scholarly journals Peripheral Refraction in Myopic Children with and without Atropine Usage

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Han-Yin Sun ◽  
Wei-Yang Lu ◽  
Jhen-Yu You ◽  
Hui-Ying Kuo
Keyword(s):  
Chinese Children ◽  
Spherical Equivalent ◽  
Myopia Progression ◽  
Prolate Shape ◽  
Atropine Treatment ◽  
Myopia Control

Purpose. To compare the patterns of relative peripheral refractions of myopic children who were currently on atropine treatment for myopia control and myopic children who did not use atropine. Methods. Chinese children (n = 209) aged 7 to 12 years participated in the study, 106 used atropine and 103 did not. Participants were also classified into three groups: emmetropes (SE: +0.50 to −0.50 D), low myopes (SE: −0.50 to −3.00 D), and moderate myopes (SE: −3.00 to −6.00 D). The central and peripheral refractions along the horizontal meridians (for both nasal and temporal fields) were measured in 10-degree steps to 30 degrees. Results. There were no statistically significant differences in spherical equivalent and astigmatism of the three refractive groups in either the nasal or temporal retina. The atropine group showed a significant relative myopia in the temporal 30° field in spherical equivalent compared to the emmetropic group (t49 = 3.36, P=0.02). In eyes with low myopia, the atropine group had significant relative myopia in the nasal 30° and temporal 30° fields (t118 = 2.59, P=0.01; t118 = 2.06, P=0.04), and it is also observed at 20° and 30° of the nasal field for the moderate myopic group (t36 = 2.37, P=0.02; t2.84 = 2.84, P=0.01). Conclusion. Significant differences in relative peripheral refraction were found between the atropine group and its controls. The findings suggested that the eyes that received atropine may have a less prolate shape and thus explain why using atropine is effective in controlling myopia progression.

Prevalence and risk factors of pseudomyopia in a Chinese children population: the Anyang Childhood Eye Study

2020 ◽  
pp. bjophthalmol-2020-316341
Author(s):  
Meng-Tian Kang ◽  
Catherine Jan ◽  
ShiMing Li ◽  
Mayinuer Yusufu ◽  
Xintong Liang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cohort Study ◽  
Independent Risk Factor ◽  
Chinese Children ◽  
Spherical Equivalent ◽  
Market Survey ◽  
Myopia Progression ◽  
School Based ◽  
Near Work ◽  
Myopic Progression

AimsTo investigate the prevalence and predictors of pseudomyopia in Chinese children and its association with myopia progression.MethodsA prospective, school-based, cohort study of 6- and 13-year-old children was conducted in Anyang, China. Pre-cycloplegic and post-cycloplegic autorefraction were performed at baseline and 1 year later. Pseudomyopia was defined as spherical equivalent refractive (SER) error in the better–seeing eye ≤−0.50 D before cycloplegia and >−0.50 D after cycloplegia. Among pseudomyopic children, pseudomyopic power was defined as non-cycloplegic SER subtracted from cycloplegic SER. Market survey was collected in all optometry stores in Anyang city to investigate how cycloplegia is used for refracting children.ResultsA total of 2612 children aged 6 years and 1984 children aged 13 years were included. Of the two cohorts, median cycloplegic SER (IQR) was 1.00 D (0.50, 1.38) and −1.13 D (−2.63, 0.13) respectively, myopia prevalence was 5.2% and 61.0%, pseudomyopia prevalence was 24.1% and 18.9%, and median pseudomyopic power was 1.13 D (0.63, 1.63) and 0.38 D (0.13, 0.88). In both cohorts, greater baseline hyperopia was the strongest predictor of pseudomyopia (p<0.001), whereas time spent on near work was not associated with pseudomyopic power (p>0.05). After 1 year, 15.6% (98/629) of 6-year-olds and 10.7% (40/374) of 13-year-olds with pseudomyopia developed myopia. Compared with myopes, pseudomyopic children with the same pre-cycloplegic SER had slower myopic progression (p<0.001). Among all 127 optometry stores in Anyang, only 4 (3.15%) used cycloplegia for refracting children.ConclusionPseudomyopia is more prevalent in younger, more hyperopic children. Pseudomyopia is not an independent risk factor for myopic progression in this setting.

scholarly journals Risk factors for rapid axial length elongation with low concentration atropine for myopia control

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Aicun Fu ◽  
Fiona Stapleton ◽  
Li Wei ◽  
Weiqun Wang ◽  
Bingxin Zhao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Axial Length ◽  
Pupil Diameter ◽  
Anterior Chamber Depth ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Spherical Equivalent ◽  
Regression Analyses ◽  
Multivariate Logistic Regression ◽  
Atropine Treatment ◽  
Univariate Analyses ◽  
Myopia Control

AbstractThree hundred and twenty-eight myopic children, randomized to use either 0.01% (N = 166) or 0.02% (N = 162) atropine were enrolled in this study. Gender, age, body mass index(BMI), parental myopia status, atropine concentration used, pupil diameter, amplitude of accommodation, spherical equivalent refractive error (SER), anterior chamber depth (ACD) and axial length (AL) were collected at baseline and 1 year after using atropine. Rapid AL elongation was defined as > 0.36 mm growth per year. Univariate analyses showed that children with rapid AL elongation tend to be younger, have a smaller BMI, use of 0.01% atropine, narrow ACD, lower SER, shorter AL, smaller change in pupil diameter between 1 year and baseline (all P < 0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analyses confirmed that rapid AL elongation was associated with children that were younger at baseline (P < 0.0001), use of 0.01% atropine (P = 0.04), a shorter baseline AL (P = 0.03) and a smaller change in pupil diameter between 1 year and baseline (P = 0.04). Younger children with shorter AL at baseline, less change in their pupil diameter with atropine treatment and using the lower of the two atropine concentrations may undergo rapid AL elongation over a 12 months myopia control treatment period.

scholarly journals Side effects of topical atropine 0.05% compared to 0.01% for myopia control in German school children: a pilot study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lutz Joachimsen ◽  
Navid Farassat ◽  
Tim Bleul ◽  
Daniel Böhringer ◽  
Wolf A. Lagrèze ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Visual Acuity ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Reading Difficulties ◽  
Myopia Progression ◽  
Asian Children ◽  
German School ◽  
Atropine Treatment ◽  
Near Visual Acuity ◽  
Progressive Myopia ◽  
Myopia Control

Abstract Purpose Based on findings of the Asian low-concentration atropine for myopia progression study, a concentration of 0.05% has been proposed as a good compromise between safety and efficacy for myopia control. However, no data on side effects have been published so far in Caucasian children receiving this dose. Methods Prior to commencement of bilateral atropine treatment with 0.05% atropine, 19 myopic children aged 5 to 15 years were treated in only one eye at bedtime leaving the other eye as a control. Pupil size, accommodation amplitude and near visual acuity were measured at 10:00 a.m. the next day and compared to the untreated contralateral control eye. The results were then compared to a cohort of 18 children whose treatment with 0.01% atropine commenced in a similar fashion. Results Twelve children (63%) reported visual impairment or reading difficulties. Anisocoria was 2.9 ± 1.1 mm. In comparison, 0.01% atropine led to a significantly less anisocoria of 0.8 ± 0.7 mm (p < 0.0001). Accommodation was decreased by − 4.2 ± 3.8 D in 0.05% atropine treated eyes, whereas 0.01% atropine induced hypoaccommodation of − 0.05 ± 2.5 D (p < 0.01). Near visual acuity was not significantly reduced in eyes treated with 0.05% atropine compared to 0.01% atropine (p = 0.26). Conclusion Compared to 0.01%, our data indicate stronger more relevant side effects of 0.05% topical atropine in young Caucasian children with progressive myopia as recently reported in Asian children, potentially compromising acceptance and compliance.

scholarly journals Additive effect of atropine eye drops and short-term retinal defocus on choroidal thickness in children with myopia

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel T.-H. Chiang ◽  
Philip R. K. Turnbull ◽  
John R. Phillips
Keyword(s):  
Eye Drops ◽  
Additive Effects ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Myopia Progression ◽  
Eye Growth ◽  
Slow Progression ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Atropine Treatment ◽  
Optical Defocus ◽  
Myopia Control

Abstract Atropine eye drops and myopic retinal defocus each slow progression of myopia (short-sight). They also cause thickening of the choroid, and it has been suggested that the thickening is a precursor for reduced eye growth and slowed myopia progression. We investigated whether choroidal thickening due to optical defocus would add to thickening due to atropine when both were applied simultaneously. Addition would suggest that combining the two clinical treatments may improve efficacy of myopia control. We studied 20 children receiving 0.3% atropine daily for myopia control, over a period of 6 months. We imposed short periods of retinal defocus (1 h of myopic or hyperopic defocus (± 2.00D)) both before, and after 1 week and 3 and 6 months of atropine treatment. Prior to atropine, myopic or hyperopic defocus caused significantly thicker or thinner choroids respectively (± 12 µm, p < 0.001). After one week of atropine alone, thickness had increased (+ 21 µm; SD 17 µm; p < 0.001), and it increased further (by + 13 µm; SD 6 µm; p < 0.001) when exposed to myopic defocus. Atropine abolished choroidal thinning in response to hyperopic defocus. These effects remained the same after 3 and 6 months of atropine treatment. Our results show that additive effects of atropine and optical defocus are present at the level of the choroid, and suggest that combining optical and pharmaceutical treatments is likely to enhance efficacy of clinical myopia control.

scholarly journals The Combined Effect of Low-dose Atropine with Orthokeratology in Pediatric Myopia Control: Review of the Current Treatment Status for Myopia

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 2371
Author(s):  
José-María Sánchez-González ◽  
Concepción De-Hita-Cantalejo ◽  
María-José Baustita-Llamas ◽  
María Carmen Sánchez-González ◽  
Raúl Capote-Puente
Keyword(s):  
Low Dose ◽  
Search Strategy ◽  
Web Of Science ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Current Treatment ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Myopia Progression ◽  
Atropine Treatment ◽  
Myopia Control

Pediatric myopia has become a major international public health concern. The prevalence of myopia has undergone a significant increase worldwide. The purpose of this review of the current literature was to evaluate the peer-reviewed scientific literature on the efficacy and safety of low-dose atropine treatment combined with overnight orthokeratology for myopia control. A search was conducted in Pubmed and Web of Science with the following search strategy: (atropine OR low-dose atropine OR 0.01% atropine) AND (orthokeratology OR ortho-k) AND (myopia control OR myopia progression). All included studies improved myopia control by the synergistic effect of orthokeratology with low-dose atropine, compared with orthokeratology treatment alone. All studies included a short or medium follow-up period; therefore longer-term studies are necessary to validate these results.

Intraocular pressure and myopia progression in Chinese children: the Anyang Childhood Eye Study

2018 ◽  
Vol 103 (3) ◽  
pp. 349-354
Author(s):  
Shi-Ming Li ◽  
Rafael Iribarren ◽  
He Li ◽  
Meng-Tian Kang ◽  
Luoru Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cohort Study ◽  
Intraocular Pressure ◽  
Chinese Children ◽  
Spherical Equivalent ◽  
Myopia Progression ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Ocular Biometry ◽  
School Based ◽  
The Relationship

PurposeTo explore the relationship between intraocular pressure (IOP) at baseline and myopia progression in Chinese children from the Anyang Childhood Eye Study.DesignProspective school-based cohort study.MethodsA total of 1558 grade 7 students completed the entire 2-year study. Ocular biometry, cycloplegic refractions and pneumotonometry were performed. Three years of follow-up have been completed for the children aged 12 years. The refractive groups and the tertiles of IOP were assessed by analysis of variance, to look for differences in mean values of spherical equivalent and IOP, respectively.ResultsThe children’s mean baseline IOP was 15.87±3.42 mm Hg. Mean IOP was significantly higher in girls by 0.57 mm Hg (p=0.024). In the whole sample, there was a mean change in spherical equivalent of −1.05 D over 2 years. The baseline IOP was 15.69 mm Hg in those progressing 1 D or more vs 16.09 mm Hg for those progressing <1 D (p=0.022). In the myopic group, myopes progressing >1 D had mean IOP of 15.94 vs 16.42 mm Hg for those myopes progressing 1 D or less (p=0.024).ConclusionsIn this sample of Chinese children, myopia progression over 2 years was inversely related to IOP, suggesting that IOP had essentially no relationship with myopia progression in school children. The lower IOP in progressing myopic eyes may indicate more compliant sclerae.

scholarly journals Safety and efficacy of 0.02% and 0.01% atropine on controlling myopia progression: a 2-year clinical trial

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Can Cui ◽  
Xiujuan Li ◽  
Yong Lyu ◽  
Li Wei ◽  
Bingxin Zhao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trial ◽  
Refractive Error ◽  
Pupil Diameter ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Spherical Equivalent ◽  
Myopia Progression ◽  
Safety And Efficacy ◽  
Single Vision ◽  
And Control ◽  
Myopia Control

AbstractFour hundred myopic children randomly received atropine 0.02% (n = 138) or 0.01% (n = 142) in both eyes once-nightly or only wore single-vision spectacles (control group) (n = 120) for 2 years. Spherical equivalent refractive error (SER), axial length (AL), pupil diameter (PD), and amplitude of accommodation (AMP) were measured every 4 months. After 2 years, the SER changes were − 0.80 (0.52) D, − 0.93 (0.59) D and − 1.33 (0.72) D and the AL changes were 0.62 (0.29) mm, 0.72 (0.31) mm and 0.88 (0.35) mm in the 0.02% and 0.01% atropine groups and control group, respectively. There were significant differences between changes in SER and AL in the three groups (all P < 0.001). The changes in SER and AL in the 2nd year were similar to the changes in the 1st year in the three groups (all P > 0.05). From baseline to 2 years, the overall decrease in AMP and increase in PD were not significantly different in the two atropine groups, whereas the AMP and PD in the control group remained stable (all P > 0.05). 0.02% atropine had a better effect on myopia control than 0.01% atropine, and its effects on PD and AMP were similar to 0.01% atropine. 0.02% or 0.01% atropine controlled myopia progression and AL elongation synchronously and had similar effects on myopia control each year.

scholarly journals Risk factors for rapid axial length elongation with low concentration atropine for myopia control

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aicun Fu ◽  
Fiona Stapleton ◽  
Li Wei ◽  
Weiqun Wang ◽  
Bingxin Zhao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Axial Length ◽  
Multivariate Regression ◽  
Pupil Diameter ◽  
Anterior Chamber Depth ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Spherical Equivalent ◽  
Regression Analyses ◽  
Atropine Treatment ◽  
Univariate Analyses ◽  
Myopia Control

Abstract Three hundred and twenty-eight myopic children, randomized to use either 0.01% (N=166) or 0.02% (N=162) atropine were enrolled in this study. Gender, age, body mass index(BMI), parental myopia status, atropine concentration used, pupil diameter, amplitude of accommodation, spherical equivalent refractive error (SER), anterior chamber depth (ACD) and axial length (AL) were collected at baseline and 1 year after using atropine. Rapid AL elongation was defined as >0.36 mm growth per year. Univariate analyses showed that children with rapid AL elongation tend to be younger, have a smaller BMI, use of 0.01% atropine, narrow ACD, lower SER, shorter AL, smaller change in pupil diameter between 1 year and baseline (all P < 0.05). Multivariate regression analyses confirmed that rapid AL elongation was associated with children that were younger at baseline (P < 0.0001), use of 0.01% atropine (P = 0.04), a shorter baseline AL (P = 0.03) and a smaller change in pupil diameter between 1 year and baseline (P = 0.04). Younger children with shorter AL at baseline, less change in their pupil diameter with atropine treatment and using the lower of the two atropine concentrations may undergo rapid AL elongation over a 12 months myopia control treatment period.

scholarly journals Update and guidance on management of myopia. European Society of Ophthalmology in cooperation with International Myopia Institute

2021 ◽  
pp. 112067212199896
Author(s):  
János Németh ◽  
Beáta Tapasztó ◽  
Wagih A Aclimandos ◽  
Philippe Kestelyn ◽  
Jost B Jonas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
European Society ◽  
High Myopia ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Vision Impairment ◽  
Pathological Myopia ◽  
Myopia Progression ◽  
Preventive Actions ◽  
Prevalence Estimates ◽  
Number Of Individuals ◽  
Myopia Control

The prevalence of myopia is increasing extensively worldwide. The number of people with myopia in 2020 is predicted to be 2.6 billion globally, which is expected to rise up to 4.9 billion by 2050, unless preventive actions and interventions are taken. The number of individuals with high myopia is also increasing substantially and pathological myopia is predicted to become the most common cause of irreversible vision impairment and blindness worldwide and also in Europe. These prevalence estimates indicate the importance of reducing the burden of myopia by means of myopia control interventions to prevent myopia onset and to slow down myopia progression. Due to the urgency of the situation, the European Society of Ophthalmology decided to publish this update of the current information and guidance on management of myopia. The pathogenesis and genetics of myopia are also summarized and epidemiology, risk factors, preventive and treatment options are discussed in details.

scholarly journals Myopia control effect of defocus incorporated multiple segments (DIMS) spectacle lens in Chinese children: results of a 3-year follow-up study

2021 ◽  
pp. bjophthalmol-2020-317664
Author(s):  
Carly SY Lam ◽  
Wing Chun Tang ◽  
Paul H Lee ◽  
Han Yu Zhang ◽  
Hua Qi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Mean Difference ◽  
Historical Control ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Control Effect ◽  
Myopia Progression ◽  
The Third ◽  
Spherical Equivalent Refraction ◽  
Mean Differences ◽  
Myopia Control

AimsTo determine myopia progression in children who continued to wear the defocus incorporated multiple segments (DIMS) lenses or switched from single vision (SV) to DIMS lenses for a 1-year period following a 2-year myopia control trial.Methods128 children participated in this study. The children who had worn DIMS lenses continued to wear DIMS lenses (DIMS group), and children who had worn SV lenses switched to wear DIMS lenses (Control-to-DIMS group). Cycloplegic spherical equivalent refraction (SER) and axial length (AL) were measured at 6-month interval. Historical controls were age matched to the DIMS group at 24 months and used for comparing the third-year changes.ResultsOver 3 years, SER and AL changes in the DIMS group (n=65) were −0.52±0.69D and 0.31±0.26 mm; these changes were not statistically significant over time (repeated measures analysis of variance, p>0.05).SER (−0.04±0. 38D) and AL (0.08±0.12 mm) changes in the Control-to-DIMS group (n=55) in the third year were less compared with the first (mean difference=0.45 ± 0.30D, 0.21±0.11 mm, p<0.001) and second (0.34±0.30D, 0.12±0.10 mm, p<0.001) years.Changes in SER and AL in both groups over that period were significantly less than in the historical control group (DIMS vs historical control: mean difference=−0.18±0.42D, p=0.012; 0.08±0.15 mm, p=0.001; Control-to-DIMS versus historical control: adjusted mean differences=−0.30±0.42D, p<0.001; 0.12±0.16 mm, p<0.001).ConclusionsMyopia control effect was sustained in the third year in children who had used the DIMS spectacles in the previous 2 years and was also shown in the children switching from SV to DIMS lenses.

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