scholarly journals High-Resolution Monthly Precipitation Fields (1913–2015) over a Complex Mountain Area Centred on the Forni Valley (Central Italian Alps)

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Golzio Alessio ◽  
Crespi Alice ◽  
Irene Maria Bollati ◽  
Senese Antonella ◽  
Guglielmina Adele Diolaiuti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Meteorological Data ◽  
Monthly Precipitation ◽  
Weather Station ◽  
Italian Alps ◽  
Mountain Area ◽  
Mountain Environments ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Precipitation Records ◽  
Good Agreement

Mountain environments are extremely influenced by climate change but are also often affected by the lack of long and high-quality meteorological data, especially in glaciated areas, which limits the ability to investigate the acting processes at local scale. For this reason, we checked a method to reconstruct high-resolution spatial distribution and temporal evolution of precipitation. The study area is centred on the Forni Glacier area (Central Italian Alps), where an automatic weather station is present since 2005. We set up a model based on monthly homogenised precipitation series and we spatialised climatologies and anomalies on a 30-arc-second-resolution DEM, using Local Weighted Linear Regression (LWLR) and Regression Kriging (RK) of precipitation versus elevation, in order to test the most suitable approach for this complex terrain area. The comparison shows that LWLR has a better reconstruction ability for winter while RK slightly prevails during summer. The results of precipitation spatialisation were compared with station observations and with data collected at the weather station on Forni Glacier, which were not used to calibrate the model. A very good agreement between observed and modelled precipitation records was pointed out for most station sites. The agreement is lower, but encouraging, for Forni Glacier station data.

scholarly journals Corrigendum to “High-Resolution Monthly Precipitation Fields (1913–2015) over a Complex Mountain Area Centred on the Forni Valley (Central Italian Alps)”

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alessio Golzio ◽  
Alice Crespi ◽  
Irene Maria Bollati ◽  
Antonella Senese ◽  
Guglielmina Adele Diolaiuti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Monthly Precipitation ◽  
Italian Alps ◽  
Mountain Area

scholarly journals Drift simulation of MH370 debris using supersensemble techniques

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Jansen ◽  
Giovanni Coppini ◽  
Nadia Pinardi
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Simulation ◽  
High Resolution ◽  
Indian Ocean ◽  
Meteorological Data ◽  
Right Wing ◽  
Multiple Model ◽  
Search Area ◽  
Extensive Search ◽  
The Right ◽  
Good Agreement

Abstract. On the 7th of March 2014 (UTC), Malaysia Airlines flight 370 vanished without a trace. The aircraft is believed to have crashed in the southern Indian Ocean, but despite extensive search operations the location of the wreckage is still unknown. The only part of the aircraft that has been recovered so far is a small piece of the right wing. It was discovered 17 months after the disappearance on the island of Réunion, approximately 4,000 km from the assumed crash site. This paper presents a numerical simulation using high resolution oceanographic and meteorological data to predict the movement of floating debris from the accident. It combines multiple model realisations into a superensemble, and includes the discovery of debris on Réunion to improve the final result. The superensemble is used to predict the distribution of debris at various moments in time. The results for the initial probability density show good agreement with the current underwater search area. Results at later times show that the most probable locations to discover washed up debris are along the African west-coast and the southeast of Australia. The debris remaining at sea from late 2015 is spread out over a wide area and its distribution changes only slowly.

Set-up and performance evaluation of a seismic rock fall observatory in the Alps

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne Schöpa ◽  
Niels Hovius ◽  
Jens Turowski
Keyword(s):  
Data Storage ◽  
Meteorological Data ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Monitoring Network ◽  
Rock Fall ◽  
Environmental Drivers ◽  
Rock Falls ◽  
Alpine Valley ◽  
Mountain Environments ◽  
Set Up

<p>Rock falls are important agents of erosion shaping the topography of bedrock slopes. Despite the considerable attention rock falls get when causing damage we still lack detailed information about the triggers, lag times, seasonal and elevation-dependent rock fall occurrence. This is due to the difficulty in observing rockfalls directly as the mobilisation of rock masses occurs rapidly, infrequently and distributed at a priori unknown locations. To identify seasonal and elevation-dependent rock fall activities and characteristics and their environmental drivers and triggers in an alpine setting, we have operated a monitoring network to detect and classify rock falls in the Reintal valley, German Alps, since 2014. The Reintal is an Alpine valley in the Wetterstein massif close to the Zugspitze, Germany’s highest mountain. The Reintal observatory produces nearly continuous datasets of seismic, meteorological and camera data. To our knowledge, these datasets are one of a few that permit a systematic study of rockfall patterns and their controls over a period of several years in an alpine setting.</p><p>In this contribution, we present the layout of the observatory and the instrumental network. Six seismometers record the motion of the ground; different types of seismic signals are shown and their sources discussed. This is done in combination with the meteorological data of the two weather stations in the valley and the images of the optical and infrared cameras of the observatory. We evaluate the performance, limitations and capabilities of the observatory. In addition, we discuss how we dealt with challenges such as power consumption of the instruments in the field, data storage and data loss. Our experience with the set-up and maintenance of the observatory can help guide the design and construction of other observatories in mountain environments.</p>

Sediment dynamics in glacierized catchments: a comparison study from two proglacial streams in the Sulden catchment (Eastern Italian Alps)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Engel ◽  
Velio Coviello ◽  
Anuschka Buter ◽  
Ricardo Carillo ◽  
Sushuke Miyata ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Meteorological Data ◽  
Sediment Dynamics ◽  
Dilution Method ◽  
Weather Station ◽  
Stable Water Isotopes ◽  
Runoff Generation ◽  
Italian Alps ◽  
Ice Melt ◽  
Strongly Connected ◽  
Order Of Magnitude

<p>Sediment dynamics of proglacial streams are strongly connected to meltwater contributions, supply and activation of sediments from subglacial and periglacial reservoirs. In this context, the present study investigates and compares these dynamics at two proglacial streams with respect to discharge, bedload rates, suspension, and runoff generation. The study area is the upper Solda-Sulden catchment in the Eastern Italian Alps (14 km² drainage area, 38 % of glacier cover, elevation range between 2225 and 3905 m a.s.l.).</p><p>From June to September 2017, 2018, and 2019, two proglacial streams from the Eastern Solda-Sulden glacier (almost without debris-cover) and the Western Solda-Sulden glacier (heavily debris-covered) were monitored. We performed bi-weekly to monthly sampling of bedload (by Bunte samplers), suspended sediment content (SSC), stable water isotopes (δ<sup>2</sup>H and δ<sup>18</sup>O), and electrical conductivity (EC). During each sampling event, we measured water stages and carried out discharge measurements derived from salt dilution method. Meteorological data were measured at the Madritsch automatic weather station at 2825 m a.s.l. and at a temporary weather station installed on the Western Sulden glacier at about 2625 m a.s.l..</p><p>At the Eastern Sulden proglacial stream, we collected 32 bedload samples, which correspond to about 32 kg. The discharge during sampling ranged from 0.03 m<sup>3</sup> s<sup>-1</sup> to 2.1 m<sup>3</sup> s<sup>-1</sup> and led to bedload rates ranging between 0.002 kg min<sup>-1</sup> m<sup>-1</sup> and 6.7 kg min<sup>-1</sup> m<sup>-1</sup> in August 2018. At the Western Sulden proglacial stream, total weight of bedload samples amounted to about 332 kg (n = 56). The minimum and maximum discharge measured were 0.27 m<sup>3</sup> s<sup>-1 </sup>to 4.7 m<sup>3</sup> s<sup>-1</sup>, respectively. Bedload rates were much higher than those at the previous stream and ranged from 2 x 10<sup>-4</sup> m<sup>3</sup> s<sup>-1 </sup>to a maximum bedload rate of 248 kg min<sup>-1</sup> m<sup>-1</sup> in July 2019. Tracer-based runoff calculations (using δ<sup>2</sup>H) estimated up to 65 % ± 12 of ice melt contribution during the highest bedload rates, indicating that bedload rates were strongly controlled by ice melt contributions. At the daily scale, we generally observed that highest discharges in the afternoon temporally coincided with highest bedload rates. A change of one order of magnitude of discharge increased the bedload rates by one or two orders of magnitude.</p><p>However, in the case of the Eastern Sulden proglacial stream, sudden cloud overcast had an immediate effect on the sediment activation while discharges remained unaffected. Longer-period trends in bedload rate are also likely correlated with air temperature and radiation, suggesting a complex climatic control of sediment transport.</p><p>These results will help to better understand the important drivers and sensitivities of sediment dynamics in proglacial streams, thus supporting water and sediment management in glacierized catchments.</p>

Low-Loss Images in a Stem/Tem Microscope

1976 ◽  
Vol 34 ◽  
pp. 496-497 ◽  
Author(s):  
David C. Joy ◽  
Dennis M. Maher
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Surface Topography ◽  
Beam Direction ◽  
Low Loss ◽  
Specimen Holder ◽  
Glancing Angle ◽  
High Resolution Images ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Conventional Manner ◽  
Objective Type

High-resolution images of the surface topography of solid specimens can be obtained using the low-loss technique of Wells. If the specimen is placed inside a lens of the condenser/objective type, then it has been shown that the lens itself can be used to collect and filter the low-loss electrons. Since the probeforming lenses in TEM instruments fitted with scanning attachments are of this type, low-loss imaging should be possible.High-resolution, low-loss images have been obtained in a JEOL JEM 100B fitted with a scanning attachment and a thermal, fieldemission gun. No modifications were made to the instrument, but a wedge-shaped, specimen holder was made to fit the side-entry, goniometer stage. Thus the specimen is oriented initially at a glancing angle of about 30° to the beam direction. The instrument is set up in the conventional manner for STEM operation with all the lenses, including the projector, excited.

MODELING THE SOUTH ATLANTIC OCEAN FROM MEDIUM TO HIGH RESOLUTION

2014 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariela Gabioux ◽  
Vladimir Santos da Costa ◽  
Joao Marcos Azevedo Correia de Souza ◽  
Bruna Faria de Oliveira ◽  
Afonso De Moraes Paiva
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Atlantic Ocean ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
South Atlantic ◽  
Surface Relaxation ◽  
The South ◽  
Small Surface ◽  
Basic Model ◽  
Basic Set ◽  
Set Up

Results of the basic model configuration of the REMO project, a Brazilian approach towards operational oceanography, are discussed. This configuration consists basically of a high-resolution eddy-resolving, 1/12 degree model for the Metarea V, nested in a medium-resolution eddy-permitting, 1/4 degree model of the Atlantic Ocean. These simulations performed with HYCOM model, aim for: a) creating a basic set-up for implementation of assimilation techniques leading to ocean prediction; b) the development of hydrodynamics bases for environmental studies; c) providing boundary conditions for regional domains with increased resolution. The 1/4 degree simulation was able to simulate realistic equatorial and south Atlantic large scale circulation, both the wind-driven and the thermohaline components. The high resolution simulation was able to generate mesoscale and represent well the variability pattern within the Metarea V domain. The BC mean transport values were well represented in the southwestern region (between Vitória-Trinidade sea mount and 29S), in contrast to higher latitudes (higher than 30S) where it was slightly underestimated. Important issues for the simulation of the South Atlantic with high resolution are discussed, like the ideal place for boundaries, improvements in the bathymetric representation and the control of bias SST, by the introducing of a small surface relaxation. In order to make a preliminary assessment of the model behavior when submitted to data assimilation, the Cooper & Haines (1996) method was used to extrapolate SSH anomalies fields to deeper layers every 7 days, with encouraging results.

scholarly journals Laboratory Measurements of Light Scattering by Dust Particles

1996 ◽  
Vol 150 ◽  
pp. 409-413
Author(s):  
Patrick P. Combet ◽  
Philippe L. Lamy
Keyword(s):  
Light Scattering ◽  
Laser Beam ◽  
Mie Theory ◽  
Spherical Particles ◽  
Dust Particles ◽  
Laboratory Measurements ◽  
Scattering Function ◽  
Hene Laser ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Good Agreement

AbstractWe have set up an experimental device to optically study the scattering properties of dust particles. Measurements over the 8 — 174° interval of scattering angles are performed on a continuously flowing dust loaded jet illuminated by a polarized red HeNe laser beam. The scattering is averaged over the population of the dust particles in the jet, which can be determined independently, and give the “volume scattering function” for the two directions of polarization directly. While results for spherical particles are in good agreement with Mie theory, those for arbitrary particles show conspicuous deviations.

scholarly journals How can remote sensing techniques help monitoring the vine and maximize the terroir potential?

2018 ◽  
Vol 50 ◽  
pp. 02007
Author(s):  
Cecile Tondriaux ◽  
Anne Costard ◽  
Corinne Bertin ◽  
Sylvie Duthoit ◽  
Jérôme Hourdel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
High Resolution ◽  
Satellite Images ◽  
Sampling Strategy ◽  
Wine Quality ◽  
Wine Production ◽  
Spectral Bands ◽  
High Resolution Satellite Images ◽  
Remote Sensing Techniques ◽  
Set Up

In each winegrowing region, the winegrower tries to value its terroir and the oenologists do their best to produce the best wine. Thanks to new remote sensing techniques, it is possible to implement a segmentation of the vineyard according to the qualitative potential of the vine stocks and make the most of each terroir to improve wine quality. High resolution satellite images are processed in several spectral bands and algorithms set-up specifically for the Oenoview service allow to estimate vine vigour and a heterogeneity index that, used together, directly reflect the vineyard oenological potential. This service is used in different terroirs in France (Burgundy, Languedoc, Bordeaux, Anjou) and in other countries (Chile, Spain, Hungary and China). From this experience, we will show how remote sensing can help managing vine and wine production in all covered terroirs. Depending on the winegrowing region and its specificities, its use and results present some differences and similarities that we will highlight. We will give an overview of the method used, the advantage of implementing field intra-or inter-selection and how to optimize the use of amendment and sampling strategy as well as how to anticipate the whole vineyard management.

The Reduction of Bias Error in Transfer Function Estimates Using FFT-Based Analyzers

1984 ◽  
Vol 106 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Cawley
Keyword(s):  
Transfer Function ◽  
Random Excitation ◽  
Analogue Computer ◽  
Bias Error ◽  
Testing Time ◽  
Theoretical Predictions ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Modal Mass ◽  
Time Required ◽  
Good Agreement

The susceptibility to bias error of two methods for computing transfer (frequency response) functions from spectra produced by FFT-based analyzers using random excitation has been investigated. Results from tests with an FFT analyzer on a single degree-of-freedom system set up on an analogue computer show good agreement with the theoretical predictions. It has been shown that, around resonance, the bias error in the transfer function estimate H2 (Syy/Sxy*) is considerably less than that in the more commonly used estimate, H1 (Sxy/Sxx). The record length, and hence the testing time, required for a given accuracy is reduced by over 50 percent if the H2 calculation procedure is used. The analysis has also shown that if shaker excitation is used on lightly damped structures with low modal mass, it is important to minimize the mass of the force gage and the moving element of the shaker.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document