scholarly journals NADES-based fractionation of biomass to produce raw material for the preparation of cellulose acetates

Cellulose ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (12) ◽  
pp. 6831-6848
Author(s):  
L. A. Soto-Salcido ◽  
I. Anugwom ◽  
L. Ballinas-Casarrubias ◽  
M. Mänttäri ◽  
M. Kallioinen
Keyword(s):  
Choline Chloride ◽  
Deep Eutectic Solvent ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Sodium Chlorite ◽  
Waste Biomass ◽  
Birch Wood ◽  
Fractionation Process ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Cellulose Acetates

Abstract Waste biomass (agave bagasse) and native birch wood were used as raw materials for a novel fractionation and derivation process to produce cellulose acetates (CAs). During the first stage of the fractionation process, a significant amount of hemicelluloses and lignin were dissolved from the biomass using a natural deep eutectic solvent (NADES) that consisted of a mixture of choline chloride and lactic acid with the molar ratio of 1:9. Then, the residual solid material was delignified by bleaching it with a mixture of acetic acid and sodium chlorite. The fractionation process generated differently purified pulps (celluloses) which were converted to CAs. The crystallinity index, polymerization degree, chemical composition, and thermal properties of the differently purified pulps and CAs were analyzed to evaluate the efficacy of the acetylation process and to characterize the CAs. The chemical derivation of the differently purified cellulose samples generated CAs with different degrees of substitution (DSs). The more purified the cellulose sample was, the higher its DS was. Moreover, some differences were observed between the acetylation efficiencies of birch and agave bagasse. Typically, cellulose purified from birch by treating it with NADES followed by bleaching was acetylated more completely (DS = 2.94) than that derived from agave bagasse (DS = 2.45). These results revealed that using green solvents, such as NADES, to treat both agave bagasse (waste biomass) and birch wood, allowed pure fractions to be obtained from biomass, and thus, biomass could be valorized into products such as CAs, which present a wide range of applications.

scholarly journals A green extraction design for enhancing flavonoid compounds from Ixora javanica flowers using a deep eutectic solvent

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (10) ◽  
pp. 201116
Author(s):  
Nina Dewi Oktaviyanti ◽  
Kartini Kartini ◽  
Mochammad Arbi Hadiyat ◽  
Ellen Rachmawati ◽  
Andre Chandra Wijaya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Extraction Method ◽  
Choline Chloride ◽  
Deep Eutectic Solvent ◽  
Extraction Process ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Flavonoid Compound ◽  
Total Flavonoids ◽  
Green Extraction ◽  
Optimum Extraction

In this study, an environmentally friendly extraction method for flavonoid compound from Ixora javanica , as a new raw material candidate for herbal medicine and cosmetics, was developed. The objectives of the present work were to provide recommendations for the optimal extraction conditions and to investigate the effects of any extraction parameters on flavonoid yields from the I. javanica flower. The extraction process was performed using deep eutectic solvent (DES) (choline chloride and propylene glycol at molar ratio of 1 : 1) and the ultrasound-assisted extraction method. Both single-factor and response surface analyses using three-level and three-factor Box Behnken designs were conducted to obtain the optimum flavonoid concentrations. The results showed that the optimum extraction conditions for total flavonoids featured an extraction time of 40 min, 25% water content in DES and a solid-to-liquid ratio of 1 : 25 g ml −1 . An extract obtained under optimum extraction conditions showed higher total flavonoid yields than an ethanolic extract which was used for comparison. Scanning electron microscope images demonstrated that both of the solvents also showed different effects on the outer surface of the I. javanica flower during the extraction process. In summary, our work succeeded in determining the optimum conditions for total flavonoids in the I. javanica flower using a green extraction method.

scholarly journals Separation and Enrichment of Omega 3, 6, and 9 Fatty Acids from the By-Products of Vietnamese Basa Fish Processing using Deep Eutectic Solvent

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Thanh Xuan Le Thi ◽  
Hoai Lam Tran ◽  
Thanh Son Cu ◽  
Son Lam Ho
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Choline Chloride ◽  
Deep Eutectic Solvent ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Fish Processing ◽  
H Nmr ◽  
By Products ◽  
C Nmr

Omega 3, 6, and 9 fatty acids were separated and enriched successfully from the by-products of Vietnamese Basa fish processing by the deep eutectic solvent. The total amounts of omega fatty acids were about 57% in the raw material, and they were amounted to 91% after the first separation by DES. The optimal mass ratio is 20 g methyl ester with 200 g methanol and 15–20 g DES. Moreover, the ionic liquid-DES was successfully synthesized with the molar ratio of choline chloride/urea of 1 : 1 and 2 : 1. The characteristics of DES were determined and demonstrated by FTIR, TGA, DSC, 1H-NMR, and 13C-NMR analysis methods.

Application of Deep Eutectic Solvent (DES) as a Reaction Media for the Esterification of Acrylic Acid with n-Butanol

2015 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 389-393 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emine Sert
Keyword(s):  
Catalytic Activity ◽  
Acrylic Acid ◽  
Batch Reactor ◽  
Choline Chloride ◽  
Deep Eutectic Solvent ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Catalyst Loading ◽  
Toluene Sulfonic Acid ◽  
Effects Of Temperature ◽  
Reaction Media

Abstract Within the framework of green chemistry, catalysts should be met different criteria such as biodegradability, recyclability, flammability, non-toxicity and low price. Acidic deep eutectic solvent (DES) have been synthesized for this purpose, by mixing para-toluene sulfonic acid and choline chloride. The catalytic activity of DES was studied in the esterification of acrylic acid with n-butanol. The usage of DES as catalyst is simple, safe and cheap. The effects of temperature, catalyst loading, n-butanol/acrylic acid molar ratio on the conversion of acrylic acid were performed. The batch reactor experiments were carried out at temperatures of 338, 348, 358 and 368 K, molar ratio of butanol to acrylic acid of 1, 2,3 and catalyst loading of 10, 15, 20 and 90 g/L. 90.2% of acrylic acid conversion was achieved at a temperature of 358 K and catalyst loading of 20 g/L. Reusability of DES was investigated. Reusability and catalytic activity makes DES efficient as catalyst.

scholarly journals Agroindustry Residues as a Source for Cellulose Nanofibers Production

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mayra Mariño ◽  
Daniela Cypriano ◽  
Ljubica Tasic
Keyword(s):  
Crop Residues ◽  
Alkali Treatment ◽  
Cellulose Nanofibers ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Sodium Chlorite ◽  
Waste Biomass ◽  
Sugarcane Straw ◽  
Coffee Residues ◽  
Crop Waste

Our study was motivated by the large amount of crop residues produced in Brazil, which represent underutilized waste biomass and a serious threat to the environment because of the landfilling. For example, even though the corn crop is not popular in Brazil, it is produced in the area of around 18-20 million hectares with an average production of 5-6 t ha-1. That is the reason to seek for the crop residues value-added applications as proposed in the present study. Four Brazilian crop waste biomass: orange bagasse, corn husks, sugarcane straw and coffee residues were used for cellulose nanofibers (CNF) production. CNFs were prepared using alkali treatment, followed by bleaching with sodium chlorite and extraction with oxalic acid. All steps were applied under moderate conditions of temperature and pressure, such as temperature of 120 °C and below, water solutions with chemicals’ concentrations lower that 10% and short sonication pulses. CNFs with diameters in the range 50-70 nm were obtained and products from orange bagasse and corn husks presented high crystallinity indexes (CI), 0.72 and 0.75, respectively. The highest CNF yield was obtained from corn husks (38.5%) followed by sugarcane straw (24.0% with CI of 0.69). CNFs obtained from coffee residues showed a CI value of 0.65 after two bleaching steps. Different CNF morphologies were obtained according to the raw material. The four-crop waste biomass can be considered as excellent starting materials for CNF production in the four-steps process that adds new value to agro-industrial waste and might bring great economical valorization to Brazilian crops production.

scholarly journals The Anodic Behaviour of Bulk Copper in Ethaline and 1-Butyl-3-Methylimidazolium Chloride

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (20) ◽  
pp. 4401 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karim ◽  
Aziz ◽  
Brza ◽  
Abdullah ◽  
Kadir
Keyword(s):  
Electrochemical Impedance ◽  
Choline Chloride ◽  
Metallic Copper ◽  
Electrochemical Techniques ◽  
Deep Eutectic Solvent ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Interfacial Region ◽  
Dissolution Mechanism ◽  
Spectroscopic Techniques ◽  
Electrochemical Dissolution

The anodic dissolution of bulk metallic copper was conducted in ionic liquids (ILs)—a deep eutectic solvent (DES) ((CH3)3NC2H4OH) comprised of a 1:2 molar ratio mixture of choline chloride Cl (ChCl), and ethylene glycol (EG)—and imidazolium-based ILs, such as C4mimCl, using electrochemical techniques, such as cyclic voltammetry, anodic linear sweep voltammetry, and chronopotentiometry.To investigate the electrochemical dissolution mechanism, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was used. In addition to spectroscopic techniques, for instance, UV-visible spectroscopy, microscopic techniques, such as atomic force microscopy (AFM), were used. The significant industrial importance of metallic copper has motivated several research groups to deal with such an invaluable metal. It was confirmed that the speciation of dissolved copper from the bulk phase at the interface region is [CuCl3]− and [CuCl4]2− in such chloride-rich media, and the EG determine the structure of the interfacial region in the electrochemical dissolution process. A super-saturated solution was produced at the electrode/solution interface and CuCl2 was deposited on the metal surface.

scholarly journals Novel Deep Eutectic Solvent Based on Levulinic Acid and 1,4-Butanediol as an Extraction Media for Bioactive Alkaloid Rutaecarpine

Processes ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 171 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yue-Yue Si ◽  
Shi-Wei Sun ◽  
Kun Liu ◽  
Yang Liu ◽  
Hai-Lin Shi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Levulinic Acid ◽  
Extraction Efficiency ◽  
Choline Chloride ◽  
Extraction Procedure ◽  
Deep Eutectic Solvent ◽  
Supermolecular Structure ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Resonance Spectroscopy ◽  
Extraction Temperature ◽  
Unripe Fruits

Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are increasingly receiving interest as a new type of green and sustainable alternative to hazardous organic solvents. In this work, a novel DES based on levulinic acid (La) and 1,4-butanediol (Buta) as an extraction media was developed for extracting the bioactive alkaloid rutaecarpine from the unripe fruits of Tetradium ruticarpum. 24 different DESs consisting of choline chloride, betaine, sugar alcohols, organic acids, amides, and sugars were prepared and tailored to test their extraction efficiency. After initial screening, a hydrophilic DES composed of La and Buta with 1:0.5 molar ratio containing 25% water was tailored for the highest extraction efficiency, followed by the optimizations of molar ratio and water content. The interaction between the molecules of La-Buta DES was investigated by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy in order to confirm its deep eutectic supermolecular structure feature. The extraction conditions were optimized by single-factor experiments, including extraction temperature, extraction time, and solid-liquid ratio. The developed La-Buta DES extraction procedure was successfully applied for the analysis of rutaecarpine in Chinese patent medicines containing the unripe fruits of T. ruticarpum. The excellent property of La-Buta DES indicated its potential as a promising green solvent instead of conventional organic solvent for the extraction of rutaecarpine from the unripe fruits of T. ruticarpum, and that it can used as a sustainable and safe extraction media for other applications.

scholarly journals Study on the Effect of Deep Eutectic Solvent Liquid Phase Microextraction on Quality Standard, Antitussive, and Expectorant of Sangbaipi Decoction

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Lijing Li ◽  
Yuejie Wang ◽  
Fangxin Liu ◽  
Yang Xu ◽  
Huiwei Bao
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Phase ◽  
Extraction Method ◽  
Choline Chloride ◽  
Deep Eutectic Solvent ◽  
Quality Standard ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Phenol Red ◽  
Liquid Ratio ◽  
Liquid Phase Microextraction ◽  
Low Efficiency

The SD was extracted with a new green eutectic solvent, and the extraction method of TCM decoction was developed. In the quantitative analysis by HPLC, choline chloride phenol was selected as the eutectic solvent, THF was used as the extractant, and investigation of DES type, DES molar ratio, DES-to-THF ratio, vortex time, and material-to-liquid ratio was carried out. The experimental results showed that the optimal extraction method was as follows: the molar ratio of DES was 1 : 3, and the material-liquid ratio was 5 : 1200 (mL/μL). The volume ratio of DES to THF was 1200 : 800 (μL), the vortex time was 3 min, and the extraction was repeated two times. The eutectic solvent liquid phase microextraction method was adopted to optimize the extraction method of SD and reduce the complicated processing, long time, and low efficiency of traditional methods. At the same time, in the mouse ammonia water inducing cough and phenol red excretion and expectorant experiments, SD high- and medium-dose groups have a significant inhibitory effect on the frequency of antitussive in mice and both can increase the excretion of phenol red to varying degrees, indicating that SD has good cough-relieving and expectorant effect. The present study suggests a scientific basis and basis for the clinical research and quality standard formulation of SD.

scholarly journals Structural elucidation of lignins from corncob acid hydrolysis residue by enzymatic mild acidolysis and deep eutectic solvent pretreatment

BioResources ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 4362-4372
Author(s):  
Na Li ◽  
Chao Cao ◽  
Lupeng Shao ◽  
Chao Wang ◽  
Yu Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acid Hydrolysis ◽  
31P Nmr ◽  
Structural Characteristics ◽  
Choline Chloride ◽  
Deep Eutectic Solvent ◽  
Gel Permeation Chromatography ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Efficient Extraction ◽  
Hydrolysis Residue

Achieving mild and efficient extraction of high purity lignin from corncob acid hydrolysis residue is essential for efficient lignin application. In this study, enzymatic/mild acidolysis lignin (EMAL) and deep eutectic solvent (DES)-lignin were extracted from corncob acid hydrolysis residue. The structural features of the two lignin fractions were investigated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), gel permeation chromatography (GPC), and 31P-nuclear magnetic resonance (31P-NMR). The highest DES-lignin yield of 58.8 wt% was achieved at 120 °C with a choline chloride-to-lactic acid (ChCl-to-Lac) molar ratio of 1:10 and a reaction time of 12 h. The FTIR analysis indicated a higher amount of guaiacyl units in EMAL than DES-lignin. Furthermore, condensation and fragmentation occurred simultaneously under DES pretreatment, but the fragmentation reaction was dominant. The structural characteristics investigated will allow for more effective lignin usage.

scholarly journals Effect of Extraction Time on Unreacted Oil Removal in Biodiesel Purification Using Deep Eutectic Solvent

REAKTOR ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 122
Author(s):  
Helda Niawanti ◽  
Siti Zullaikah
Keyword(s):  
Rice Bran Oil ◽  
Choline Chloride ◽  
Deep Eutectic Solvent ◽  
Acid Methyl Ester ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Extraction Time ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Oil Removal ◽  
Oil Purification

Rice bran oil (RBO) based biodiesel contains unreacted oil such as monoglyceride (MG), diglyceride (DG) and triglyceride (TG) to be purified. The liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) method was used for purification using Deep Eutectic Solvent (DES). The objective of this work was to study the effect of extraction time on unreacted oil removal. RBO containing 16.49% oil with free fatty acids (FFA) content of 44.75%. Acid catalyzed methanolysis was used for biodiesel production under operating conditions: T = 60°C, t = 8 hours, molar ratio of oil/methanol  was 1/10, H2SO4 1% w/w of RBO. Crude biodiesel containing 89.05% fatty acid methyl ester (FAME), 0.05% FFA, TG 4.03%, DG 4.01%  and MG 0.30%. DES was made from choline chloride and ethylene glycol with 1/2 molar ratio, while molar ratio of biodiesel/DES was 1/2. The extraction time was varied from 15 to 240 minutes at 30°C. The highest TG, DG and MG removal were obtained at 240 minutes, they were 3.01%, 0.22% and 0.03%, respectively. FAME and FFA content were 96.55% and 0.03%. Keywords: biodiesel; DES; extraction; unreacted oil; purification

scholarly journals Characterization of Lignin Extracted from Willow by Deep Eutectic Solvent Treatments

Polymers ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 869 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gaojin Lyu ◽  
Tengfei Li ◽  
Xingxiang Ji ◽  
Guihua Yang ◽  
Yu Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Choline Chloride ◽  
Deep Eutectic Solvent ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Total Phenolic ◽  
Aryl Ether ◽  
Hydroxyl Content ◽  
Force Microscopy ◽  
Molecular Weights ◽  
Lignin Extraction

Purity, morphology, and structural characterization of synthesized deep eutectic solvent (DES)-lignins (D6h, D9h, D12h, D18h, D24h) extracted from willow (Salix matsudana cv. Zhuliu) after treatment with a 1:10 molar ratio of choline chloride and lactic acid at 120 °C for 6, 9, 12, 18, and 24 h were carried out. The purity of DES-lignin was ~95.4%. The proportion of hydrogen (H) in DES-lignin samples increased from 4.22% to 6.90% with lignin extraction time. The DES-lignin samples had low number/weight average molecular weights (1348.1/1806.7 to 920.2/1042.5 g/mol, from D6h to D24h) and low particle sizes (702–400 nm). Atomic force microscopy (AFM) analysis demonstrated that DES-lignin nanoparticles had smooth surfaces and diameters of 200–420 nm. Syringyl (S) units were dominant, and total phenolic hydroxyl content and total hydroxyl content reached their highest values of 2.05 and 3.42 mmol·g−1 in D12h and D6h, respectively. β-Aryl ether (β-O-4) linkages were eliminated during DES treatment.

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