scholarly journals Nutrient Stocks and Distribution in Ghanaian Cocoa Ecosystems

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
A. M. Mohammed ◽  
J. S. Robinson ◽  
A. Verhoef ◽  
D. J. Midmore
Keyword(s):  
Eastern Region ◽  
Nutrient Element ◽  
Sharp Distinction ◽  
Fertilizer Recommendation ◽  
Nutrient Stocks ◽  
Nutrient Stock ◽  
Cocoa Production ◽  
Macro And Micronutrients ◽  
Cocoa Tree ◽  
Main Factor

There is a paucity of information on nutrient stocks and distribution in the cocoa ecosystem for the management of production sites to improve its productivity. Apart, sites with long histories of cocoa production could differ in nutrient stocks and distribution relative to recent production regions. Therefore, some existing cocoa farms in Ghana were sampled on the basis of shade management (shaded and unshaded) and production site longevity (Eastern region > Western North region) to determine the nutrient stock and distributions in them. Over 93% of the total ecosystems’ elementary nutrients were stored in the soil. Higher nutrient stocks occurred under shaded cocoa ecosystem. Nutrient element concentrations in cocoa tree biomasses followed the order: N > Ca > K > Mg > P > S > Al = Fe > Zn = Mn, and mostly concentrated in leaf > root = husk > branch > stem. On average, region as a main factor affected nutrient distributions. There was a sharp distinction between macronutrient and micronutrient accumulations in favour of Eastern region and Western North region, respectively. Therefore, the regional distinction with respect to macro- and micronutrients could be used as a guide to fertilizer recommendation for cocoa systems in the two regions.

scholarly journals Analyzing the Performance of the Population Health Environment on the Promotion of Provincial Governors in China

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hsiao-Fen Hsiao ◽  
Meng-Han Zhao ◽  
Wen-Ju Liao
Keyword(s):  
Population Health ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Probit Model ◽  
Assessment System ◽  
Eastern Region ◽  
Government Officials ◽  
Environmental Index ◽  
The Reformation ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Main Factor

China's economy has achieved rapid growth, but the change has also brought about serious environmental degradation, which is the main factor endangering human health. This study empirically investigates the impact of the population health environmental index on the promotion of provincial governors using an ordered probit model. The sample of the study consists of regions where provincial governors, municipal mayors, and autonomous region chairmen were stationed from 1995 to 2015. The results show that the population health environmental index had a significant and positive impact on governors' promotions, especially in the eastern region. The reformation of the population health environmental index assessment system for government officials was the initial factor that brought about these effects.

scholarly journals Bionomics and Importance of an Emerging Pest Pseudotheraptus devastans (Distant) (Heteroptera: Coreidae) in the Cocoa Orchards of Côte d'Ivoire

2021 ◽  
pp. 114-121
Author(s):  
Norbert N’Dri Kouamé ◽  
François Kouamé N’Guessan ◽  
Pierre Walet N’Guessan ◽  
Alain Jacques Acka Kotaix ◽  
Yao Tano
Keyword(s):  
Cote D'ivoire ◽  
Ivory Coast ◽  
Côte D’Ivoire ◽  
Cote D’Ivoire ◽  
Côte D'ivoire ◽  
Cocoa Production ◽  
Production Areas ◽  
Cocoa Tree

The cocoa tree is a very important plant in Côte d'Ivoire (formerly known as Ivory Coast) with a production of 2,15 million  tons. In spite of this performance, cocoa production is attacked by several pests of which the emerging ones are Pseudotheraptus devastans (Distant). These insects  attack  cherelles,  pods, gourmands and young shoots. This study aims to locate these pests and determine their importance in the different cocoa production areas. The device used is total  randomization. The leaching carried out in the orchard revealed the presence of P.devastans in all the cocoa producing districts. The means were 0,02 ± 0,00 to 2,35 ± 0,38 P. devastans  / tree.  The  districts of Sassandra-Marahoué, Comoé and Montagnes recorded  more  P.devastans.  However, the districts of Bas-Sassandra, Lagunes et Lacs had fewer P.devastans.

Simple soldiers? Blurring the distinction between compulsion and commitment among Rwandan rebels in Eastern Congo

Africa ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 87 (4) ◽  
pp. 720-738 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Hedlund
Keyword(s):  
Political Ideology ◽  
Armed Groups ◽  
Civilian Population ◽  
Armed Group ◽  
Sharp Distinction ◽  
Ethnographic Fieldwork ◽  
Dual Identity ◽  
Eastern Congo ◽  
Main Factor ◽  
Violent Events

AbstractMedia descriptions of the conflicts in the Eastern Congo usually depict violent events as being systematic attacks by rebels and militias (perpetrators) on the civilian population (victims). While much attention has been given to the victims of such violence, less effort has been made to understand the perspectives and underlying motives for violence of those who are actively engaged in fighting the war. Using anthropological arguments, this article argues that the use of the terms ‘perpetrator’ and ‘victim’ are scientifically problematic when attempting to explain contemporary conflict(s) in the Eastern Congo and other similar war situations in Africa. Based on ethnographic fieldwork among the Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda (FDLR), whose leadership was an orchestrating agent in the genocide in Rwanda in 1994, I demonstrate that not only is the victim/perpetrator dichotomy unclear, but also that combatants may frequently regard themselves as being both victims and perpetrators at one and the same time. I argue that the main factor behind this dual identity is that, while combatants in the Congo may be under a compulsion to commit violence, they may simultaneously be fully committed to their armed group and to its collective political ideology. While our conventional understanding of the membership of armed groups tends to make a sharp distinction between compulsory participation and commitment to a cause, I show how, in the context of the Eastern Congo, these categories are not, in fact, mutually exclusive.

scholarly journals Identifikasi isolat Phytophthora asal kakao Identification of isolates of Phytophthora from cocoa

2016 ◽  
Vol 74 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Abu UMAYAH ◽  
Agus PURWANTARA
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Identification ◽  
Stem Canker ◽  
Leaf Blight ◽  
Phytophthora Palmivora ◽  
Seedling Blight ◽  
West Java ◽  
Phytophthora Spp ◽  
South Sulawesi ◽  
Cocoa Production ◽  
Cocoa Tree

Summary Phytophthora spp. are responsible for some serious diseases of cocoa including pod rot, stem canker, leaf blight, seedling blight, and chupon wilt. Eight species of Phytophthora have been isolated from diseased cocoa worldwide, even though only three species cause most losses in cocoa production.  Twenty isolates of  Phytophthora sp. were isolated from various parts of the cocoa tree collected from six cocoa producing provinces in Indonesia, viz. North Sumatera, Lampung, West Java, East Java, South Sulawesi and Southeast Sulawesi.  All isolates were then identified using their morphological charac-teristics and it was concluded that all of the isolates are Phytophthora palmivora. This identification was then confirmed with molecular identification by amplification of ITS of rDNA of the isolates with primers ITS 4 and ITS 5, followed by restriction of the amplicon with enzymes.  The molecular identification confirmed that all isolates are P. palmivora. Ringkasan Phytophthora spp. merupakan penyebab beberapa penyakit penting pada kakao, termasuk busuk buah, kanker batang, hawar daun, hawar bibit, dan layu tunas air.  Delapan spesies Phytophthora telah berhasil diisolasi dari tanaman kakao sakit di seluruh dunia, meskipun hanya tiga spesies yang meng-akibatkan kehilangan produksi kakao yang nyata.  Dua puluh isolat Phytophthora sp. telah diisolasi dari berbagai bagian tanaman kakao yang dikumpulkan dari enam provinsi sentra produksi kakao di Indonesia, yaitu Sumatera Utara, Lampung, Jawa Barat, Jawa Timur, Sulawesi Selatan dan Sulawesi Tenggara.  Semua isolat diidentifikasi berdasarkan sifat-sifat morfologi dan dapat disimpulkan bahwa semua isolat adalah Phytophthora palmivora.  Identifikasi selanjutnya dilakukan secara molekuler dengan amplifikasi daerah ITS dari rDNA isolat menggunakan pasangan primer ITS 4 dan ITS 5, kemudian diikuti dengan pemotongan amplikon menggunakan enzim restriksi. Identifikasi molekuler juga menun-jukkan bahwa semua isolat Phytophthora penyebab penyakit pada kakao adalah P. palmivora.

Herbal foodstuffs in Avicenna’s recommended diet to improve sperm quality and increase male fertility; an evidence-based approach

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Azita Sadogh ◽  
Narjes Gorji ◽  
Reihaneh Moeini
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Male Fertility ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Sperm Quality ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Persian Medicine ◽  
Macro And Micronutrients ◽  
New Treatments ◽  
Main Factor

Abstract Attention to diet was considered important issues in improvement of men infertility in Persian Medicine (PM). The purpose of this study was to extract herbal foodstuffs introduced by Avicenna, one of the greatest PM physicians to improve the semen production and to provide evidence of their impact on the basis of current studies.“Canon of Medicine”, the most important Avecinna's book, was searched with keywords equivalent to semen, fertility and infertility, main herbal foodstuffs were extracted and was searched with keywords sperm, semen, infertility, and fertility in Google scholar, PubMed and Scopus databases. Manuscripts from 1950 up to December 2019 were selected and reviewed. Almond, Onion, Chickpea, Garlic, Coconut, Palm date, Sesame, Fenugreek, Carrot, Fig, Grapes, Pistachio, Hazelnut and Walnut are among main foodstuffs which recommended by Avicenna and there is also evidence that they have positive effects on testosterone production and improvement of various sperm parameters, including count, motility and morphology. Containing large amount of different macro and micronutrients such as vitamins including vit B, C, A and E, minerals such as Mg, Se, Zn, Cu and Fe, important unsaturated fatty acids such as linoleic and oleic acids, amino acids such as lysine and arginine and phytochemicals such as polyphenols, flavonoids, triterpenes and steroids can be considered as a main factor in the effectiveness of these foodstuffs. Designing a diet based on the fruits, vegetables, nuts and seeds that Avicenna has recommended, may be effective in treating male infertility but further studies are needed to clarify this issue. Research on the effectiveness of his other recommended foodsuffs may also offer new treatments and supplements for this purpose.

scholarly journals Nutrient accumulation at the initial growth of pitaya plants according to phosphorus fertilization

2016 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 230-237 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rodrigo Amato Moreira ◽  
Maria do Céu Monteiro da Cruz ◽  
Denison Ramalho Fernandes ◽  
Enilson de Barros e Silva ◽  
Jéssica de Oliveira
Keyword(s):  
Nutrient Uptake ◽  
Phosphorus Fertilization ◽  
Initial Growth ◽  
Nutrient Accumulation ◽  
Adequate Nutrition ◽  
Fertilizer Recommendation ◽  
Macro And Micronutrients ◽  
Maximum Expression

ABSTRACT The knowledge about the amount of nutrient uptake in pitaya plants helps the balanced fertilizer recommendation for the crop, providing adequate nutrition and contributing to the maximum expression of this species potential. This research was carried out in order to evaluate the growth, nutrient accumulation and efficiency of absorption, transportation and use of P by pitaya according to phosphorus fertilization. A randomized blocks design was used, with five doses of P (0 mg dm-3, 20 mg dm-3, 40 mg dm-3, 80 mg dm-3 and 160 mg dm-3) incorporated into the soil, with four replications, three pots per plot and one cutting per pot. Differences in the nutrient accumulation of all doses were evident in the pitaya shoots and roots, as well as in the efficiency of absorption, transport and use of P, according to phosphorus fertilization. The nutrient accumulation in the pitaya roots was ranked in the following order: N > K > Ca > S > P > Mg > Fe > Mn > Zn > B ≥ Cu. For the shoots, the order was: K > N > Ca > S > Mg > P > Mn > Fe > Zn > B ≥ Cu. The initial growth of pitaya plants was maximum with 81 mg dm-3 of P, in a Red-Yellow Dystrophic Latosol. The application of 44-67 mg dm3 of P to the soil promoted the highest accumulation of macro and micronutrients in the pitaya.

scholarly journals STRATEGI PENINGKATAN PRODUKSI MUTU BIJI KAKAO MULIA DI PTPN XII KEBUN RENTENG KABUPATEN JEMBER

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 66
Author(s):  
Rizqiyatul Halaliah ◽  
Rudi Wibowo ◽  
Agus Supriono
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Production Capacity ◽  
Preventive Action ◽  
Weight Score ◽  
Cocoa Production ◽  
Target Production ◽  
Hierarchy Process ◽  
Production Target ◽  
Cocoa Plantation ◽  
Main Factor

ABSTRACT There were nine centre areas of cocoa production in 2009-2013. On those years, East Java was one of the centre area where has the positive increasing of cocoa production. State-owned plantation still dominated  cocoa  plantation in East Java. One of these companies is PTPN XII (lit: Nusantara Plantation XII Co. Ltd) which has developed Java Cocoa (Kakao Mulia). It has the high value of  cocoa seed. Renteng plantation is the sub-plantation of PTPN XII. It is in second regional division. Java Cocoa (Kakao Mulia) can be found widely in Renteng specifically in Kedaton  Afdeling. This study aimed to know: (1) factor which causing the unsuccessful achieved the target production of Java Cocoa (Kakao Mulia) in Renteng sub-plantation, PTPN XII plantation, Jember Regency. (2) the main factor behind unsuccessful cocoa production target in Renteng Sub plantation, PTPN XII plantation, Jember Regency. (3) formulate an appropriate alternative strategy to improve production capacity of Java Cocoa (Kakao Mulia) in PTPN XII plantation, Jember Regency. The study was held purposively in Renteng Sub-plantation area of  PTPN XII.  The result showed that : (1) production target of cocoa dry seed’s quality in Kedaton Afdeling (2014 -2015) cannot be achieved successfully because several factors such as : human resources, raw materials, method and environment. (2) the main factor behind this unsuccessfull production target was extremely  unpredictable weather. This factor has frequency score equal to six and percentage for 20%. (3) the best alternative  and priority strategy in order to increase capacity of cocoa dry seed’s quality in Kedaton  Afdeling is through preventive action against unpredictable weather. This strategy was chosen based on weight score for 0.463 and inconsistency ratio for 0.05; Keywords: Java Cocoa (Kakao Mulia), causal diagram, pareto  diagram, Analytical Hierarchy  Process (AHP) ABSTRAK Terdapat sembilan wilayah sentra produksi kakao di tahun 2009-2013. Provinsi Jawa Timur merupakan salah satu daerah sentra yang memilki pertumbuhan produksi yang bernilai positif jika dibandingkan dengan wilayah sentra yang lain. Salah satu status pengusahaan yang mengembangkan budidaya tanaman kakao dengan produksi dan luas wilayah terbesar di Jawa Timur adalah perkebunan negara. PTPN XII merupakan perkebunan milik negara yang mengembangkan budidaya kakao termasuk jenis kakao yang memiliki nilai jual yang tinggi yaitu kakao mulia. Kebun Renteng merupakan salah satu kebun milik PTPN XII yang terletak di wilayah II. Kakao mulia dibudidayakan di Afdeling Kedaton. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk: (1) mengetahui faktor-faktor yang menyebabkan tidak tercapainya target produksi mutu kakao mulia di Kebun Renteng PTPN XII Kabupaten Jember; (2) mengetahui faktor utama yang menyebabkan tidak tercapainya target produksi mutu kakao mulia di Kebun Renteng PTPN XII Kabupaten Jember; (3)  mengetahui strategi alternatif yang dipandang cocok untuk meningkatkan produksi mutu kakao mulia di PTPN  XII Kebun Renteng Kabupaten Jember. Penelitian ini dilakukan secara sengaj di Kebun Renteng PTPN  XII. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa: (1) Faktor yang menyebabkan tidak tercapainya target produksi mutu kakao mulia di Afdeling Kedaton  (2014-2015) adalah sumber daya manusia, bahan baku, metode dan lingkungan. (2) Faktor utama tidak tercapainya target produksi mutu kakao mulia di PTPN XII Kebun Renteng adalah perubahan cuaca yang ekstrim. Faktor tersebut mempunyai frekuensi sebesar enam dengan bobot  persentase sebesar 20%. (3) Strategi alternatif yang menjadi prioritas utama dalam mencapai tujuan meningkatkan produksi mutu kakao kering di Afdeling Kedaton adalah tindakan pencegahan atau tindakan antisipasi perubahan cuaca yang ekstrim yang  mana hasil ini didapat dengan menunjukkan angka bobot sebesar 0,463 dengan nilai incosistency  ratio sebesar 0,05  Keywords: Kakao Mulia, Diagram Sebab Akibat, Diagram Pareto, AHP

scholarly journals Identifikasi isolat Phytophthora asal kakao Identification of isolates of Phytophthora from cocoa

2016 ◽  
Vol 74 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Abu UMAYAH ◽  
Agus PURWANTARA
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Identification ◽  
Stem Canker ◽  
Leaf Blight ◽  
Phytophthora Palmivora ◽  
Seedling Blight ◽  
West Java ◽  
Phytophthora Spp ◽  
South Sulawesi ◽  
Cocoa Production ◽  
Cocoa Tree

Summary Phytophthora spp. are responsible for some serious diseases of cocoa including pod rot, stem canker, leaf blight, seedling blight, and chupon wilt. Eight species of Phytophthora have been isolated from diseased cocoa worldwide, even though only three species cause most losses in cocoa production.  Twenty isolates of  Phytophthora sp. were isolated from various parts of the cocoa tree collected from six cocoa producing provinces in Indonesia, viz. North Sumatera, Lampung, West Java, East Java, South Sulawesi and Southeast Sulawesi.  All isolates were then identified using their morphological charac-teristics and it was concluded that all of the isolates are Phytophthora palmivora. This identification was then confirmed with molecular identification by amplification of ITS of rDNA of the isolates with primers ITS 4 and ITS 5, followed by restriction of the amplicon with enzymes.  The molecular identification confirmed that all isolates are P. palmivora. Ringkasan Phytophthora spp. merupakan penyebab beberapa penyakit penting pada kakao, termasuk busuk buah, kanker batang, hawar daun, hawar bibit, dan layu tunas air.  Delapan spesies Phytophthora telah berhasil diisolasi dari tanaman kakao sakit di seluruh dunia, meskipun hanya tiga spesies yang meng-akibatkan kehilangan produksi kakao yang nyata.  Dua puluh isolat Phytophthora sp. telah diisolasi dari berbagai bagian tanaman kakao yang dikumpulkan dari enam provinsi sentra produksi kakao di Indonesia, yaitu Sumatera Utara, Lampung, Jawa Barat, Jawa Timur, Sulawesi Selatan dan Sulawesi Tenggara.  Semua isolat diidentifikasi berdasarkan sifat-sifat morfologi dan dapat disimpulkan bahwa semua isolat adalah Phytophthora palmivora.  Identifikasi selanjutnya dilakukan secara molekuler dengan amplifikasi daerah ITS dari rDNA isolat menggunakan pasangan primer ITS 4 dan ITS 5, kemudian diikuti dengan pemotongan amplikon menggunakan enzim restriksi. Identifikasi molekuler juga menun-jukkan bahwa semua isolat Phytophthora penyebab penyakit pada kakao adalah P. palmivora.

scholarly journals Black Pod: Diverse Pathogens with a Global Impact on Cocoa Yield

2007 ◽  
Vol 97 (12) ◽  
pp. 1650-1653 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Guest
Keyword(s):  
Management Practices ◽  
Complex Disease ◽  
Integrated Management ◽  
Fertilizer Application ◽  
Phytophthora Species ◽  
Cocoa Production ◽  
Black Pod ◽  
Stem Cankers ◽  
Significant Disease ◽  
Cocoa Tree

Pathogens of the Straminipile genus Phytophthora cause significant disease losses to global cocoa production. P. megakarya causes significant pod rot and losses due to canker in West Africa, whereas P. capsici and P. citrophthora cause pod rots in Central and South America. The global and highly damaging P. palmivora attacks all parts of the cocoa tree at all stages of the growing cycle. This pathogen causes 20 to 30% pod losses through black pod rot, and kills up to 10% of trees annually through stem cankers. P. palmivora has a complex disease cycle involving several sources of primary inoculum and several modes of dissemination of secondary inoculum. This results in explosive epidemics during favorable environmental conditions. The spread of regional pathogens must be prevented by effective quarantine barriers. Resistance to all these Phytophthora species is typically low in commercial cocoa genotypes. Disease losses can be reduced through integrated management practices that include pruning and shade management, leaf mulching, regular and complete harvesting, sanitation and pod case disposal, appropriate fertilizer application and targeted fungicide use. Packaging these options to improve uptake by smallholders presents a major challenge for the industry.

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