scholarly journals Genetic Diversity of Echinococcus granulosus Isolated from Humans: A Comparative Study in Two Cystic Echinococcosis Endemic Areas, Turkey and Iran

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Afshin Barazesh ◽  
Bahador Sarkari ◽  
Saeed Shahabi ◽  
Ahmed Galip Halidi ◽  
Abdurrahman Ekici ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Echinococcus Granulosus ◽  
Cystic Echinococcosis ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Transmission Cycle ◽  
Pcr Products ◽  
Northwestern Iran ◽  
East Azerbaijan ◽  
And Control ◽  
Pcr Targeting ◽  
Sheep Strain

Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is one of the most important zoonotic parasitic diseases caused by the larval stage of Echinococcus granulosus. Based on molecular studies and DNA sequencing, E. granulosus has been classified into 10 different genotypes (G1 to G10). Two neighboring countries, Turkey and Iran, are considered the two main foci of CE in the Middle East. The current study is aimed at examining the genotype diversity of E. granulosus isolated from human clinical samples in Turkey and Iran. Surgically removed human hydatid cysts were collected from East Azerbaijan and Fars provinces in Iran and Van province in Turkey. After extracting DNA, performing PCR, targeting the cox1 gene, the PCR products were purified from the gel and were sequenced from both directions. The sequences were aligned and compared, using BioEdit and also the BLAST program of GenBank. The maximum likelihood tree was constructed based on the Tamura-Nei model, using the MEGAX software. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the human isolated samples were classified into two major clades: G1 (from Iran and Turkey) and G3 (5 samples from northwestern Iran and one sample from Turkey). The mean and degree of genetic divergence (K2P) between the two major clades, G1 and G3, were 0.2% and 0.7±0.4%, respectively. The findings of the current study revealed that the sheep strain (G1) and the less important strain G3 have major roles in the transmission cycle of CE in two neighboring countries, Iran and Turkey. Therefore, it is necessary to interpose the life cycle of this parasite and reduce the disease burden in livestock and humans by adopting common regional preventive and control policies.

scholarly journals Human Cystic Echinococcosis in Lebanon: A Retrospective Study and Molecular Epidemiology

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gaelle Joanny ◽  
Maria Grazia Cappai ◽  
Francesca Nonnis ◽  
Claudia Tamponi ◽  
Giorgia Dessì ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Echinococcus Granulosus ◽  
Cystic Echinococcosis ◽  
Epidemiological Data ◽  
Sensu Stricto ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Mediterranean Countries ◽  
High Gene ◽  
Human Infections ◽  
And Control ◽  
Human Cystic Echinococcosis

Abstract Purpose Human cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a zoonotic parasitic disease that constitutes a public health challenge and a socio-economic burden in endemic areas worldwide. No specific surveillance system of CE infections in humans exists in Lebanon. The incidence and trends over time have not been documented. The current study aimed to assess the demographic and epidemiologic features of human CE surgical cases over a 14-year period in the five main regions of Lebanon. Methods From 2005 to 2018, a total of 894 surgically confirmed cases of hydatidosis were recorded from five anatomy and pathology laboratories. Results The mean annual surgical incidence was 1.23/100,000 inhabitants. Over the span of these years, the incidence increased from 0.53 to 1.94 cases/100,000 inhabitants in 2005 and 2018, respectively. CE is present in Lebanon with an uneven distribution from one region to the other with higher prevalence in Bekaa (29.0%), a rural area where sheep raising is widespread. Human CE cases were more common in females (60.1%) than in males (39.9%) and a high burden of infection was reported for the age group of 30–39 years. Besides, 66.7% of the cases expressed only liver complications whereas, 20.5% showed predilection towards lungs. The 7.8% of cases presented cysts in other organs, and 1.3% showed multiple localizations. Additionally, predominant involvement of Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto was recorded in human infections. Comparison of Echinococcus granulosus s.s. populations from different Mediterranean countries also revealed high gene flow among this region and sharing of alleles. Conclusion The current study is a step forward to fill the gap of knowledge for the hydatidosis in Lebanon where the lack of epidemiological data and control measures have resulted in higher incidence of human CE. Graphic Abstract

scholarly journals Employing NADH Dehydrogenase Subunit 1 in the Determination of Echinococcus granulosus Strain in Sheep, Cattle and Human in Thi-Qar Province, Iraq

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 0238
Author(s):  
Sarmad Awad Mozan AL-Asadi ◽  
Wesam Jasim Hansh ◽  
Abdul-Hussien Habash Awad
Keyword(s):  
Echinococcus Granulosus ◽  
Molecular Study ◽  
Molecular Techniques ◽  
Hydatid Cysts ◽  
Intermediate Hosts ◽  
Pcr Products ◽  
Nad1 Gene ◽  
The Common ◽  
Sheep Strain

Echinococcosis is a zoonotic disease caused by the larval stage of the tapeworm Echinococcus granulosus. This disease is an important public health and a significant economic issue in Iraq, where the lungs and livers are the popular places of infection. The aim of the current study focused on using the molecular techniques in the detection of an E. granulosus strain that causes cystic echinococcosis to human, sheep and cattle in Thi-Qar province, Iraq. In the current study, thirty isolates of E. granulosus were collected from 10 human hydatid cysts through surgery done at Al-Hussein Imam Teaching Hospital in Thi-Qar province and 10 sheep with 10 cattle hydatid cysts were obtained from the slaughterhouse in Thi-Qar province, Southern of Iraq to identify strains of E. granulosus which infect human and other intermediate hosts  (sheep and cattle). The molecular study was carried out on the isolates and a specific primer set for the mitochondrial dehydrogenase NADH subunit 1 (NAD1) gene was used. This primer set was amplified 400 bp of the NAD1 gene in all selected isolates. The PCR products for the twelve selected isolates of E. granulosus (4 isolates per intermediate host) were sequenced and the results for these twelve isolates showed that all sequenced isolates, except one isolate Eg_5, belonged to the sheep strain G1 and a slight genetic diversity was observed with the reference sequences of the strain G1. The exception was in the isolate Eg_5 isolated from a cattle liver, which was similar to the buffalo strain G3. This study concludes that the common E. granulosus strain in Thi-Qar province is G1.  

Echinococcus granulosus: intraspecific genetic variation assessed by a DNA repetitive element

Parasitology ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 123 (4) ◽  
pp. 381-388 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. C. ROSENZVIT ◽  
S. G. CANOVA ◽  
L. KAMENETZKY ◽  
E. A. GUARNERA
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Echinococcus Granulosus ◽  
Great Degree ◽  
Copy Number ◽  
Repetitive Element ◽  
Cystic Hydatid Disease ◽  
And Control ◽  
Cystic Hydatid ◽  
Cattle Strain ◽  
Sheep Strain

A 186 bp Echinococcus granulosus-specific repetitive element, TREg, was used to assess genetic variation between strains. In G7 genotype (pig strain) it has the characteristics of a satellite DNA element with a copy number of 23000 per haploid genome. Analysis, by sequencing of TREg monomers, showed a great degree of identity within them. In the G1 genotype (common sheep strain) TREg-like repetitive elements were found in an interspersed distribution throughout the genome and in only 120 copies. The sequences of these monomers showed a great degree of variation between them and with TREg of G7 origin. The G6 genotype (camel strain) showed a pattern of distribution and copy number similar to the G7 genotype, and the G2 genotype (Tasmanian sheep strain) similar to the G1 genotype. Isolates from the G5 (cattle strain) and G4 (horse strain) genotypes also showed unique hybridization patterns in Southern blot experiments. The genomic plasticity of E. granulosus, which may have important consequences in the epidemiology and control of cystic hydatid disease is reflected in the results of this work.

scholarly journals Histopathological and molecular confirmation of Porcine Cystic Echinococcosis (CE)/Hydatidosis in Nepal

1970 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 54-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
DD Joshi ◽  
H Yamasaki
Keyword(s):  
Mitochondrial Dna ◽  
Echinococcus Granulosus ◽  
Molecular Analysis ◽  
Cystic Echinococcosis ◽  
Dna Analysis ◽  
Histopathological Examination ◽  
Sensu Stricto ◽  
Echinococcus Granulosus Sensu Stricto ◽  
Mitochondrial Dna Analysis ◽  
Sheep Strain

Introduction: Cystic echinococcosis/hydatidosis is a cyclo-anthropozoonotic disease (parasitic infestation) of herbivorous animals and human caused by larval stage of Echinococcus tapeworm, belonging to the family Taeniidae. Dogs and some wild carnivores like foxes are definitive hosts harbouring worms in their intestine while herbivorous animals and man are intermediate host. Human acts as the dead-end host of the parasite. It is known that cystic echinococcosis in humans and pigs is prevalent in Nepal. Methods: This study was carried out in Kathmandu valley pig rearing areas. Two cysts found in the pig pancreas were examined by histopathology and molecular analysis. Results: In the histopathological examination, the laminated layers of the cystic walls were strongly stained with PAS, and protoscoleces were observed in the cyst. In the present study, it was first confirmed that two hydatid cysts found in pigs were identified as Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto (sheep strain, E. granulosus G1) by mitochondrial DNA analysis. Conclusions: Molecular analysis is indispensable not only for studying Echinococcus species associated with pathogenicity and clinical manifestation, but also for molecular epidemiology. Keywords: Echinococcosis; Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto; sheep strain; histopathology; mitochondrial DNA analysis DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/joim.v32i3.4961 Journal of Institute of Medicine, December, 2010; 32:3 54-58

The prevalence and fertility of hydatid cysts in buffaloes from Iran

2011 ◽  
Vol 86 (3) ◽  
pp. 373-377 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Amin Pour ◽  
S. H. Hosseini ◽  
P. Shayan
Keyword(s):  
Echinococcus Granulosus ◽  
Cystic Echinococcosis ◽  
Parasitic Infection ◽  
Minor Role ◽  
Hydatid Cysts ◽  
Infection Rates ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
West Azerbaijan ◽  
East Azerbaijan ◽  
A Minor

AbstractCystic echinococcosis caused by Echinococcus granulosus is considered to be an important parasitic infection in livestock. In the present study, which aimed to determine the epidemiology of hydatidosis in buffalo in Iran, slaughterhouses of West Azerbaijan (Urmia), East Azerbaijan (Tabriz), Ardabil (Ardabil), Gilan (Rasht and Hashtpar) and Khuzestan (Ahvaz) were inspected. Age, sex and infected organs were recorded separately, and the observed cysts were examined for fertility and viability. Our results showed that 344 (9%) of 3832 inspected buffaloes were infected with hydatid cysts. The maximum and minimum infection rates occurred in Khuzestan (9.9%) and Ardabil (8%) provinces, respectively. There was no significant difference in the rate of infection in all provinces. Of 344 infected buffaloes, the rate of fertility was 7.3% and the rate of viability in fertile cysts was 78.75%. Hydatid cysts were more prevalent in female compared with male buffaloes (P < 0.05). There was a positive correlation between the age and number of infected hosts in all provinces except East Azerbaijan. The prevalence of infection in lungs was significantly higher than that in the livers of buffaloes in the provinces studied (P < 0.001). In conclusion, the fertility of hydatid cysts in buffaloes was low, as previously demonstrated in cattle, and this animal may play a minor role in the epidemiology of hydatidosis in Iran.

scholarly journals Spiroplasma Infection among Ixodid Ticks Exhibits Species Dependence and Suggests a Vertical Pattern of Transmission

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 333
Author(s):  
Shohei Ogata ◽  
Wessam Mohamed Ahmed Mohamed ◽  
Kodai Kusakisako ◽  
May June Thu ◽  
Yongjin Qiu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
16S Rdna ◽  
Tick Species ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Linear Mixed Model ◽  
Horizontal Transmission ◽  
Ixodid Ticks ◽  
Infection Rates ◽  
Transmission Cycle ◽  
Frequent Event ◽  
Pcr Targeting

Members of the genus Spiroplasma are Gram-positive bacteria without cell walls. Some Spiroplasma species can cause disease in arthropods such as bees, whereas others provide their host with resistance to pathogens. Ticks also harbour Spiroplasma, but their role has not been elucidated yet. Here, the infection status and genetic diversity of Spiroplasma in ticks were investigated using samples collected from different geographic regions in Japan. A total of 712 ticks were tested for Spiroplasma infection by PCR targeting 16S rDNA, and Spiroplasma species were genetically characterized based on 16S rDNA, ITS, dnaA, and rpoB gene sequences. A total of 109 samples originating from eight tick species were positive for Spiroplasma infection, with infection rates ranging from 0% to 84% depending on the species. A linear mixed model indicated that tick species was the primary factor associated with Spiroplasma infection. Moreover, certain Spiroplasma alleles that are highly adapted to specific tick species may explain the high infection rates in Ixodes ovatus and Haemaphysalis kitaokai. A comparison of the alleles obtained suggests that horizontal transmission between tick species may not be a frequent event. These findings provide clues to understand the transmission cycle of Spiroplasma species in wild tick populations and their roles in host ticks.

scholarly journals Response patterns in adventitial layer of Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto cysts from naturally infected cattle and sheep

2021 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Hidalgo ◽  
Caroll Stoore ◽  
María Soledad Baquedano ◽  
Ismael Pereira ◽  
Carmen Franco ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Echinococcus Granulosus ◽  
Cystic Echinococcosis ◽  
Direct Contact ◽  
Sensu Stricto ◽  
Response Patterns ◽  
Granulomatous Reaction ◽  
Adventitial Layer ◽  
Laminated Layer ◽  
Cattle And Sheep

AbstractCystic echinococcosis is a zoonotic disease caused by the metacestode of Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato. The disease is characterized by the development of cystic structures inside viscera of the intermediate host, mainly liver and lungs. These cysts are formed by three layers: germinal, laminated, and adventitial layer, the latter being the local host immune response. Metacestodes that develop protoscoleces, the infective stage to the definitive host, are termed fertile, whereas cysts that do not produce protoscoleces are termed non-fertile. Sheep usually harbor fertile cysts while cattle usually harbor non-fertile cysts. Adventitial layers with fibrotic resolution are associated to fertile cysts, whereas a granulomatous reaction is associated with non-fertile cysts. The aim of this study was to analyze cellular distribution in the adventitial layer of fertile and non-fertile E. granulosus sensu stricto cysts found in liver and lungs of cattle and sheep. A total of 418 cysts were analyzed, 203 from cattle (8 fertile and 195 non-fertile) and 215 from sheep (64 fertile and 151 non-fertile). Fertile cysts from cattle showed mixed patterns of response, with fibrotic resolution and presence of granulomatous response in direct contact with the laminated layer, while sheep fertile cysts always displayed fibrotic resolution next to the laminated layer. Cattle non-fertile cysts display a granulomatous reaction in direct contact with the laminated layer, whereas sheep non-fertile cysts display a granulomatous reaction, but in direct contact with the fibrotic resolution. This shows that cattle and sheep cystic echinococcosis cysts have distinct local immune response patterns, which are associated to metacestode fertility.

Characterization of excretory–secretory products from protoscoleces of Echinococcus granulosus and evaluation of their potential for immunodiagnosis of human cystic echinococcosis

Parasitology ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 129 (3) ◽  
pp. 371-378 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. CARMENA ◽  
J. MARTÍNEZ ◽  
A. BENITO ◽  
J. A. GUISANTES
Keyword(s):  
Echinococcus Granulosus ◽  
Cystic Echinococcosis ◽  
Secretory Protein ◽  
Major Protein ◽  
Healthy Donors ◽  
Secretory Products ◽  
Protein Components ◽  
Human Cystic Echinococcosis

This study describes, for the first time, the characterization of excretory–secretory antigens (ES-Ag) from Echinococcus granulosus protoscoleces, evaluating their usefulness in the immunodiagnosis of human cystic echinococcosis. ES-Ag were obtained from the first 50 h maintenance of protoscoleces in vitro. This preparation contained over 20 major protein components which could be distinguished by 1-dimensional SDS–PAGE with apparent masses between 9 and 300 kDa. The culture of of protoscoleces from liver produced a greater variety of excretory–secretory protein components than those from lung. Determination of enzymatic activities of secreted proteins revealed the presence of phosphatases, lipases and glucosidases, but no proteases. These findings were compared to those obtained from somatic extracts of protoscoleces and hydatid cyst fluid products. Immunochemical characterization was performed by immunoblotting with sera from individuals infected by cystic echinococcosis (n=15), non-hydatidic parasitoses (n=19), various liver diseases (n=24), lung neoplasia (n=16), and healthy donors (n=18). Antigens with apparent masses of 89, 74, 47/50, 32, and 20 kDa showed specificity for immunodiagnosis of human hydatidosis. The 89 and 74 kDa components corresponded to antigens not yet described in E. granulosus, whereas proteins of 41–43 kDa and 91–95 kDa were recognized by the majority of the non-hydatid sera studied.

scholarly journals Environment, arbovirus transmission and control of epidemics

1992 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 249-253 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger Cordellier ◽  
Nicolas Degallier
Keyword(s):  
Yellow Fever Virus ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Transmission Cycle ◽  
The People ◽  
Natural Foci ◽  
Effective Role ◽  
Control Of Epidemics ◽  
And Control

In order to illustrate the relationships between the biotopes (or phytogeographical zones), arbovirus vectors and vertebrate hosts (including man), and epidemiology, current knowledge on the transmission of Yellow Fever virus in West Africa is reported. A dynamic scheme has been devised to integrate the observed geographical distribution of cases and the timing of their occurrence. Two principal areas, endemicity and epidetnicity, were defined according to the presence or absence of sylvatic monkey-mosquito transmission. The intensity and potential of contacts between humans and vectors depends on the degree of man-made changes in the environment, often increasing the extension of ecotone areas where the mosquitoes are easily biting at the ground level. Prevention and/or control of arbovirus diseases require detailed eco-epidemiological studies to determine: (1) the effective role of each potential vector in each phytogeographical region; (2) the risk factors for the people living in or near areas with a sylvatic transmission cycle; (3) the priorities - vaccination and/or control - for preventing the expansion of natural foci.

scholarly journals Simplified Fluorescent Multiplex PCR Method for Evaluation of the T-Cell Receptor Vβ-Chain Repertoire

2005 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 477-483 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sanjit Fernandes ◽  
Surendra Chavan ◽  
Vivek Chitnis ◽  
Nina Kohn ◽  
Savita Pahwa
Keyword(s):  
T Cell ◽  
Multiplex Pcr ◽  
T Cell Receptor ◽  
Cell Receptor ◽  
T Cell Subsets ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Cdr3 Length ◽  
Pcr Products ◽  
Pcr Method ◽  
T Cell Receptor Vβ

ABSTRACTRationale: evaluation of the T-cell receptor (TCR) Vβ-chain repertoire by PCR-based CDR3 length analysis allows fine resolution of the usage of the TCR Vβ repertoire and is a sensitive tool to monitor changes in the T-cell compartment. A multiplex PCR method employing 24 labeled upstream Vβ primers instead of the conventionally labeled downstream Cβ primer is described. Method: RNA was isolated from purified CD4 and CD8 T-cell subsets from umbilical cord blood and clinical samples using TRI reagent followed by reverse transcription using a Cβ primer and an Omniscript RT kit. The 24 Vβ primers were multiplexed based on compatibility and product sizes into seven reactions. cDNA was amplified using 24 Vβ primers (labeled with tetrachloro-6-cardoxyfluorescein, 6-carboxyfluorescein, and hexachloro-6-carboxyfluorescein), an unlabeled Cβ primer, and Taqgold polymerase. The fluorescent PCR products were resolved on an automated DNA sequencer and analyzed using the Genotyper 2.1 software. Results: Vβ spectratypes of excellent resolution were obtained with RNA amounts of 250 ng using the labeled Vβ primers. The resolution was superior to that obtained with the labeled Cβ primer assay. Also the numbers of PCRs were reduced to 7 from the 12 required in the Cβ labeling method, and the sample processing time was reduced by half. Conclusion: The method described for T-cell receptor Vβ-chain repertoire analysis eliminates tedious dilutions and results in superior resolution with small amounts of RNA. The fast throughput makes this method suitable for automation and offers the feasibility to perform TCR Vβ repertoire analyses in clinical trials.

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