Potential Use of Industrial Cocoa Waste in Biofuel Production

Worldwide, the wastes derived from food production are generated in elevated volumes annually. In particular, the cocoa industrial wastes represent a source of usable biomass for the elaboration of new products such as food, livestock feed, cosmetics, and chemical products, and they can even be used for the generation of biofuels. The cocoa industrial wastes include cocoa pod husk, mucilage, and bean shells, which contain compounds of interest for different industries. However, the lignocellulose content of these by-products requires a pretreatment to fully utilize them; thus, different biofuels can be produced, depending on the conversion technology used to obtain the highest biomass yield. Recent studies reported the use of cocoa industrial wastes for the production of solid, liquid, and gaseous biofuels; nevertheless, the most common use reported is as a direct combustion source, which is used to supply the same production plants. Therefore, the objective of this work is to carry out a review on the uses of the by-products generated from cocoa for the generation of biofuels, as well as the technological concept applied for the transformation. In addition, the future trends indicate the relevance of using catalysts in production to increase reactions in the conversion of compounds, including the use of statistical models to optimize the processing variables.

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ANALYSIS OF DIRECTIONS OF USING SUNFLOWER PRODUCTION BY-PRODUCTS FOR ENERGY IN UKRAINE (REVIEW)

Thermophysics and Thermal Power Engineering ◽

10.31472/ttpe.4.2020.10 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 42 (4) ◽

pp. 83-92

Author(s):

G.G. Geletukha ◽

S.V. Drahniev ◽

T.A. Zheliezna ◽

A.I. Bashtovyi

Keyword(s):

Field Tests ◽

Economic Feasibility ◽

Biofuel Production ◽

Energy Potential ◽

Agricultural Producers ◽

Direct Combustion ◽

Energy Needs ◽

Solid Liquid ◽

By Products ◽

Sunflower Production

The aim of the work is to analyze technical and economic basis for the development of energy and biofuel production from sunflower growing by-products in Ukraine. The task of the work is to determine conditions that ensure the economic feasibility of such type projects in Ukraine. Results of assessment of the energy potential of sunflower production by-products in Ukraine are presented. Ukraine is a world leader in terms of sunflower gross harvest. Consequently the country has a large potential of by-products from sunflower growing and processing available for energy. Today, with the exception of sunflower husk, this type of biomass is practically not used for energy needs. Small amounts of sunflower growing by-products are mainly used by some agricultural producers and rural households to cover their own needs in heat. Taking into consideration the insufficiently described practice of harvesting this type of biomass and the undoubted prospects of its use for energy in Ukraine, it is necessary to conduct some field tests of harvesting technologies, at least on the basis of existing agricultural machinery, in particular, forage harvester and mulcher with a baler. Further research is needed on the technology of direct combustion of stalks and other by-products of sunflower growing, as well as the production of solid, liquid and gaseous biofuels from them.

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Removal of Toxic Metal Ions from Solutions Using Industrial Solid Byproducts

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.1993.0209 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 27 (10) ◽

pp. 83-93 ◽

Cited By ~ 35

Author(s):

A. I. Zouboulis ◽

K. A. Kydros ◽

K. A. Matis

Keyword(s):

Toxic Metals ◽

Toxic Metal ◽

Industrial Wastes ◽

Mineral Particles ◽

Solid Adsorbent ◽

Metals Removal ◽

Environmental Considerations ◽

Solid Liquid ◽

Solid Liquid Separation ◽

By Products

Nowadays the problem of industrial wastes handling and disposal is increasing continuously, as more strict environmental considerations have to be taken into account. In this paper, selected experimental results are presented from our current research in toxic metals removal (e.g. Cu, Pb, As), related to the applications of mineral particles as by-products (red mud, pyrite, dolomite, etc.) for the induced removal of toxic metals from aqueous solutions. These by-products, existing in finely divided form and considered rather as solid industrial wastes, have been used as a cheap solid adsorbent or substrate. Appropriate methods for the subsequent solid/liquid separation were examined, among them flotation. Different parameters were tested and high removals of toxic metals were achieved. In this way, a useful application may be realized for the waste mineral particles.

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Generalized Bogue calculations for determining phase compatibility/equilibria: Assessing potential use of inorganic industrial by-products

Journal of Materials Research ◽

10.1557/jmr.1989.0447 ◽

1989 ◽

Vol 4 (2) ◽

pp. 447-451 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

J. Majling ◽

V. Jesenák ◽

Della M. Roy ◽

Rustum Roy

Keyword(s):

Phase Composition ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Equilibrium Phase ◽

Material Balance ◽

Industrial Wastes ◽

Raw Material ◽

Equilibrium Phase Composition ◽

Phase Compatibility ◽

By Products ◽

Potential Use

A method has been developed for determining the equilibrium phase composition of multicomponent systems at subsolidus conditions and atmospheric pressure, based on the knowledge of binary phase compatibilities and on information concerning the existence and stoichiometry of ternary and higher order compounds. The method, combined with material balance, enables computation of the changes of equilibrium phase compositions of fired products dependent on the proportions of multicomponent raw materials; the procedure is useful for assessing the exploitability of industrial wastes for production of binding materials and ceramics. It is also possible to find the raw material mixture composition needed for the desired phase composition of the fired product.

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Prediction of tensile strength of concrete produced by using pozzolanic materials and partly replacing natural sand by manufactured sand

Challenge Journal of Concrete Research Letters ◽

10.20528/cjcrl.2019.03.001 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 10 (3) ◽

pp. 50

Author(s):

Kiran Mansingrao Mane ◽

Dilip K. Kulkarni ◽

K. B. Prakash

Keyword(s):

Tensile Strength ◽

Industrial Wastes ◽

Test Results ◽

Ann Model ◽

Natural Sand ◽

Manufactured Sand ◽

Tensile Strength Test ◽

Pozzolanic Materials ◽

By Products ◽

Potential Use

The overuse level of cement and natural sand for civil industry has several undesirable social and ecological consequences. As an answer for this, industrial wastes or by-products (pozzolanic materials) such as fly ash, GGBFS, silica fume and metakaolin can be used to interchange partially cement and natural sand by manufacturing sand (M-sand). In this study, Artiﬁcial Neural Networks (ANNs) models were developed for predicting the tensile strength, at the age of 28 days, of concretes containing partly pozzolanic materials and partly replacing natural sand by manufactured sand. Tensile strength test were performed and test results were used to construct ANN model. A total of 131 values was used for modeling ANN, 80% in the training phase, and 20% in the testing phase. To construct the model, 25 input parameters were used to achieve one output parameter, referred to as the tensile strength of concrete containing partly pozzolanic materials and manufactured sand. The results obtained in both, the training and testing phases strongly show the potential use of ANN to predict 28 days tensile strength of concretes containing partly pozzolanic materials and manufactured sand.

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By-Products in the Malting and Brewing Industries—Re-Usage Possibilities

Fermentation ◽

10.3390/fermentation6030082 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 6 (3) ◽

pp. 82 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Andrea Karlović ◽

Anita Jurić ◽

Nevena Ćorić ◽

Kristina Habschied ◽

Vinko Krstanović ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Food Industry ◽

Raw Materials ◽

High Energy ◽

Biofuel Production ◽

Huge Amount ◽

Livestock Feed ◽

Spent Grains ◽

Spent Hops ◽

Beer Production ◽

By Products

Beer production includes the formation of different by-products such as wastewater, spent grains, spent hops, and yeast. In addition to these well-known by-products, it is necessary to mention germ/rootlets, which also remain after the malting process. Given that a huge amount of beer is produced annually worldwide, by-products are available in large quantities throughout the year. Spent grains, spent hops, and spent yeasts are high-energy raw materials that possess a great potential for application in the branch of biotechnology, and the food industry, but these by-products are commonly used as livestock feed, disposed of in the fields, or incinerated. Breweries by-products can be utilized for microalgae production, biofuel production, extraction of proteins, polyphenolic, antioxidative substances, etc. This paper aims to address each of these by-products with an emphasis on their possible application in biotechnology and other industries.

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Preliminary results of the optimization of biogas production at the biogas station of the national research institute of animal production in Grodziec Sląski – Kostkowice

Agricultural science and practice ◽

10.15407/agrisp2.03.026 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 2 (3) ◽

pp. 26-31

Author(s):

K. Węglarzy ◽

Yu. Shliva ◽

B. Matros ◽

G. Sych

Keyword(s):

Agricultural Production ◽

Crude Protein ◽

Biogas Production ◽

Electric Energy ◽

Corn Silage ◽

Industrial Wastes ◽

Organic Mass ◽

National Research Institute ◽

Digestion Process ◽

By Products

Aim. To optimize the methane digestion process while using different recipes of substrate components of ag- ricultural origin. Methods. The chemical composition of separate components of the substrate of agricultural by-products, industrial wastes, fats of the agrorefi nery and corn silage was studied. Dry (organic) mass, crude protein (fat) fi ber, loose ash, nitrogen-free exhaust were estimated in the components and the productivity of biogas was determined along with the methane content. These data were used as a basis for daily recipes of the substrate and the analysis of biogas production at the biogas station in Kostkowice. Results. The application of by-products of agricultural production solves the problem of their storage on boards and in open containers, which reduces investment costs, related to the installation of units for their storage. Conclusions. The return on investment for obtaining electric energy out of agricultural biogas depends considerably on the kind of the substrate used and on technological and market conditions.

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Monomers, Materials and Energy from Coffee By-Products: A Review

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su13126921 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (12) ◽

pp. 6921

Author(s):

Laura Sisti ◽

Annamaria Celli ◽

Grazia Totaro ◽

Patrizia Cinelli ◽

Francesca Signori ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Circular Economy ◽

Food Industry ◽

Food Packaging ◽

Low Cost ◽

Biofuel Production ◽

Material Technology ◽

Coffee Production ◽

Coffee Pulp ◽

Coffee Waste ◽

By Products

In recent years, the circular economy and sustainability have gained attention in the food industry aimed at recycling food industrial waste and residues. For example, several plant-based materials are nowadays used in packaging and biofuel production. Among them, by-products and waste from coffee processing constitute a largely available, low cost, good quality resource. Coffee production includes many steps, in which by-products are generated including coffee pulp, coffee husks, silver skin and spent coffee. This review aims to analyze the reasons why coffee waste can be considered as a valuable source in recycling strategies for the sustainable production of bio-based chemicals, materials and fuels. It addresses the most recent advances in monomer, polymer and plastic filler productions and applications based on the development of viable biorefinery technologies. The exploration of strategies to unlock the potential of this biomass for fuel productions is also revised. Coffee by-products valorization is a clear example of waste biorefinery. Future applications in areas such as biomedicine, food packaging and material technology should be taken into consideration. However, further efforts in techno-economic analysis and the assessment of the feasibility of valorization processes on an industrial scale are needed.

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Critical Issues and Opportunities for Producing Biomethane in Italy

Energies ◽

10.3390/en14092431 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (9) ◽

pp. 2431

Author(s):

Roberto Murano ◽

Natascia Maisano ◽

Roberta Selvaggi ◽

Gioacchino Pappalardo ◽

Biagio Pecorino

Keyword(s):

Anaerobic Digestion ◽

Case Studies ◽

Regulatory Framework ◽

Biofuel Production ◽

Political Incentives ◽

Critical Issues ◽

Biogas Plants ◽

High Level ◽

By Products ◽

Lack Of Knowledge

Nowadays, most Italian biogas produces electricity even though recent political incentives are promoting biomethane from biogas by “upgrading” it. The aim of this paper is to focus on the regulatory framework for producing biomethane from new or already-existent anaerobic digestion plants. The complexity and lack of knowledge of the regulations on biofuel production and of anaerobic digested biomethane from waste and by-products create difficulties of both interpretation and application. Consequently, the aim of this paper is to analyze the regulations for producing biomethane, underline the critical issues and opportunities, and evaluate whether an electrical plant built in the last 10 years in Italy can really be converted to a biomethane plant, thereby lengthening its lifespan. Three case studies were considered to look more closely into applying Italian biomethane incentives and to simulate the types of incentivization in agriculture with examples based on certain fuel types typical of a standard biomethane plant of 500 standard cubic meter per hour. All the considered cases put in evidence that biomethane is a further opportunity for development with a high level of efficiency for all biogas producers, especially for many biogas plants whose incentivization period is about to finish.

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