaviruses, and their capacity to affect the lungs and the cardiovascular system. We will also consider the effects of the pattern recognition protein (PRP) trident composed by (a) Surfactant proteins A and D, mannose-binding lectin (MBL) and complement component 1q (C1q), (b) C-reactive protein, and (c) Innate and adaptive IgM antibodies, upon clearance of viral particles and apoptotic cells in lungs and atherosclerotic lesions. We emphasize on the role of pattern recognition protein immune therapies as a combination treatment to prevent development of severe respiratory syndrome and to reduce pulmonary and cardiovascular complications in patients with SARS-CoV-2 and summarize the need of a combined therapeutic approach that takes into account all aspects of immunity against SARS-CoV-2 virus and COVID-19 disease to allow mankind to beat this pandemic killer.

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Conventional NK cells and ILC1 are partially ablated in the livers of Ncr1iCreTbx21fl/fl mice

Wellcome Open Research ◽

10.12688/wellcomeopenres.11741.2 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 2 ◽

pp. 39 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Antonia O. Cuff ◽

Victoria Male

Keyword(s):

Small Intestine ◽

Nk Cells ◽

Mouse Liver ◽

Cell Types ◽

Lymphoid Cells ◽

Disease Models ◽

Type I ◽

Conditional Deletion ◽

Equivalent Reduction

Mouse liver contains both Eomes-dependent conventional natural killer (cNK) cells and Tbet-dependent liver-resident type I innate lymphoid cells (ILC1). In order to better understand the role of ILC1, we attempted to generate mice that would lack liver ILC1, while retaining cNK, by conditional deletion of Tbet in NKp46+ cells. Here we report that the Ncr1iCreTbx21fl/fl mouse has a roughly equivalent reduction in both the cNK and ILC1 compartments of the liver, limiting its utility for investigating the relative contributions of these two cell types in disease models. We also describe the phenotype of these mice with respect to NK cells, ILC1 and NKp46+ ILC3 in the spleen and small intestine lamina propria.

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The Role of Mast Cells in Stroke

Cells ◽

10.3390/cells8050437 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 8 (5) ◽

pp. 437 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Edoardo Parrella ◽

Vanessa Porrini ◽

Marina Benarese ◽

Marina Pizzi

Keyword(s):

Central Nervous System ◽

Immune Response ◽

Nervous System ◽

Mast Cells ◽

Brain Edema ◽

Hemorrhagic Stroke ◽

Inflammatory Responses ◽

Adult Brain ◽

The Central Nervous System

Mast cells (MCs) are densely granulated perivascular resident cells of hematopoietic origin. Through the release of preformed mediators stored in their granules and newly synthesized molecules, they are able to initiate, modulate, and prolong the immune response upon activation. Their presence in the central nervous system (CNS) has been documented for more than a century. Over the years, MCs have been associated with various neuroinflammatory conditions of CNS, including stroke. They can exacerbate CNS damage in models of ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke by amplifying the inflammatory responses and promoting brain–blood barrier disruption, brain edema, extravasation, and hemorrhage. Here, we review the role of these peculiar cells in the pathophysiology of stroke, in both immature and adult brain. Further, we discuss the role of MCs as potential targets for the treatment of stroke and the compounds potentially active as MCs modulators.

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Retraction of: Reciprocal role of hBD2 and hBD3 on the adaptive immune response by measuring T lymphocyte proliferation in terms of CD4 and CCR6 expression

Hormone Molecular Biology and Clinical Investigation ◽

10.1515/hmbci-2018-9001 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 36 (3) ◽

Keyword(s):

Immune Response ◽

T Lymphocyte ◽

Lymphocyte Proliferation ◽

Adaptive Immune Response ◽

Adaptive Immune ◽

T Lymphocyte Proliferation

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Macrophages in Organ Transplantation

Frontiers in Immunology ◽

10.3389/fimmu.2020.582939 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 ◽

Author(s):

Farideh Ordikhani ◽

Venu Pothula ◽

Rodrigo Sanchez-Tarjuelo ◽

Stefan Jordan ◽

Jordi Ochando

Keyword(s):

Immune Response ◽

Organ Transplantation ◽

Survival Rates ◽

Adaptive Immune Response ◽

Phagocytic Cells ◽

Term Survival ◽

Vast Number ◽

Monocytes And Macrophages

Current immunosuppressive therapy has led to excellent short-term survival rates in organ transplantation. However, long-term graft survival rates are suboptimal, and a vast number of allografts are gradually lost in the clinic. An increasing number of animal and clinical studies have demonstrated that monocytes and macrophages play a pivotal role in graft rejection, as these mononuclear phagocytic cells recognize alloantigens and trigger an inflammatory cascade that activate the adaptive immune response. Moreover, recent studies suggest that monocytes acquire a feature of memory recall response that is associated with a potent immune response. This form of memory is called “trained immunity,” and it is retained by mechanisms of epigenetic and metabolic changes in innate immune cells after exposure to particular ligands, which have a direct impact in allograft rejection. In this review article, we highlight the role of monocytes and macrophages in organ transplantation and summarize therapeutic approaches to promote tolerance through manipulation of monocytes and macrophages. These strategies may open new therapeutic opportunities to increase long-term transplant survival rates in the clinic.

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