scholarly journals Cancer Immunotherapy: Priming the Host Immune Response with Live Attenuated Salmonella enterica

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco Antonio Hernández-Luna ◽  
Rosendo Luria-Pérez
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Cancer Immunotherapy ◽  
Salmonella Enterica ◽  
Tumor Tissue ◽  
Tumor Antigens ◽  
Tumor Regression ◽  
Promising Alternative ◽  
Induce Tumor Regression ◽  
Potential Use

In recent years, cancer immunotherapy has undergone great advances because of our understanding of the immune response and the mechanisms through which tumor cells evade it. A century after the first immunotherapy attempt based on bacterial products described by William Coley, the use of live attenuated bacterial vectors has become a promising alternative in the fight against cancer. This review describes the role of live attenuated Salmonella enterica as an oncolytic and immunotherapeutic agent, due to its high affinity for tumor tissue and its ability to activate innate and adaptive antitumor immune response. Furthermore, its potential use as delivery system of tumor antigens and immunomodulatory molecules that induce tumor regression is also reviewed.

scholarly journals Molecular and Clinical Characterization of LAG3 in Breast Cancer Through 2994 Samples

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qiang Liu ◽  
Yihang Qi ◽  
Jie Zhai ◽  
Xiangyi Kong ◽  
Xiangyu Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Immune Response ◽  
Cancer Immunotherapy ◽  
Cancer Patients ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Immune Checkpoints ◽  
Cell Populations ◽  
Potential Biomarker ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background Despite the promising impact of cancer immunotherapy targeting CTLA4 and PD1/PDL1, a large number of cancer patients fail to respond. LAG3 (Lymphocyte Activating 3), also named CD233, is a protein Coding gene served as alternative inhibitory receptors to be targeted in the clinic. The impact of LAG3 on immune cell populations and co-regulation of immune response in breast cancer remained largely unknown. Methods To characterize the role of LAG3 in breast cancer, we investigated transcriptome data and associated clinical information derived from a total of 2994 breast cancer patients. Results We observed that LAG3 was closely correlated with major molecular and clinical characteristics, and was more likely to be enriched in higher malignant subtype, suggesting LAG3 was a potential biomarker of triple-negative breast cancer. Furthermore, we estimated the landscape of relationship between LAG3 and ten types of cell populations in breast cancer. Gene ontology analysis revealed LAG3 were strongly correlated with immune response and inflammatory activities. We investigated the correlation pattern between LAG3 and immune modulators in pan-cancer, especially the synergistic role of LAG3 with other immune checkpoints members in breast cancer. Conclusions LAG3 expression was closely related to malignancy of breast cancer and might serve as a potential biomarker; LAG3 might plays an important role in regulating tumor immune microenvironment, not only T cells, but also other immune cells. More importantly, LAG3 might synergize with CTLA4, PD1/ PDL1 and other immune checkpoints, thereby lending more evidences to combination cancer immunotherapy by targeting LAG3, PD1/PDL1, and CTLA4 together.

scholarly journals The Crosstalk between Microbiome and Immune Response in Gastric Cancer

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (18) ◽  
pp. 6586
Author(s):  
Rihab Nasr ◽  
Ali Shamseddine ◽  
Deborah Mukherji ◽  
Farah Nassar ◽  
Sally Temraz
Keyword(s):  
Gastric Cancer ◽  
Immune Response ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Tumor Antigens ◽  
Checkpoint Inhibitors ◽  
Specific Antigen ◽  
Cell Responses ◽  
Host Epithelium ◽  
H Pylori

Gastric cancer is the end result of a complex interplay between host genetics, environmental factors, and microbial factors. The link between gut microbiome and gastric cancer has been attributed to persistent activation of the host’s immune system by gut microbiota. The end result of this dysregulated interaction between host epithelium and microbes is a state of chronic inflammation. Gut bacteria can promote anti-tumor immune responses through several mechanisms. These include triggering T-cell responses to bacterial antigens that can cross-react with tumor antigens or cause tumor-specific antigen recognition; engagement of pattern recognition receptors that mediate pro-immune or anti-inflammatory effects or via small metabolites that mediate systemic effects on the host. Here we review the role of the gut microbiome including H. pylori and non-H. pylori gastric bacteria, the immune response, and immunotherapy using checkpoint inhibitors. We also review the evidence for cross talk between the gut microbiome and immune response in gastric cancer.

scholarly journals Universal and Stemness-Related Tumor Antigens: Potential Use in Cancer Immunotherapy

2007 ◽  
Vol 13 (19) ◽  
pp. 5675-5679 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giorgio Parmiani ◽  
Vincenzo Russo ◽  
Andrea Marrari ◽  
Gianluca Cutolo ◽  
Chiara Casati ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Immunotherapy ◽  
Tumor Antigens ◽  
Potential Use

scholarly journals Role of targeting nanoparticles for cancer immunotherapy and imaging

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ru Wen ◽  
Afoma C Umeano
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Cancer Immunotherapy ◽  
Normal Tissue ◽  
Tracking Systems ◽  
Tissue Targeting ◽  
Prevention And Treatment ◽  
Effective Delivery ◽  
Prolonged Life Expectancy ◽  
Target Cancer

Cancer immunotherapy involves the delivery of immunogenic compounds and/or the priming, or induction, of the body’s natural immune system to target cancer. The use of cancer immunotherapy has led to various means of cancer prevention and treatment that have produced prolonged life expectancy and stabilized disease. Nanoparticles are promising vehicles or adjuvants for effective delivery of therapeutics, antigens, stimulatory effectors, or antibodies for therapeutic invention. Targeting nanoparticles are especially useful due to their capability of accumulating in specific sites of interest like tumors and, thereby, decreasing risks of damage to normal tissue. Targeting can be achieved by incorporation of cell-surface related binding molecules or antibodies. This review explores the role of targeting nanoparticles as delivery or adjuvant sys­tems to modulate immune response; and as imaging tracking systems for cancer.

scholarly journals DC-Derived Exosomes for Cancer Immunotherapy

Cancers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (15) ◽  
pp. 3667
Author(s):  
Yi Yao ◽  
Chunmei Fu ◽  
Li Zhou ◽  
Qing-Sheng Mi ◽  
Aimin Jiang
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Cancer Immunotherapy ◽  
Clinical Efficacy ◽  
Cancer Vaccines ◽  
Tumor Antigens ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Promising Alternative ◽  
Cell Immunity ◽  
Cancer Immunotherapies

As the initiators of adaptive immune responses, DCs play a central role in regulating the balance between CD8 T cell immunity versus tolerance to tumor antigens. Exploiting their function to potentiate host anti-tumor immunity, DC-based vaccines have been one of most promising and widely used cancer immunotherapies. However, DC-based cancer vaccines have not achieved the promised success in clinical trials, with one of the major obstacles being tumor-mediated immunosuppression. A recent discovery on the critical role of type 1 conventional DCs (cDC1s) play in cross-priming tumor-specific CD8 T cells and determining the anti-tumor efficacy of cancer immunotherapies, however, has highlighted the need to further develop and refine DC-based vaccines either as monotherapies or in combination with other therapies. DC-derived exosomes (DCexos) have been heralded as a promising alternative to DC-based vaccines, as DCexos are more resistance to tumor-mediated suppression and DCexo vaccines have exhibited better anti-tumor efficacy in pre-clinical animal models. However, DCexo vaccines have only achieved limited clinical efficacy and failed to induce tumor-specific T cell responses in clinical trials. The lack of clinical efficacy might be partly due to the fact that all current clinical trials used peptide-loaded DCexos from monocyte-derived DCs. In this review, we will focus on the perspective of expanding current DCexo research to move DCexo cancer vaccines forward clinically to realize their potential in cancer immunotherapy.

scholarly journals An NKT-mediated autologous vaccine generates CD4 T-cell–dependent potent antilymphoma immunity

Blood ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 110 (6) ◽  
pp. 2013-2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yeonseok Chung ◽  
Hong Qin ◽  
Chang-Yuil Kang ◽  
Sanghee Kim ◽  
Larry W. Kwak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protective Immunity ◽  
Antitumor Immunity ◽  
Tumor Antigens ◽  
Tumor Regression ◽  
Vaccination Strategy ◽  
Nkt Cells ◽  
Patient Specific ◽  
Specific Tumor ◽  
Single Vaccination

Abstract Relapses occurring in most patients with lymphoma after antibody or chemotherapy highlight a need for effective vaccination approaches. Autologous tumors are ideal sources of patient-specific tumor antigens for vaccines; however, their poor immunogenicity has been a major obstacle in practice. Natural killer T (NKT) cells have recently emerged as crucial regulators of autoimmunity and tumor immunosurveillance. Here, we show that an autologous lymphoma vaccine that activates NKT cells generated tumor-specific protective immunity in experimental mice. Single vaccination with α-galactosylceramide (αGC)-loaded A20 lymphoma cells elicited effective antitumor immunity against tumor challenge. This vaccination strategy also induced significant tumor regression in A20-bearing mice. Importantly, the survivors from primary tumor inoculation were all resistant to tumor rechallenge, indicative of established adaptive memory immunity. Depletion as well as adoptive transfer studies revealed an exclusive role of conventional CD4+ but not CD8+ T cells in mediating antitumor immunity. In addition, we found normal hematopoietic compartments in the vaccinated mice. Therefore, NKT ligand-loaded lymphoma elicits long-lasting and effective antitumor immunity, which can be further developed as patient- and tumor-specific immunotherapy against human lymphomas.

scholarly journals Physiological Role of Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells and Their Potential Use in Cancer Immunity

2008 ◽  
Vol 2008 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jorge Schettini ◽  
Pinku Mukherjee
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Dendritic Cells ◽  
Tumor Antigens ◽  
Physiological Role ◽  
Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells ◽  
Type I ◽  
Therapeutic Approaches ◽  
Adaptive Immune ◽  
Type I Ifns

Dendritic cells (DCs) play a pivotal role in the control of innate and adaptive immune responses. They are a heterogeneous cell population, where plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) are a unique subset capable of secreting high levels of type I IFNs. It has been demonstrated that pDCs can coordinate events during the course of viral infection, atopy, autoimmune diseases, and cancer. Therefore, pDC, as a main source of type I IFN, is an attractive target for therapeutic manipulations of the immune system to elicit a powerful immune response against tumor antigens in combination with other therapies. The therapeutic vaccination with antigen-pulsed DCs has shown a limited efficacy to generate an effective long-lasting immune response against tumor cells. A rational manipulation and design of vaccines which could include DC subsets outside “Langerhans cell paradigm” might allow us to improve the therapeutic approaches for cancer patients.

scholarly journals RNA Vaccine: The Future of Medical Science and Vaccinology

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahnoor Patel
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Cancer Immunotherapy ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Tumor Antigens ◽  
Medical Condition ◽  
Medical Science ◽  
Specific Antigen ◽  
Active Immunotherapy ◽  
Genetic Profile ◽  
Scale Production

An attractive approach to vaccination is presented by nucleic acid vaccines. These vaccines based on DNA or RNA encoded with specific antigen and generally regarded as safe, effective which can mimic live infection with low rise of reversion to virulence. RNA vaccines generally elicit humoral as well as cellular immune response. Personalized medicine is the new paradigm of medical science for targeting specific characteristics of each individual by using their genetic profile to identify particular nature of the medical condition and design a unique treatment for each patient. Cancer immunotherapy stimulates a host antitumor immune response which can able to lead tumor shrinkage for the improvement of clinical outcomes in cancer patients. Eradication of the large tumor by active immunotherapy is the biggest challenge, to overcome this challenge combination therapy of mRNA vaccine with radiation can be effective. mRNA as a vaccine have many advantages including large scale production under GMP conditions is comparatively easy and robust, thats why inexpensive in contrast to the other biopharmaceuticals. The tumor antigens are recognizing by the immune system and this is the basis for cancer immunotherapy development.

scholarly journals Potential Role of CXCL13/CXCR5 Signaling in Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Treatment in Cancer

Cancers ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 294
Author(s):  
Ching-Hung Hsieh ◽  
Cheng-Zhe Jian ◽  
Liang-In Lin ◽  
Guan-Sian Low ◽  
Ping-Yun Ou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Immune Checkpoint ◽  
Potential Role ◽  
Tumor Antigens ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Checkpoint Inhibitors ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Antitumor Immune Response ◽  
Cxc Chemokine

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), including antibodies that target programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1), programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1), or cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA4), represent some of the most important breakthroughs in new drug development for oncology therapy from the past decade. CXC chemokine ligand 13 (CXCL13) exclusively binds CXC chemokine receptor type 5 (CXCR5), which plays a critical role in immune cell recruitment and activation and the regulation of the adaptive immune response. CXCL13 is a key molecular determinant of the formation of tertiary lymphoid structures (TLSs), which are organized aggregates of T, B, and dendritic cells that participate in the adaptive antitumor immune response. CXCL13 may also serve as a prognostic and predictive factor, and the role played by CXCL13 in some ICI-responsive tumor types has gained intense interest. This review discusses how CXCL13/CXCR5 signaling modulates cancer and immune cells to promote lymphocyte infiltration, activation by tumor antigens, and differentiation to increase the antitumor immune response. We also summarize recent preclinical and clinical evidence regarding the ICI-therapeutic implications of targeting the CXCL13/CXCR5 axis and discuss the potential role of this signaling pathway in cancer immunotherapy.

scholarly journals The Role of GSK-3 in Cancer Immunotherapy: GSK-3 Inhibitors as a New Frontier in Cancer Treatment

Cells ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 1427
Author(s):  
Giuseppa Augello ◽  
Maria R. Emma ◽  
Antonella Cusimano ◽  
Antonina Azzolina ◽  
Giuseppe Montalto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Cancer Immunotherapy ◽  
Glycogen Synthase ◽  
Human Cancer ◽  
Glycogen Synthesis ◽  
Clinical Results ◽  
Target Cells ◽  
Human Cancer Cells ◽  
Wide Range

The serine/threonine kinase glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) was initially identified because of its key role in the regulation of glycogen synthesis. However, it is now well-established that GSK-3 performs critical functions in many cellular processes, such as apoptosis, tumor growth, cell invasion, and metastasis. Aberrant GSK-3 activity has been associated with many human diseases, including cancer, highlighting its potential therapeutic relevance as a target for anticancer therapy. Recently, newly emerging data have demonstrated the pivotal role of GSK-3 in the anticancer immune response. In the last few years, many GSK-3 inhibitors have been developed, and some are currently being tested in clinical trials. This review will discuss preclinical and initial clinical results with GSK-3β inhibitors, highlighting the potential importance of this target in cancer immunotherapy. As described in this review, GSK-3 inhibitors have been shown to have antitumor activity in a wide range of human cancer cells, and they may also contribute to promoting a more efficacious immune response against tumor target cells, thus showing a double therapeutic advantage.

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