scholarly journals Role of Acupuncture in the Management of Severe Acquired Brain Injuries (sABIs)

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Loredana Cavalli ◽  
Lucia Briscese ◽  
Tiziana Cavalli ◽  
Paolo Andre ◽  
Maria Chiara Carboncini
Keyword(s):  
Brain Injuries ◽  
Neuronal Regeneration ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
Rehabilitative Treatment ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Nervous System Activity ◽  
Neurologic Disorders ◽  
Central Nervous System Activity ◽  
The Brain

Acupuncture therapy has been used to treat several disorders in Asian countries and its use is increasing in Western countries as well. Current literature assessed the safety and efficacy of acupuncture in the acute management and rehabilitation of patients with neurologic disorders. In this paper, the role of acupuncture in the treatment of acute severe acquired brain injuries is described, acting on neuroinflammation, intracranial oedema, oxidative stress, and neuronal regeneration. Moreover, beneficial effects of acupuncture on subacute phase and chronic outcomes have been reported in controlling the imbalance of IGF-1 hormone and in decreasing spasticity, pain, and the incidence of neurovegetative crisis. Moreover, acupuncture may have a positive action on the arousal recovery. Further work is needed to understand the effects of specific acupoints on the brain. Allegedly concurrent neurophysiological measurements (e.g., EEG) may help in studying acupuncture-related changes in central nervous system activity and determining its potential as an add-on rehabilitative treatment for patients with consciousness disorders.

Zebrafish as a translational regeneration model to study the activation of neural stem cells and role of their environment

2018 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcello Ceci ◽  
Vittoria Mariano ◽  
Nicla Romano
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Stem Cell ◽  
Nervous Tissue ◽  
Brain Injuries ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Cell Activity ◽  
Neuronal Regeneration ◽  
Cell Niche ◽  
The Brain

AbstractThe review is an overview of the current knowledge of neuronal regeneration properties in mammals and fish. The ability to regenerate the damaged parts of the nervous tissue has been demonstrated in all vertebrates. Notably, fish and amphibians have the highest capacity for neurogenesis, whereas reptiles and birds are able to only regenerate specific regions of the brain, while mammals have reduced capacity for neurogenesis. Zebrafish (Danio rerio) is a promising model of study because lesions in the brain or complete cross-section of the spinal cord are followed by an effective neuro-regeneration that successfully restores the motor function. In the brain and the spinal cord of zebrafish, stem cell activity is always able to re-activate the molecular programs required for central nervous system regeneration. In mammals, traumatic brain injuries are followed by reduced neurogenesis and poor axonal regeneration, often insufficient to functionally restore the nervous tissue, while spinal injuries are not repaired at all. The environment that surrounds the stem cell niche constituted by connective tissue and stimulating factors, including pro-inflammation molecules, seems to be a determinant in triggering stem cell proliferation and/or the trans-differentiation of connective elements (mainly fibroblasts). Investigating and comparing the neuronal regeneration in zebrafish and mammals may lead to a better understanding of the mechanisms behind neurogenesis, and the failure of the regenerative response in mammals, first of all, the role of inflammation, considered the main inhibitor of the neuronal regeneration.

scholarly journals From Exercise to Cognitive Performance: Role of Irisin

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (15) ◽  
pp. 7120
Author(s):  
Mirko Pesce ◽  
Irene La Fratta ◽  
Teresa Paolucci ◽  
Alfredo Grilli ◽  
Antonia Patruno ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
The Elderly ◽  
Peroxisome Proliferator ◽  
Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
General Exercise ◽  
Fibronectin Type Iii ◽  
Exercise Induced ◽  
Fibronectin Type Iii Domain ◽  
The Brain

The beneficial effects of exercise on the brain are well known. In general, exercise offers an effective way to improve cognitive function in all ages, particularly in the elderly, who are considered the most vulnerable to neurodegenerative disorders. In this regard, myokines, hormones secreted by muscle in response to exercise, have recently gained attention as beneficial mediators. Irisin is a novel exercise-induced myokine, that modulates several bodily processes, such as glucose homeostasis, and reduces systemic inflammation. Irisin is cleaved from fibronectin type III domain containing 5 (FNDC5), a transmembrane precursor protein expressed in muscle under the control of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α). The FNDC5/irisin system is also expressed in the hippocampus, where it stimulates the expression of the neurotrophin brain-derived neurotrophic factor in this area that is associated with learning and memory. In this review, we aimed to discuss the role of irisin as a key mediator of the beneficial effects of exercise on synaptic plasticity and memory in the elderly, suggesting its roles within the main promoters of the beneficial effects of exercise on the brain.

An overview on therapeutic role of Diferuloylmethane (Curcumin) in Azheimer’s disease and sleep disorders

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Hoor Shumail ◽  
Shah Khalid ◽  
Taha Alqahtani ◽  
Mubarak Algahtany ◽  
M. Azhar Ud Din ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Daily Routine ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
Comprehensive Overview ◽  
Active Model ◽  
Progression Of Disease ◽  
Inflammatory Drugs ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Model Drug ◽  
The Brain

Curcumin is widely used in spices in Asia. It has been widely explored for various diseases as therapeutic agent. Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease associated with dementia and cognitive disabilities. With the progression of disease, various changes appear in the brain cells that greatly affect the daily routine of the patient including sleep-wake disturbances. In the last few decades, extensive research has been carried out on this disease suggesting the development of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for its treatment. Since long, turmeric has been used in Asian countries as a home remedy for treating various ailments. Curcumin is an active ingredient isolated from the turmeric plant and is composed of curcuminoids. Because of its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-apoptotic and neuroprotective properties, curcumin can be safely administered to stop the progression of dementia and can be used for the development of such drugs that can reverse the neurotic damage caused by AD. This review article provides a comprehensive overview on the research carried out for AD using curcumin as active model drug.

scholarly journals MSC Secretome as a Promising Tool for Neuroprotection and Neuroregeneration in a Model of Intracerebral Hemorrhage

Pharmaceutics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 2031
Author(s):  
Maxim Karagyaur ◽  
Stalik Dzhauari ◽  
Nataliya Basalova ◽  
Natalia Aleksandrushkina ◽  
Georgy Sagaradze ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intracerebral Hemorrhage ◽  
Neurological Outcome ◽  
Multipotent Mesenchymal Stromal Cells ◽  
Lesion Volume ◽  
Therapeutic Approaches ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Tissue Repair And Regeneration ◽  
Promising Tool ◽  
Neurologic Disorders ◽  
The Brain

Multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are considered to be critical contributors to injured tissue repair and regeneration, and MSC-based therapeutic approaches have been applied to many peripheral and central neurologic disorders. It has been demonstrated that the beneficial effects of MSC are mainly mediated by the components of their secretome. In the current study, we have explored the neuroprotective potential of the MSC secretome in a rat model of intracerebral hemorrhage and shown that a 10-fold concentrated secretome of human MSC and its combination with the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) provided a better survival and neurological outcome of rats within 14 days of intracerebral hemorrhage compared to the negative (non-treated) and positive (BDNF) control groups. We found that it was due to the ability of MSC secretome to stimulate neuron survival under conditions of glutamate-induced neurotoxicity. However, the lesion volume did not shrink in these rats, and this also correlated with prominent microglia activation. We hypothesize that this could be caused by the species-specificity of the used MSC secretome and provide evidence to confirm this. Thus, we have found that allogenic rat MSC secretome was more effective than xenogenic human MSC secretome in the rat intracerebral hemorrhage model: it reduced the volume of the lesion and promoted excellent survival and neurological outcome of the treated rats.

scholarly journals Neural Underpinnings of Obesity: The Role of Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in the Brain

Antioxidants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 1018
Author(s):  
Caitlyn A. Mullins ◽  
Ritchel B. Gannaban ◽  
Md Shahjalal Khan ◽  
Harsh Shah ◽  
Md Abu B. Siddik ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Energy Homeostasis ◽  
Dorsal Striatum ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Obesity Prevalence ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
The Brain

Obesity prevalence is increasing at an unprecedented rate throughout the world, and is a strong risk factor for metabolic, cardiovascular, and neurological/neurodegenerative disorders. While low-grade systemic inflammation triggered primarily by adipose tissue dysfunction is closely linked to obesity, inflammation is also observed in the brain or the central nervous system (CNS). Considering that the hypothalamus, a classical homeostatic center, and other higher cortical areas (e.g. prefrontal cortex, dorsal striatum, hippocampus, etc.) also actively participate in regulating energy homeostasis by engaging in inhibitory control, reward calculation, and memory retrieval, understanding the role of CNS oxidative stress and inflammation in obesity and their underlying mechanisms would greatly help develop novel therapeutic interventions to correct obesity and related comorbidities. Here we review accumulating evidence for the association between ER stress and mitochondrial dysfunction, the main culprits responsible for oxidative stress and inflammation in various brain regions, and energy imbalance that leads to the development of obesity. Potential beneficial effects of natural antioxidant and anti-inflammatory compounds on CNS health and obesity are also discussed.

Drugs and Drug Policy

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark A.R. Kleiman ◽  
Jonathan P. Caulkins ◽  
Angela Hawken
Keyword(s):  
Drug Policy ◽  
Illicit Trade ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Control Drug ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Drugs And Crime ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Drug Free ◽  
The Brain

While there have always been norms and customs around the use of drugs, explicit public policies--regulations, taxes, and prohibitions--designed to control drug abuse are a more recent phenomenon. Those policies sometimes have terrible side-effects: most prominently the development of criminal enterprises dealing in forbidden (or untaxed) drugs and the use of the profits of drug-dealing to finance insurgency and terrorism. Neither a drug-free world nor a world of free drugs seems to be on offer, leaving citizens and officials to face the age-old problem: What are we going to do about drugs? In Drugs and Drug Policy, three noted authorities survey the subject with exceptional clarity, in this addition to the acclaimed series, What Everyone Needs to Know. They begin by, defining "drugs, " examining how they work in the brain, discussing the nature of addiction, and exploring the damage they do to users. The book moves on to policy, answering questions about legalization, the role of criminal prohibitions, and the relative legal tolerance for alcohol and tobacco. The authors then dissect the illicit trade, from street dealers to the flow of money to the effect of catching kingpins, and show the precise nature of the relationship between drugs and crime. They examine treatment, both its effectiveness and the role of public policy, and discuss the beneficial effects of some abusable substances. Finally they move outward to look at the role of drugs in our foreign policy, their relationship to terrorism, and the ugly politics that surround the issue. Crisp, clear, and comprehensive, this is a handy and up-to-date overview of one of the most pressing topics in today's world.

scholarly journals Dynamics of Choline-Containing Phospholipids in Traumatic Brain Injury and Associated Comorbidities

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (21) ◽  
pp. 11313
Author(s):  
Sana Javaid ◽  
Talha Farooq ◽  
Zohabia Rehman ◽  
Ammara Afzal ◽  
Waseem Ashraf ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Brain Injuries ◽  
Structural Integrity ◽  
Preclinical Studies ◽  
Neuronal Transmission ◽  
Expanding Population ◽  
Motorized Vehicles ◽  
The Brain ◽  
And Oxidative Stress

The incidences of traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) are increasing globally because of expanding population and increased dependencies on motorized vehicles and machines. This has resulted in increased socio-economic burden on the healthcare system, as TBIs are often associated with mental and physical morbidities with lifelong dependencies, and have severely limited therapeutic options. There is an emerging need to identify the molecular mechanisms orchestrating these injuries to life-long neurodegenerative disease and a therapeutic strategy to counter them. This review highlights the dynamics and role of choline-containing phospholipids during TBIs and how they can be used to evaluate the severity of injuries and later targeted to mitigate neuro-degradation, based on clinical and preclinical studies. Choline-based phospholipids are involved in maintaining the structural integrity of the neuronal/glial cell membranes and are simultaneously the essential component of various biochemical pathways, such as cholinergic neuronal transmission in the brain. Choline or its metabolite levels increase during acute and chronic phases of TBI because of excitotoxicity, ischemia and oxidative stress; this can serve as useful biomarker to predict the severity and prognosis of TBIs. Moreover, the effect of choline-replenishing agents as a post-TBI management strategy has been reviewed in clinical and preclinical studies. Overall, this review determines the theranostic potential of choline phospholipids and provides new insights in the management of TBI.

scholarly journals Role of Neurosonography in evaluation of brain abnormalities in neonates

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-30
Author(s):  
Vishwanath Reddy
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Edema ◽  
Brain Injuries ◽  
Periventricular Leukomalacia ◽  
Brain Abnormalities ◽  
Germinal Matrix ◽  
Congenital Lesions ◽  
High Incidence ◽  
The Brain

Background: Brain damage in preterm infants may result from a series of eventsrather than one specific insult. Maturational characteristics with a failingadaptation capacity may predispose the brain to harmful events during bothintrauterine and extrauterine life. The study aimed to detect anomalies in the brain of neonates with neurosonography. Methods : the studywas conducted on patients with clinically suspected lesions in the brain, undergoing NSG for evaluation of brain abnormalities in Prathima Institute ofmedical sciences, Karimnagar.Neurosonographic examinations were performed through anteriorfontanelle in both the coronal and sagittal planes.The examination started in the coronal plane along the coronal suture, with a transducer angled towards the frontal region. Then brain was examined invarious coronal planes by sweeping the transducer from anterior to posterior. Results : The most common abnormality found on neurosonogram in 3 – 5 days was germinal- matrix haemorrahge comprising n=13 (31%) followed by PVL n=12 (28.6%), cyst n=5 (11.9%), flaring n=5 (11.9%), cerebral edema n=4 (9.5%), congenital lesions n=2 (4.8%) and infections n=1 (2.4%). Follow up scan was performed around 2nd week of life, n=24 (57.1%) neonates were showing normal neurosonogram findings, remaining 18 (43%) showing abnormal findings, which are PVL n=6 (14.3%), GMH n=9 (21.4%), cyst n=1(2.4%), cerebral edema n=1 (2.4%) and congenital lesions n=1 (2.4%). Conclusion: High incidence of brain injuries was detected in babies born less than 32 weeks of gestation, weighing less than 1500 gm. The commonest clinical presentation was seizures followed by absent suckling and lethargy. The abnormalities found on the neurosonogram in our study were germinal matrix hemorrhage, periventricular leukomalacia, cystic PVL, corpus callosum agenesis, and TORCH infection.The mortality rate was high in grade III and grade IV GMH.10-14 days followup scan detected new cases of cystic PVL which were not diagnosed in the initial scan

scholarly journals Violation in the axis of the "microbiota of the digestive tract-brain" under conditions of ischemia-reperfusion of the brain (literature review)

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 325-332
Author(s):  
O. Tkachuk ◽  
S. Tkachuk ◽  
M. Povar ◽  
O. Denysenko ◽  
V. Shtefaniuk
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Intestinal Microbiota ◽  
Brain Injuries ◽  
Ischemia Reperfusion ◽  
T Cell Homeostasis ◽  
Ischemic Brain ◽  
Intestinal Lymphocytes ◽  
And Migration ◽  
The Brain

The aim of the study is to analyze current views concerning interrelations between the state of intestinal microbiota and the course of ischemic-reperfusion brain injury.   Conclusion. Literary data are indicative of disputable scientific opinions existing nowadays concerning the role of dysbacteriosis (neuroprotective or neurodegenerative) in the course of ischemic brain injuries. Meanwhile, the studies are in common concerning the evidenced role of the intestinal microbiota in disturbances of T-cell homeostasis, ratio changes of their Treg-Th17 subpopulations, and migration of intestinal lymphocytes to the ischemic brain.  

scholarly journals The Role of PGC-1α/UCP2 Signaling in the Beneficial Effects of Physical Exercise on the Brain

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Viviane José de Oliveira Bristot ◽  
Ana Cristina de Bem Alves ◽  
Liziane Rosa Cardoso ◽  
Débora da Luz Scheffer ◽  
Aderbal Silva Aguiar
Keyword(s):  
Physical Exercise ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
The Brain
Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document