scholarly journals Identifikasi isolat Phytophthora asal kakao Identification of isolates of Phytophthora from cocoa

2016 ◽  
Vol 74 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Abu UMAYAH ◽  
Agus PURWANTARA
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Identification ◽  
Stem Canker ◽  
Leaf Blight ◽  
Phytophthora Palmivora ◽  
Seedling Blight ◽  
West Java ◽  
Phytophthora Spp ◽  
South Sulawesi ◽  
Cocoa Production ◽  
Cocoa Tree

Summary Phytophthora spp. are responsible for some serious diseases of cocoa including pod rot, stem canker, leaf blight, seedling blight, and chupon wilt. Eight species of Phytophthora have been isolated from diseased cocoa worldwide, even though only three species cause most losses in cocoa production.  Twenty isolates of  Phytophthora sp. were isolated from various parts of the cocoa tree collected from six cocoa producing provinces in Indonesia, viz. North Sumatera, Lampung, West Java, East Java, South Sulawesi and Southeast Sulawesi.  All isolates were then identified using their morphological charac-teristics and it was concluded that all of the isolates are Phytophthora palmivora. This identification was then confirmed with molecular identification by amplification of ITS of rDNA of the isolates with primers ITS 4 and ITS 5, followed by restriction of the amplicon with enzymes.  The molecular identification confirmed that all isolates are P. palmivora. Ringkasan Phytophthora spp. merupakan penyebab beberapa penyakit penting pada kakao, termasuk busuk buah, kanker batang, hawar daun, hawar bibit, dan layu tunas air.  Delapan spesies Phytophthora telah berhasil diisolasi dari tanaman kakao sakit di seluruh dunia, meskipun hanya tiga spesies yang meng-akibatkan kehilangan produksi kakao yang nyata.  Dua puluh isolat Phytophthora sp. telah diisolasi dari berbagai bagian tanaman kakao yang dikumpulkan dari enam provinsi sentra produksi kakao di Indonesia, yaitu Sumatera Utara, Lampung, Jawa Barat, Jawa Timur, Sulawesi Selatan dan Sulawesi Tenggara.  Semua isolat diidentifikasi berdasarkan sifat-sifat morfologi dan dapat disimpulkan bahwa semua isolat adalah Phytophthora palmivora.  Identifikasi selanjutnya dilakukan secara molekuler dengan amplifikasi daerah ITS dari rDNA isolat menggunakan pasangan primer ITS 4 dan ITS 5, kemudian diikuti dengan pemotongan amplikon menggunakan enzim restriksi. Identifikasi molekuler juga menun-jukkan bahwa semua isolat Phytophthora penyebab penyakit pada kakao adalah P. palmivora.

scholarly journals Identifikasi isolat Phytophthora asal kakao Identification of isolates of Phytophthora from cocoa

2016 ◽  
Vol 74 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Abu UMAYAH ◽  
Agus PURWANTARA
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Identification ◽  
Stem Canker ◽  
Leaf Blight ◽  
Phytophthora Palmivora ◽  
Seedling Blight ◽  
West Java ◽  
Phytophthora Spp ◽  
South Sulawesi ◽  
Cocoa Production ◽  
Cocoa Tree

Summary Phytophthora spp. are responsible for some serious diseases of cocoa including pod rot, stem canker, leaf blight, seedling blight, and chupon wilt. Eight species of Phytophthora have been isolated from diseased cocoa worldwide, even though only three species cause most losses in cocoa production.  Twenty isolates of  Phytophthora sp. were isolated from various parts of the cocoa tree collected from six cocoa producing provinces in Indonesia, viz. North Sumatera, Lampung, West Java, East Java, South Sulawesi and Southeast Sulawesi.  All isolates were then identified using their morphological charac-teristics and it was concluded that all of the isolates are Phytophthora palmivora. This identification was then confirmed with molecular identification by amplification of ITS of rDNA of the isolates with primers ITS 4 and ITS 5, followed by restriction of the amplicon with enzymes.  The molecular identification confirmed that all isolates are P. palmivora. Ringkasan Phytophthora spp. merupakan penyebab beberapa penyakit penting pada kakao, termasuk busuk buah, kanker batang, hawar daun, hawar bibit, dan layu tunas air.  Delapan spesies Phytophthora telah berhasil diisolasi dari tanaman kakao sakit di seluruh dunia, meskipun hanya tiga spesies yang meng-akibatkan kehilangan produksi kakao yang nyata.  Dua puluh isolat Phytophthora sp. telah diisolasi dari berbagai bagian tanaman kakao yang dikumpulkan dari enam provinsi sentra produksi kakao di Indonesia, yaitu Sumatera Utara, Lampung, Jawa Barat, Jawa Timur, Sulawesi Selatan dan Sulawesi Tenggara.  Semua isolat diidentifikasi berdasarkan sifat-sifat morfologi dan dapat disimpulkan bahwa semua isolat adalah Phytophthora palmivora.  Identifikasi selanjutnya dilakukan secara molekuler dengan amplifikasi daerah ITS dari rDNA isolat menggunakan pasangan primer ITS 4 dan ITS 5, kemudian diikuti dengan pemotongan amplikon menggunakan enzim restriksi. Identifikasi molekuler juga menun-jukkan bahwa semua isolat Phytophthora penyebab penyakit pada kakao adalah P. palmivora.

scholarly journals Infection of Phytophthora palmivora from Soil in Cocoa Plantation

2008 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Agus Purwantara
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Identification ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Stem Canker ◽  
Bare Soil ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Phytophthora Palmivora ◽  
Litter Layer ◽  
Air Convection ◽  
Rain Splash ◽  
Cocoa Plantation

Phytophthora palmivora causes serious losses on cocoa in Indonesia and world-wide. The research aimed to assess the potential of soil as source of inocula for Phytophthora diseases in cocoa. Soil samples were baited using a healthy cocoa pod tissue, and the pathogen was isolated for morphological and molecular identification. Baiting technique was successfully used to detect the presence of P. palmivora in soil samples, and this was confirmed by morphological and molecular identification. P. palmivora can be detected in soil in all year around in wet areas indicating that soil is a massive and consistent source of inocula. Surveys conducted on the soil of Amazonian, Amelonado and Trinitario blocks of various ages showed that P. palmivora can be found in old and young cocoa blocks, even as young as 3 or 4 years. P. palmivora infection from soil to the pods appears to be mainly through contact or rain splash. Baiting with whole healthy pods exposed at different heights above undisturbed litter and above bare soil showed that the infection still occurred at 100 cm above the soil, even though it decreased gradually with the height. Infection from litter was not different to that from bare soil, indicating that the litter layer is not acting physically as a shield preventing rain from splashing the inocula up from wet soil to the pods. However, in tests for the possibility of P. palmivora carried through air convection, no pod was found to be infected, suggesting that the pathogen was not carried through convective accend of aerosol droplets from soil surface up to pods in the canopy.Key words : Theobroma cacao, pod rot, stem canker, baiting.

IMPLEMENTATION OF SUSTAINABLE AQUACULTURE AS A MODEL OF SATO UMI TO IMPROVE PRODUCTIVITY WITHIN COASTAL AREA OF INDONESIA

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suhendar I Sachoemar ◽  
Suhendar I Sachoemar ◽  
Tetsuo Yanagi ◽  
Tetsuo Yanagi ◽  
Mitsutaku Makino ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Coastal Area ◽  
Sustainable Aquaculture ◽  
The South ◽  
West Java ◽  
The Public ◽  
Central Java ◽  
South Sulawesi ◽  
Similar Program ◽  
Technology Dissemination

The development of sustainable model of aquaculture by applying Sato Umi concept within coastal area of Indonesia has expanded from the center of first experiment in the northern coastal area of west Java to central Java (western Indonesia) and Bantaeng in the South Sulawesi of central Indonesia. The similar program has also been proposed for Maluku Province in the eastern part of Indonesia. In the next 5 years, Indonesia is developing the Techno Parks Program in some areas, in which aquaculture and fisheries activities development on the base of Sato Umi concept in the coastal area are involves in this program. The development of Techno Parks are directed as a center application of technology to stimulate the economy in the regency, and a place of training, apprenticeship, technology dissemination center, and center business advocacy for the public. Hopely, Sato Umi concept that has a similar spirit with Techno Park can be applied to support the implementation of Techno Park program in Indonesia

Do primary students understand how pregnancy can occur? A comparison of students in Jakarta, West Java, West Nusa Tenggara and South Sulawesi, Indonesia

Sex Education ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-109 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iwu Dwisetyani Utomo ◽  
Peter McDonald ◽  
Anna Reimondos ◽  
Ariane Utomo ◽  
Terence H. Hull
Keyword(s):  
Primary Students ◽  
West Java ◽  
South Sulawesi

scholarly journals First report of Coniella castaneicola causing leaf blight on blueberry (Vaccinium virgatum) in China

Plant Disease ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiahao Lai ◽  
Guihong Xiong ◽  
Bing Liu ◽  
Weigang Kuang ◽  
Shuilin Song
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Identification ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Leaf Blight ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
First Report ◽  
Fungal Isolates ◽  
Blight Disease

Blueberry (Vaccinium virgatum), an economically important small fruit crop, is characterized by its highly nutritive compounds and high content and wide diversity of bioactive compounds (Miller et al. 2019). In September 2020, an unknown leaf blight disease was observed on Rabbiteye blueberry at the Agricultural Science and Technology Park of Jiangxi Agricultural University in Nanchang, China (28°45'51"N, 115°50'52"E). Disease surveys were conducted at that time, the results showed that disease incidence was 90% from a sampled population of 100 plants in the field, and this disease had not been found at other cultivation fields in Nanchang. Leaf blight disease on blueberry caused the leaves to shrivel and curl, or even fall off, which hindered floral bud development and subsequent yield potential. Symptoms of the disease initially appeared as irregular brown spots (1 to 7 mm in diameter) on the leaves, subsequently coalescing to form large irregular taupe lesions (4 to 15 mm in diameter) which became curly. As the disease progressed, irregular grey-brown and blighted lesion ran throughout the leaf lamina from leaf tip to entire leaf sheath and finally caused dieback and even shoot blight. To identify the causal agent, 15 small pieces (5 mm2) of symptomatic leaves were excised from the junction of diseased and healthy tissue, surface-sterilized in 75% ethanol solution for 30 sec and 0.1% mercuric chloride solution for 2 min, rinsed three times with sterile distilled water, and then incubated on potato dextrose agar (PDA) at 28°C for 5-7 days in darkness. Five fungal isolates showing similar morphological characteristics were obtained as pure cultures by single-spore isolation. All fungal colonies on PDA were white with sparse creeping hyphae. Pycnidia were spherical, light brown, and produced numerous conidia. Conidia were 10.60 to 20.12 × 1.98 to 3.11 µm (average 15.27 × 2.52 µm, n = 100), fusiform, sickle-shaped, light brown, without septa. Based on morphological characteristics, the fungal isolates were suspected to be Coniella castaneicola (Cui 2015). To further confirm the identity of this putative pathogen, two representative isolates LGZ2 and LGZ3 were selected for molecular identification. The internal transcribed spacer region (ITS) and large subunit (LSU) were amplified and sequenced using primers ITS1/ITS4 (Peever et al. 2004) and LROR/LR7 (Castlebury and Rossman 2002). The sequences of ITS region (GenBank accession nos. MW672530 and MW856809) showed 100% identity with accessions numbers KF564280 (576/576 bp), MW208111 (544/544 bp), MW208112 (544/544 bp) of C. castaneicola. LSU gene sequences (GenBank accession nos. MW856810 to 11) was 99.85% (1324/1326 bp, 1329/1331 bp) identical to the sequences of C. castaneicola (KY473971, KR232683 to 84). Pathogenicity was tested on three blueberry varieties (‘Rabbiteye’, ‘Double Peak’ and ‘Pink Lemonade’), and four healthy young leaves of a potted blueberry of each variety with and without injury were inoculated with 20 μl suspension of prepared spores (106 conidia/mL) derived from 7-day-old cultures of LGZ2, respectively. In addition, four leaves of each variety with and without injury were sprayed with sterile distilled water as a control, respectively. The experiment was repeated three times, and all plants were incubated in a growth chamber (a 12h light and 12h dark period, 25°C, RH greater than 80%). After 4 days, all the inoculated leaves started showing disease symptoms (large irregular grey-brown lesions) as those observed in the field and there was no difference in severity recorded between the blueberry varieties, whereas the control leaves showed no symptoms. The fungus was reisolated from the inoculated leaves and confirmed as C. castaneicola by morphological and molecular identification, fulfilling Koch’s postulates. To our knowledge, this is the first report of C. castaneicola causing leaf blight on blueberries in China. The discovery of this new disease and the identification of the pathogen will provide useful information for developing effective control strategies, reducing economic losses in blueberry production, and promoting the development of the blueberry industry.

scholarly journals First Report of Leaf Blight and Stem Canker of Pachysandra terminalis Caused by Pseudonectria pachysandricola in Korea

Plant Disease ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 96 (2) ◽  
pp. 287-287
Author(s):  
K. S. Han ◽  
J. H. Park ◽  
S. E. Cho ◽  
H. D. Shin
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Its Region ◽  
Stem Canker ◽  
The United States ◽  
Culture Collection ◽  
Leaf Blight ◽  
First Report ◽  
Cornell University ◽  
Plastic Bags ◽  
Young Leaves

Pachysandra terminalis Siebold & Zucc., known as Japanese pachysandra, is a creeping evergreen perennial belonging to the family Buxaceae. In April 2011, hundreds of plants showing symptoms of leaf blight and stem canker with nearly 100% incidence were found in a private garden in Suwon, Korea. Plants with the same symptoms were found in Seoul in May and Hongcheon in August. Affected leaves contained tan-to-yellow brown blotches. Stem and stolon cankers first appeared as water soaked and developed into necrotic lesions. Sporodochia were solitary, erumpent, circular, 50 to 150 μm in diameter, salmon-colored, pink-orange when wet, and with or without setae. Setae were hyaline, acicular, 60 to 100 μm long, and had a base that was 4 to 6 μm wide. Conidiophores were in a dense fascicle, not branched, hyaline, aseptate or uniseptate, and 8 to 20 × 2 to 3.5 μm. Conidia were long, ellipsoid to cylindric, fusiform, rounded at the apex, subtruncate at the base, straight to slightly bent, guttulate, hyaline, aseptate, 11 to 26 × 2.5 to 4.0 μm. A single-conidial isolate formed cream-colored colonies that turned into salmon-colored colonies on potato dextrose agar (PDA). Morphological and cultural characteristics of the fungus were consistent with previous reports of Pseudonectria pachysandricola B.O. Dodge (1,3,4). Voucher specimens were housed at Korea University (KUS). Two isolates, KACC46110 (ex KUS-F25663) and KACC46111 (ex KUS-F25683), were accessioned in the Korean Agricultural Culture Collection. Fungal DNA was extracted with DNeasy Plant Mini DNA Extraction Kits (Qiagen Inc., Valencia, CA). The complete internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of rDNA was amplified with the primers ITS1/ITS4 and sequenced using ABI Prism 337 automatic DNA sequencer (Applied Biosystems, Foster, CA). The resulting sequence of 487 bp was deposited in GenBank (Accession No. JN797821). This showed 100% similarity with a sequence of P. pachysandricola from the United States (HQ897807). Isolate KACC46110 was used in pathogenicity tests. Inoculum was prepared by harvesting conidia from 2-week-old cultures on PDA. Ten young leaves wounded with needles were sprayed with conidial suspensions (~1 × 106 conidia/ml). Ten young leaves that served as the control were treated with sterile distilled water. Plants were covered with plastic bags to maintain a relative humidity of 100% at 25 ± 2°C for 24 h. Typical symptoms of brown spots appeared on the inoculated leaves 4 days after inoculation and were identical to the ones observed in the field. P. pachysandricola was reisolated from 10 symptomatic leaf tissues, confirming Koch's postulates. No symptoms were observed on control plants. Previously, the disease was reported in the United States, Britain, Japan, and the Czech Republic (2,3), but not in Korea. To our knowledge, this is the first report of P. pachysandricola on Pachysandra terminalis in Korea. Since this plant is popular and widely planted in Korea, this disease could cause significant damage to nurseries and the landscape. References: (1) B. O. Dodge. Mycologia 36:532, 1944. (2) D. F. Farr and A. Y. Rossman. Fungal Databases. Systematic Mycology and Microbiology Laboratory, ARS, USDA. Retrieved from http://nt.ars-grin.gov/fungaldatabases/ , September 24, 2011. (3) I. Safrankova. Plant Prot. Sci. 43:10, 2007. (4) W. A. Sinclair and H. H. Lyon. Disease of Trees and Shrubs. 2nd ed. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY, 2005.

scholarly journals Response of a local rice variety Pandanwangi to infection of bacterial leaf blight Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae strain III, IV, and VIII

2021 ◽  
Vol 905 (1) ◽  
pp. 012068
Author(s):  
Hadiwiyono ◽  
S H Poromarto ◽  
S Widono ◽  
R F Rizal
Keyword(s):  
Rice Variety ◽  
Leaf Blight ◽  
Rice Production ◽  
Xanthomonas Oryzae ◽  
Bacterial Leaf Blight ◽  
Artificial Inoculation ◽  
Limiting Factors ◽  
Bacterial Suspension ◽  
West Java ◽  
Local Cultivar

Abstract Bacterial leaf blight (BLB) caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo) is one of the limiting factors in rice production. A local cultivar, rice “Pandanwangi” is a superior variety much preferred and cultivated by the farmers in Cianjur, West Java, Indonesia. The information about the response of “Pandangwangi” to Xoo is still poorly understood. This paper reports the results of the evaluation of “Pandanwangi” response against BLB. This research was conducted in a greenhouse with artificial inoculation using Xoo strains III, IV, and VIII with bacterial suspension at 108 cfu.mL−1. The results showed that the response of cv Pandanwangi to Xoo infection was different from the strain of Xoo. “Pandanwangi” cultivar was susceptible to Xoo strain III and VIII and very susceptible to strain IV.

scholarly journals Identification of the Pathogen Causing Stem Blight Disease on Chili in Sindangjaya Village, Cipanas, Cianjur, West Java Based on Morphological and Molecular Analyses

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 35
Author(s):  
Wartono Wartono
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Identification ◽  
Phytophthora Capsici ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Stem Rot ◽  
West Java ◽  
Molecular Analyses ◽  
Molecular Approaches ◽  
Rot Disease ◽  
Blight Disease

<p>Chili (Capsicum annuum L.) is a vegetable commodity with high economic value which is widely cultivated by farmers in Indonesia. One of the obstacles faced in chili cultivation is stem rot disease. This study aimed to identify the pathogens that caused stem rot in chili plants obtained from one location in Sindangjaya Village, Cipanas District, Cianjur Regency, West Java Province based on morphological and molecular analyses. Pathogen identification was performed with morphological and molecular approaches. The morphological characters observed included colony shape, sporangium diameter, and mating type. The pathogenicity of the isolates was assayed by inoculating chili stems aged 40 days. Molecular identification was carried out using two pairs of primers for ITS regions and TEF-1 gene. Based on the results of morphological and molecular identification, as well as pathogenicity tests, it was confirmed that Phytophthora capsici pathogen was the causal agent of stem rot in chili plants collected from Sindangjaya Village. Further study is needed to determine the spread of the disease, damage, and yield loss caused by stem rot disease, as well as how to prevent and control the disease.</p>

scholarly journals Morphological and molecular identification of phytophthora species from maple trees in Serbia

Genetika ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 353-368 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivan Milenkovic ◽  
Justyna Nowakowska ◽  
Tomasz Oszako ◽  
Katarina Mladenovic ◽  
Aleksandar Lucic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Identification ◽  
Genomic Dna ◽  
Its Region ◽  
Phytophthora Species ◽  
Morphological Identification ◽  
First Report ◽  
Phytophthora Spp ◽  
Isolated Species

The paper presents the results of the study performed with aims to determine the presence and diversity of Phytophthora species on maple trees in Serbia. Due to high aggressiveness and their multicyclic nature, presence of these pathogens is posing significant threat to forestry and biodiversity. In total, 29 samples of water, soil and tissues were taken from 10 different localities, and six different maple hosts were tested. After the isolation tests, 17 samples from five different maple hosts were positive for the presence of Phytophthora spp., and 31 isolates were obtained. After the detailed morphological and physiological classification, four distinct groups of isolates were separated. DNA was extracted from selected representative isolates and molecular identification with sequencing of ITS region was performed. Used ITS4 and ITS6 primers successfully amplified the genomic DNA of chosen isolates and morphological identification of obtained isolates was confirmed after the sequencing. Four different Phytophthora species were detected, including P. cactorum, P. gonapodyides, P. plurivora and P. lacustris. The most common isolated species was homothallic, and with very variable and semipapillate sporangia, P. plurivora with 22 obtained isolates. This is the first report of P. plurivora and P. gonapodyides on A. campestre, P. plurivora and P. lacustris on Acer heldreichii and first report of P. lacustris on A. pseudoplatanus and A. tataricum in Serbia.

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