scholarly journals Methods to Test the Compressive Strength of Earth Blocks

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Guanqi Lan ◽  
Sisi Chao ◽  
Yihong Wang ◽  
Ying Cui
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Test Methods ◽  
Test Method ◽  
Material Strength ◽  
Specimen Preparation ◽  
Efficient Design ◽  
Full Size ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Earth Blocks ◽  
Earth Block

The efficient design of new earth structures and the restoration of old structures both require a reliable assessment of the compressive strength of earth materials. However, there is still much debate on the best method to accurately measure the compressive strength of earth blocks. To solve the problem of measuring the compressive strength of the earth block, the cube specimen, the half-block stacked specimen, and the full-size block specimen are used to measure the compressive strength of the molded adobe and rammed adobe, respectively, considering the influence of the specimen preparation process, loading direction, capping, and other factors. By comparing and analyzing the stress state, failure mode, and compressive strength of the specimen under various test methods, a compressive strength test method of earth blocks is determined, which is simple to operate, easy to standardize, and as close as possible to the actual strength of the blocks. The results show that the full-size block compression test method along the block thickness direction should be preferred to test the compressive strength of the earth block. The standard specimen obtained by cutting the full-size block is not suitable for the test of the compressive strength of the earth block; it can effectively solve the problem that the compressive strength of the small-thickness earth block cannot be directly measured by cutting the full-size block in half and stacking it, but it is not recommended to use the binder to bond the two half-blocks. When comparing the compressive strength of the earth blocks, the conversion coefficient related to the height-to-thickness ratio of the specimen cannot be used to convert the compressive strength. Still, the anisotropy of the material strength should be considered.

An evaluation of ECT sample height for small flute board grades and Box Manufacturer’s Certification compliance

TAPPI Journal ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 24-28
Author(s):  
CORY JAY WILSON ◽  
BENJAMIN FRANK
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Compressive Load ◽  
Test Sample ◽  
Test Methods ◽  
Test Method ◽  
Initial Development ◽  
Sample Height ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Corrugated Fiberboard

TAPPI test T811 is the specified method to ascertain ECT relative to box manufacturer’s certification compliance of corrugated fiberboard under Rule 41/ Alternate Item 222. T811 test sample heights were derived from typical board constructions at the time of the test method’s initial development. New, smaller flute sizes have since been developed, and the use of lighter weight boards has become more common. The T811 test method includes sample specifications for typical A-flute, B-flute, and C-flute singlewall (and doublewall and triplewall) structures, but not for newer thinner E-flute or F-flute structures. This research explores the relationship of ECT sample height to measured compressive load, in an effort to determine valid E-flute and F-flute ECT sample heights for use with the T811 method. Through this process, it identifies challenges present in our use of current ECT test methods as a measure of intrinsic compressive strength for smaller flute structures. The data does not support the use of TAPPI T 811 for ECT measurement for E and F flute structures, and demonstrates inconsistencies with current height specifi-cations for some lightweight B flute.

Effect of Waste Glass on Portland Cement Hydration Process

2021 ◽  
Vol 325 ◽  
pp. 9-20
Author(s):  
Evaldas Serelis ◽  
Vitoldas Vaitkevicius
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Portland Cement ◽  
Glass Powder ◽  
Cement Hydration ◽  
Test Methods ◽  
Waste Glass ◽  
Test Method ◽  
Hydration Process ◽  
Hardened Cement ◽  
Portland Cement Hydration

Glass is an amorphous material, which could be a good pozzolanic material and can be beneficial in compressive strength gain. However, if waste of glass powder has undesirable contaminations (aluminium, clay impurities, sulphates, etc.) it can negatively affect hydration process. In the research were used two types of waste glass (with and without harmful impurities). Waste glass shards were obtained from a local waste recycling plant and its properties were investigated in the Portland cement hydration process. Properties of waste glass were analysed by SEM, XRD test methods, pozzolanicity of glass powder was investigated by Chappelle test method. The hydration process of Portland cement was researched by the semi-adiabatic test method and XRD analysis. Properties of hardened cement paste was analysed by: density, flexural and compressive strength test methods The main aim of this research is to analyse waste glass, which after primary cleaning is not suitable for secondary reuse and investigate its suitability in cement-based systems.

Importance of specimen preparation for edgewise compressive strength (ECT) testing

TAPPI Journal ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (04) ◽  
pp. 219-227
Author(s):  
Jerry Loza ◽  
Doug Cash ◽  
Benjamin Frank
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Predictive Models ◽  
Test Methods ◽  
Specimen Preparation ◽  
Customer Expectations ◽  
Significant Challenge ◽  
Industry Standard ◽  
Dimensional Measurements

While more than 50 years of published studies recognize the importance of rectangular, parallel edgewise compressive strength (ECT) specimens, none of the existing test methods address the degree to which a sample specimen is defined as sufficiently parallel. We present a detailed exploration of ECT results for specimens whose edges deviate from parallel with varying severity. We work to identify causes of variation in dimensional measurements and the corresponding ECT values across several industry standard cutters. These variations present a significant challenge to the industry in satisfying customer expectations for performance-based packaging, as well as to the development of improved predictive models for packaging performance.

scholarly journals Literature Survey of Gaseous Hydrogen Effects on the Mechanical Properties of Carbon and Low Alloy Steels

2009 ◽  
Vol 131 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
P. S. Lam ◽  
R. L. Sindelar ◽  
A. J. Duncan ◽  
T. M. Adams
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Structural Integrity ◽  
Standardized Test ◽  
Uniform Elongation ◽  
Test Methods ◽  
Hydrogen Gas ◽  
Test Method ◽  
Specimen Preparation ◽  
Low Alloy Steels ◽  
Alloy Steels

A compendium of mechanical properties of carbon and low alloy steels following hydrogen exposure has been assembled from literature sources. The property sets include yield strength, ultimate tensile strength, uniform elongation, reduction in area, threshold stress intensity factor, fracture toughness, and fatigue crack growth. These properties are from literature sources under a variety of test methods and conditions. The collection of literature data is by no means complete, but the diversity of data and dependency of results on test method are sufficient to warrant a design and implementation of a standardized test program. The program would be needed to enable a defensible demonstration of structural integrity of a pressurized hydrogen system. It is essential that the environmental variables be well-defined (e.g., the applicable hydrogen gas pressure range and the test strain rate) and the specimen preparation be realistically consistent (such as the techniques to charge hydrogen and to maintain the hydrogen concentration in the specimens).

scholarly journals Literature Survey of Gaseous Hydrogen Effects on the Mechanical Properties of Carbon and Low Alloy Steels

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. S. Lam ◽  
R. L. Sindelar ◽  
T. M. Adams
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Structural Integrity ◽  
Uniform Elongation ◽  
Test Methods ◽  
Literature Survey ◽  
Hydrogen Gas ◽  
Test Method ◽  
Specimen Preparation ◽  
Low Alloy Steels ◽  
Alloy Steels

Literature survey has been performed for a compendium of mechanical properties of carbon and low alloy steels following hydrogen exposure. The property sets include yield strength, ultimate tensile strength, uniform elongation, reduction of area, threshold stress intensity factor, fracture toughness, and fatigue crack growth. These properties are drawn from literature sources under a variety of test methods and conditions. However, the collection of literature data is by no means complete, but the diversity of data and dependency of results in test method is sufficient to warrant a design and implementation of a thorough test program. The program would be needed to enable a defensible demonstration of structural integrity of a pressurized hydrogen system. It is essential that the environmental variables be well-defined (e.g., the applicable hydrogen gas pressure range and the test strain rate) and the specimen preparation be realistically consistent (such as the techniques to charge hydrogen and to maintain the hydrogen concentration in the specimens).

scholarly journals Study on the Modification Formula of Earth Material Compound with Cement and Gravel by Single Lattice Theory

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Kun Zhang ◽  
Bai-Ru Lu ◽  
Yi-Hong Wang ◽  
Zhan Qu ◽  
Le Qu
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Lattice Theory ◽  
Cement Content ◽  
Failure Process ◽  
Test Methods ◽  
Test Method ◽  
Mass Ratio ◽  
Peak Displacement ◽  
Earth Material ◽  
Process Failure

Gravel and cement can effectively improve the low strength of traditional Earth materials. There have been few studies on test methods for raw soil-based composite admixtures. By introducing the theory of single lattice formula testing, the compressive strength of 10 formulas and 60 modified raw soil cubic specimens were tested. The failure process, failure mode, and compressive strength of specimens were studied. The effects of different formulations of raw soil on strength, peak displacement, and dispersion were analyzed. The results showed that cement content had a significant effect on the compressive strength and dispersion of earth material specimens. The optimal modification formula of cement, gravel, and raw soil was determined to be 0.1/0.08/0.82 (mass ratio). At the same time, the applicability of the test method was verified, which can be used as a reference for the experimental study on modification formulations of earth materials.

The Hollowing Test Method Research in Constructional Floor and Decoration Projects

2012 ◽  
Vol 178-181 ◽  
pp. 284-287
Author(s):  
Jin Yang Zhang ◽  
Xiu Gao
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Visual Observation ◽  
Test Methods ◽  
Test Point ◽  
Strength Test ◽  
Test Method ◽  
Compressive Strength Test ◽  
Plaster Layer ◽  
Reasonable Test

The constructional decoration and constructional flooring projects are the important parts in constructional engineering and currently the qualities of face tile attachment and plaster layer adhering are checked by means of visual observation and gentle knocking with small hammer after the end of project. However, the said conventional visual observation and knocking test methods are more in subjective randomness and low in efficiency to result in poor inspection effect. With the principle of the rebound value being abnormally quite low in case there are air holes or hollowing in the process of compressive strength test of materials with rebound method, the hollowing defect distributions in constructional flooring and architectural decoration engineering can be detected completely, accurately and visually by means of reasonable test point layout and effective defaults judgments.

scholarly journals Nondestructive Determination of Strength of Concrete Incorporating Industrial Wastes as Partial Replacement for Fine Aggregate

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (24) ◽  
pp. 8256
Author(s):  
Temple Chimuanya Odimegwu ◽  
A. B. M. Amrul Kaish ◽  
Ideris Zakaria ◽  
Manal Mohsen Abood ◽  
Maslina Jamil ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Industrial Waste ◽  
Test Method ◽  
Waste Materials ◽  
Partial Replacement ◽  
Material Strength ◽  
Fine Aggregate ◽  
Rebound Number ◽  
Compressive Strength Of Concrete ◽  
Alum Sludge

Schmidt rebound hammer test was employed in this study as a nondestructive test. This test method has been universally utilized due to its non-destructiveness for quick and easy assessment of material strength properties and quality of concrete of an existing structure. Industrial waste materials (air-dried alum sludge, treated alum sludge, limestone dust and quarry dust) were employed as replacement material for fine aggregates in this study. A normal strength concrete was designed to achieve 35 MPa at 28 days, with industrial waste materials replacing fine aggregate at different percentages (0%, 5%, 10% and 15%), and then cured for 7, 28 and 180 days. The compressive strength values and rebound numbers for all the mixes obtained were correlated, and a regression equation was established between compressive strength and Schmidt rebound number. The correlation result showed an excellent relationship between rebound number and compressive strength of concrete produced in this study at all curing ages, with correlation coefficients of R2 = 0.98, R2 = 0.99 and R2 = 0.98. The predicted equation showed a strong relationship with the experimental compressive strength. Therefore, it can be used for the prediction of compressive strength of concrete with industrial waste as a replacement for fine aggregate.

The influence of the addition of ground olive stone on the thermo-mechanical behavior of compressed earth blocks

2020 ◽  
Vol 108 (2) ◽  
pp. 203
Author(s):  
Samia Djadouf ◽  
Nasser Chelouah ◽  
Abdelkader Tahakourt
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Conductivity ◽  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Mechanical Behavior ◽  
Agricultural Waste ◽  
Hydraulic Press ◽  
Dry Density ◽  
Olive Stone ◽  
Compressed Earth Blocks ◽  
Clay Matrix ◽  
Earth Blocks

Sustainable development and environmental challenges incite to valorize local materials such as agricultural waste. In this context, a new ecological compressed earth blocks (CEBS) with addition of ground olive stone (GOS) was proposed. The GOS is added as partial clay replacement in different proportions. The main objective of this paper is to study the effect of GOS levels on the thermal properties and mechanical behavior of CEB. We proceeded to determining the optimal water content and equivalent wet density by compaction using a hydraulic press, at a pressure of 10 MPa. The maximum compressive strength is reached at 15% of the GOS. This percentage increases the mechanical properties by 19.66%, and decreases the thermal conductivity by 37.63%. These results are due to the optimal water responsible for the consolidation and compactness of the clay matrix. The substitution up to 30% of GOS shows a decrease of compressive strength and thermal conductivity by about 38.38% and 50.64% respectively. The decrease in dry density and thermal conductivity is related to the content of GOS, which is composed of organic and porous fibers. The GOS seems promising for improving the thermo-mechanical characteristics of CEB and which can also be used as reinforcement in CEBS.

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