scholarly journals Probiotic Species in the Modulation of Gut Microbiota: An Overview

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Md. Abul Kalam Azad ◽  
Manobendro Sarker ◽  
Tiejun Li ◽  
Jie Yin
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Coliform Bacteria ◽  
Degenerative Diseases ◽  
Future Perspectives ◽  
Available Nutrients ◽  
Complex Ecosystem ◽  
Microbial Strains ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel

Probiotics are microbial strains that are beneficial to health, and their potential has recently led to a significant increase in research interest in their use to modulate the gut microbiota. The animal gut is a complex ecosystem of host cells, microbiota, and available nutrients, and the microbiota prevents several degenerative diseases in humans and animals via immunomodulation. The gut microbiota and its influence on human nutrition, metabolism, physiology, and immunity are addressed, and several probiotic species and strains are discussed to improve the understanding of modulation of gut microbiota. This paper provides a broad review of several Lactobacillus spp., Bifidobacterium spp., and other coliform bacteria as the most promising probiotic species and their role in the prevention of degenerative diseases, such as obesity, diabetes, cancer, cardiovascular diseases, malignancy, liver disease, and inflammatory bowel disease. This review also discusses a recent study of Saccharomyces spp. in which inflammation was prevented by promotion of proinflammatory immune function via the production of short-chain fatty acids. A summary of gut microbiota alteration with future perspectives is also provided.

scholarly journals Gut Biofactory—Neurocompetent Metabolites within the Gastrointestinal Tract. A Scoping Review

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 3369 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karolina Skonieczna-Żydecka ◽  
Karolina Jakubczyk ◽  
Dominika Maciejewska-Markiewicz ◽  
Katarzyna Janda ◽  
Karolina Kaźmierczak-Siedlecka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Literature Search ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Mental Wellbeing ◽  
Human Organism ◽  
Search Terms ◽  
Complex Ecosystem ◽  
Tryptophan Catabolites ◽  
Scientific Attention ◽  
New Compounds

The gut microbiota have gained much scientific attention recently. Apart from unravelling the taxonomic data, we should understand how the altered microbiota structure corresponds to functions of this complex ecosystem. The metabolites of intestinal microorganisms, especially bacteria, exert pleiotropic effects on the human organism and contribute to the host systemic balance. These molecules play key roles in regulating immune and metabolic processes. A subset of them affect the gut brain axis signaling and balance the mental wellbeing. Neurotransmitters, short chain fatty acids, tryptophan catabolites, bile acids and phosphatidylcholine, choline, serotonin, and L-carnitine metabolites possess high neuroactive potential. A scoping literature search in PubMed/Embase was conducted up until 20 June 2020, using three major search terms “microbiota metabolites” AND “gut brain axis” AND “mental health”. This review aimed to enhance our knowledge regarding the gut microbiota functional capacity, and support current and future attempts to create new compounds for future clinical interventions.

scholarly journals Inflammatory and Microbiota-Related Regulation of the Intestinal Epithelial Barrier

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giovanni Barbara ◽  
Maria Raffaella Barbaro ◽  
Daniele Fuschi ◽  
Marta Palombo ◽  
Francesca Falangone ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Cell Damage ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
The Body ◽  
Epithelial Barrier ◽  
Intestinal Epithelial ◽  
Intestinal Epithelial Barrier ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel ◽  
Irritable Bowel

The intestinal epithelial barrier (IEB) is one of the largest interfaces between the environment and the internal milieu of the body. It is essential to limit the passage of harmful antigens and microorganisms and, on the other side, to assure the absorption of nutrients and water. The maintenance of this delicate equilibrium is tightly regulated as it is essential for human homeostasis. Luminal solutes and ions can pass across the IEB via two main routes: the transcellular pathway or the paracellular pathway. Tight junctions (TJs) are a multi-protein complex responsible for the regulation of paracellular permeability. TJs control the passage of antigens through the IEB and have a key role in maintaining barrier integrity. Several factors, including cytokines, gut microbiota, and dietary components are known to regulate intestinal TJs. Gut microbiota participates in several human functions including the modulation of epithelial cells and immune system through the release of several metabolites, such as short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). Mediators released by immune cells can induce epithelial cell damage and TJs dysfunction. The subsequent disruption of the IEB allows the passage of antigens into the mucosa leading to further inflammation. Growing evidence indicates that dysbiosis, immune activation, and IEB dysfunction have a role in several diseases, including irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and gluten-related conditions. Here we summarize the interplay between the IEB and gut microbiota and mucosal immune system and their involvement in IBS, IBD, and gluten-related disorders.

scholarly journals Gut microbiota: friend or foe

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 322
Author(s):  
Ansh Chaudhary ◽  
Shubhi Shubhangi Bhatnagar ◽  
Meghna Prashant Nair ◽  
Bhupendra Chaudhary
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Intestinal Tract ◽  
Gi Tract ◽  
Disease Etiology ◽  
System Protection ◽  
Complex Ecosystem ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel ◽  
Spectrum Disorders ◽  
Irritable Bowel ◽  
Gastro Intestinal Tract

Comprising of trillions of various bacteria, protozoan, fungi and viruses, the gut microbiota live in human body as a super complex ecosystem mostly in gastro intestinal tract (70%). Apart from GI tract they also inhabit skin, mouth and sexual organs as an essential ecological community of commensal, symbiotic or even pathogenic relationship. These microbiota interplay with bodily immune, endocrinal, metabolic and nervous system and produces various pathological changes responsible for disease etiology. These microbiota play a major role in digestion and absorption of macro molecules, maturation of immune system, protection of gut and behavioural development of an individual. In gut disorders like inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) or irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) the altered brain axis is responsible for disorders like depression, anxiety, schizoaffective disorders, autistic spectrum disorders, multiple sclerosis and parkinson’s disease. 

scholarly journals Non-Digestible Oligosaccharides and Short Chain Fatty Acids as Therapeutic Targets against Enterotoxin-Producing Bacteria and Their Toxins

Toxins ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 175
Author(s):  
Mostafa Asadpoor ◽  
Georgia-Nefeli Ithakisiou ◽  
Paul A. J. Henricks ◽  
Roland Pieters ◽  
Gert Folkerts ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Structural Characteristics ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Short Chain ◽  
Bacterial Pathogenicity ◽  
Cell Immunity ◽  
Chain Fatty Acids

Enterotoxin-producing bacteria (EPB) have developed multiple mechanisms to disrupt gut homeostasis, and provoke various pathologies. A major part of bacterial cytotoxicity is attributed to the secretion of virulence factors, including enterotoxins. Depending on their structure and mode of action, enterotoxins intrude the intestinal epithelium causing long-term consequences such as hemorrhagic colitis. Multiple non-digestible oligosaccharides (NDOs), and short chain fatty acids (SCFA), as their metabolites produced by the gut microbiota, interact with enteropathogens and their toxins, which may result in the inhibition of the bacterial pathogenicity. NDOs characterized by diverse structural characteristics, block the pathogenicity of EPB either directly, by inhibiting bacterial adherence and growth, or biofilm formation or indirectly, by promoting gut microbiota. Apart from these abilities, NDOs and SCFA can interact with enterotoxins and reduce their cytotoxicity. These anti-virulent effects mostly rely on their ability to mimic the structure of toxin receptors and thus inhibiting toxin adherence to host cells. This review focuses on the strategies of EPB and related enterotoxins to impair host cell immunity, discusses the anti-pathogenic properties of NDOs and SCFA on EPB functions and provides insight into the potential use of NDOs and SCFA as effective agents to fight against enterotoxins.

scholarly journals Barley Leaf Insoluble Dietary Fiber Alleviated Dextran Sulfate Sodium-Induced Mice Colitis by Modulating Gut Microbiota

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 846
Author(s):  
Meiling Tian ◽  
Daotong Li ◽  
Chen Ma ◽  
Yu Feng ◽  
Xiaosong Hu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Dietary Fiber ◽  
Intestinal Microbiota ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Soluble Dietary Fiber ◽  
Insoluble Dietary Fiber ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Barley Leaf ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel ◽  
Secondary Bile Acids

Supplementation of dietary fiber has been proved to be an effective strategy to prevent and relieve inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) through gut microbiota modulation. However, more attention has been paid to the efficacy of soluble dietary fiber than that of insoluble dietary fiber (IDF). In the present study, we investigated whether IDF from barley leaf (BLIDF) can inhibit gut inflammation via modulating the intestinal microbiota in DSS-induced colitis mice. The mice were fed 1.52% BLIDF-supplemented diet for 28 days. Results demonstrated that feeding BLIDF markedly mitigated DSS-induced acute colitis symptoms and down-regulated IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-1β levels in the colon and serum of colitis mice. BLIDF supplementation effectively reduced the abundance of Akkermansia and increased the abundance of Parasutterella, Erysipelatoclostridium, and Alistipes. Importantly, the anti-colitis effects of BLIDF were abolished when the intestinal microbiota was depleted by antibiotics. Furthermore, the targeted microbiota-derived metabolites analysis suggested that BLIDF feeding can reverse the DSS-induced decline of short-chain fatty acids and secondary bile acids in mice feces. Finally, BLIDF supplementation elevated the expression of occludin and mucin2, and decreased the expression of claudin-1 in colons of DSS-treated mice. Overall, our observations suggest that BLIDF exerts anti-inflammatory effects via modulating the intestinal microbiota composition and increasing the production of microbiota-derived metabolites.

scholarly journals Modulating the Microbiota as a Therapeutic Intervention for Type 2 Diabetes

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Nazmul Huda ◽  
Myungsuk Kim ◽  
Brian J. Bennett
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Fecal Microbiota Transplantation ◽  
Disease Status ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Microbial Metabolites ◽  
Microbial Composition

Mounting evidence suggested that the gut microbiota has a significant role in the metabolism and disease status of the host. In particular, Type 2 Diabetes (T2D), which has a complex etiology that includes obesity and chronic low-grade inflammation, is modulated by the gut microbiota and microbial metabolites. Current literature supports that unbalanced gut microbial composition (dysbiosis) is a risk factor for T2D. In this review, we critically summarize the recent findings regarding the role of gut microbiota in T2D. Beyond these associative studies, we focus on the causal relationship between microbiota and T2D established using fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) or probiotic supplementation, and the potential underlying mechanisms such as byproducts of microbial metabolism. These microbial metabolites are small molecules that establish communication between microbiota and host cells. We critically summarize the associations between T2D and microbial metabolites such as short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and trimethylamine N-Oxide (TMAO). Additionally, we comment on how host genetic architecture and the epigenome influence the microbial composition and thus how the gut microbiota may explain part of the missing heritability of T2D found by GWAS analysis. We also discuss future directions in this field and how approaches such as FMT, prebiotics, and probiotics supplementation are being considered as potential therapeutics for T2D.

scholarly journals Current and Future Perspectives on the Role of Probiotics, Prebiotics, and Synbiotics in Controlling Pathogenic Cronobacter Spp. in Infants

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alfred Ke ◽  
Valeria R. Parreira ◽  
Lawrence Goodridge ◽  
Jeffrey M. Farber
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Foodborne Pathogens ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Bacterial Pathogen ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Microbial Culture ◽  
Powdered Infant Formula ◽  
Future Perspectives ◽  
Potential Efficacy

Cronobacter species, in particular C. sakazakii, is an opportunistic bacterial pathogen implicated in the development of potentially debilitating illnesses in infants (<12months old). The combination of a poorly developed immune system and gut microbiota put infants at a higher risk of infection compared to other age groups. Probiotics and prebiotics are incorporated in powdered infant formula and, in addition to strengthening gut physiology and stimulating the growth of commensal gut microbiota, have proven antimicrobial capabilities. Postbiotics in the cell-free supernatant of a microbial culture are derived from probiotics and can also exert health benefits. Synbiotics, a mixture of probiotics and prebiotics, may provide further advantages as probiotics and gut commensals degrade prebiotics into short-chain fatty acids that can provide benefits to the host. Cell-culture and animal models have been widely used to study foodborne pathogens, but sophisticated gut models have been recently developed to better mimic the gut conditions, thus giving a more accurate representation of how various treatments can affect the survival and pathogenicity of foodborne pathogens. This review aims to summarize the current understanding on the connection between Cronobacter infections and infants, as well as highlight the potential efficacy of probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics in reducing invasive Cronobacter infections during early infancy.

scholarly journals Hemicellulose-Derived Oligosaccharides: Emerging Prebiotics in Disease Alleviation

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Uttam Kumar Jana ◽  
Naveen Kango ◽  
Brett Pletschke
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Human Microbiome ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Short Chain ◽  
Health Promoting ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel ◽  
Branched Chain ◽  
Chain Fatty Acids

The gut microbiota in the human body is an important component that plays a pivotal role in the ability of the host to prevent diseases and recover from these diseases. If the human microbiome changes for any reason, it affects the overall functioning of the host. Healthy and vigorous gut microbiota require dietary fiber supplementation. Recently, oligosaccharides have been found to play a significant role in the modulation of microbiota. Several such oligosaccharides, i.e., xylooligosaccharides (XOS), mannooligosaccharides (MOS), and arabino-xylooligosaccharides (AXOS), are derived from hemicellulosic macromolecules such as xylan, mannan, and arabino-xylan, respectively. These oligosaccharides serve as substrates for the probiotic production of health-promoting substances (short-chain fatty acids, branched chain amino acids etc.), which confer a variety of health benefits, including the prevention of some dreaded diseases. Among hemicellulose-derived oligosaccharides (HDOs), XOS have been largely explored, whereas, studies on MOS and AXOS are currently underway. HDOs, upon ingestion, help reduce morbidities by lowering populations of harmful or pathogenic bacteria. The ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters are mainly utilized for the uptake of oligosaccharides in probiotics. Butyrate generated by the selective fermentation of oligosaccharides, along with other short-chain fatty acids, reduces gut inflammation. Overall, oligosaccharides derived from hemicelluloses show a similar potential as conventional prebiotics and can be supplemented as functional foods. This review summarizes the role of HDOs in the alleviation of autoimmune diseases (inflammatory bowel disease, Crohn's disease), diabetes, urinary tract infection, cardiovascular diseases, and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) through the modulation of the gut microbiota. The mechanism of oligosaccharide utilization and disease mitigation is also explained.

scholarly journals Metabolic Influences of Gut Microbiota Dysbiosis on Inflammatory Bowel Disease

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Salma Sultan ◽  
Mohammed El-Mowafy ◽  
Abdelaziz Elgaml ◽  
Tamer A. E. Ahmed ◽  
Hebatoallah Hassan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Disease Progression ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Host Immune System ◽  
Microbial Dysbiosis ◽  
Medical Disorders ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Gut Microbiota Dysbiosis

Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are chronic medical disorders characterized by recurrent gastrointestinal inflammation. While the etiology of IBD is still unknown, the pathogenesis of the disease results from perturbations in both gut microbiota and the host immune system. Gut microbiota dysbiosis in IBD is characterized by depleted diversity, reduced abundance of short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) producers and enriched proinflammatory microbes such as adherent/invasive E. coli and H2S producers. This dysbiosis may contribute to the inflammation through affecting either the immune system or a metabolic pathway. The immune responses to gut microbiota in IBD are extensively discussed. In this review, we highlight the main metabolic pathways that regulate the host-microbiota interaction. We also discuss the reported findings indicating that the microbial dysbiosis during IBD has a potential metabolic impact on colonocytes and this may underlie the disease progression. Moreover, we present the host metabolic defectiveness that adds to the impact of symbiont dysbiosis on the disease progression. This will raise the possibility that gut microbiota dysbiosis associated with IBD results in functional perturbations of host-microbiota interactions, and consequently modulates the disease development. Finally, we shed light on the possible therapeutic approaches of IBD through targeting gut microbiome.

scholarly journals Potential Modulatory Microbiome Therapies for Prevention or Treatment of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (6) ◽  
pp. 506
Author(s):  
Daan V. Bunt ◽  
Adriaan J. Minnaard ◽  
Sahar El Aidy
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Bowel Disease ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
In Vivo Models ◽  
Gut Homeostasis ◽  
Bowel Diseases ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel

A disturbed interaction between the gut microbiota and the mucosal immune system plays a pivotal role in the development of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Various compounds that are produced by the gut microbiota, from its metabolism of diverse dietary sources, have been found to possess anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative properties in in vitro and in vivo models relevant to IBD. These gut microbiota-derived metabolites may have similar, or more potent gut homeostasis-promoting effects compared to the widely-studied short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). Available data suggest that mainly members of the Firmicutes are responsible for producing metabolites with the aforementioned effects, a phylum that is generally underrepresented in the microbiota of IBD patients. Further efforts aiming at characterizing such metabolites and examining their properties may help to develop novel modulatory microbiome therapies to treat or prevent IBD.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document