scholarly journals Investigations on Microstructure, Mechanical, Thermal, and Tribological Behavior of Cu-MWCNT Composites Processed by Powder Metallurgy

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Stalin ◽  
M. Ravichandran ◽  
Alagar Karthick ◽  
M. Meignanamoorthy ◽  
G. T. Sudha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Powder Metallurgy ◽  
Wear Rate ◽  
Multiwall Carbon Nanotubes ◽  
Wear Test ◽  
Hydraulic Press ◽  
Mwcnt Content ◽  
Test Parameters ◽  
Characterization Studies ◽  
Sliding Distance ◽  
Minimum Wear

Copper (Cu) metal matrix composite (MMC) was developed with multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) as reinforcement by using powder metallurgy (PM) technique. The composition of the composites is Cu, Cu-4 wt% MWCNT, Cu-8 wt% MWCNT, and Cu-12 wt% MWCNT. The Cu and MWCNTs were blended for 6 hours in a ball mill and compacted at a 6 ton pressure to form green compacts using a 10 ton hydraulic press. Using a tubular furnace, the heat was applied at 900°C for 1.5 hours to impart strength and integrity to the green compacts. Milled composite blends were studied to analyze its characterization through SEM and EDAX analysis. Characterization studies such as SEM and EDAX confirm the presence and even dispersion of Cu and MWCNT constituents. The relative density, hardness, and ultimate compressive strength have been studied, and a remarkable improvement in properties has been obtained by the inclusion of MWCNTs. The composites reinforced by 8 and 12 wt% MWCNT were recorded with low thermal conductivity than the Cu composite reinforced by 4 wt% MWCNT. A wear study was analyzed using Taguchi technique for determining the effect caused by the wear test parameters and MWCNT content on wear rate. The optimized parameter that contributes minimum wear rate was identified as 12 wt% MWCNT content, 10 N applied load, 2 m/s sliding velocity, and 500 m sliding distance. Based on the obtained results, it could be understood that the produced composites can be utilized for various applications like relay contact springs and switchgear, rotor bars, and bus bars.

scholarly journals Influence of Test Conditions on Sliding Wear Performance of High Velocity Air Fuel-Sprayed WC–CoCr Coatings

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (11) ◽  
pp. 3074
Author(s):  
Kaveh Torkashvand ◽  
Vinod Krishna Selpol ◽  
Mohit Gupta ◽  
Shrikant Joshi
Keyword(s):  
Wear Rate ◽  
Test Performance ◽  
Sliding Wear ◽  
Normal Load ◽  
Specific Wear Rate ◽  
Wear Behaviour ◽  
Wear Performance ◽  
Test Conditions ◽  
Test Parameters ◽  
Sliding Distance

Sliding wear performance of thermal spray WC-based coatings has been widely studied. However, there is no systematic investigation on the influence of test conditions on wear behaviour of these coatings. In order to have a good understanding of the effect of test parameters on sliding wear test performance of HVAF-sprayed WC–CoCr coatings, ball-on-disc tests were conducted under varying test conditions, including different angular velocities, loads and sliding distances. Under normal load of 20 N and sliding distance of 5 km (used as ‘reference’ conditions), it was shown that, despite changes in angular velocity (from 1333 rpm up to 2400 rpm), specific wear rate values experienced no major variation. No major change was observed in specific wear rate values even upon increasing the load from 20 N to 40 N and sliding distance from 5 km to 10 km, and no significant change was noted in the prevailing wear mechanism, either. Results suggest that no dramatic changes in applicable wear regime occur over the window of test parameters investigated. Consequently, the findings of this study inspire confidence in utilizing test conditions within the above range to rank different WC-based coatings.

Effect of heat treatment on mechanical and tribological properties of aluminum metal matrix composites

2020 ◽  
Vol 234 (22) ◽  
pp. 4493-4504
Author(s):  
Manu Sam ◽  
N Radhika ◽  
Katru Pavan Sai
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Wear Rate ◽  
Response Surface ◽  
Surface Deformation ◽  
Wear Test ◽  
Composite Surface ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Mechanical And Tribological Properties ◽  
Sliding Distance

LM25 aluminum alloy reinforced with 10 wt% of TiB2, WC, and ZrO2 were squeeze cast to investigate the effect of T6 heat treatment on tribo-mechanical properties. Among all, WC-reinforced composite achieved superior mechanical properties at the aging time of 8 h. Microstructural examination performed on all composites and alloy concluded that the presence of WC in T6 LM25 caused reduction of α-Al dendrite size, exhibiting superior properties for this composite. X-ray diffraction analysis conducted on alloy and WC-reinforced superior composite revealed formations of phases, which improved their mechanical properties. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analysis quantified the actual intensity of WC presence in the superior composite along with its other constituents. Response surface methodology model developed for wear test of the superior composite involves parametric range like applied load (10–50 N), sliding velocity (1–4 m/s), and sliding distance (500–2500 m). Analysis of variance along with regression analysis proved that, statistical analytical model developed good relationship between the actual wear rate and process parameters. Response surface plots represented the linearly increasing wear trend with respect to load and sliding distance. Wear rate dropped initially and raised later on along with velocity. Scanning electron microscopy exhibited the surface deformation prevailing on the composite surface at high load.

Analytical and experimental studies on wear in spur gear running in dry condition

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-30
Author(s):  
Sudhagar Selvam ◽  
L Bhaskara Rao
Keyword(s):  
Wear Rate ◽  
Contact Zone ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Wear Test ◽  
Spur Gear ◽  
Test Method ◽  
Single Pair ◽  
Observation Method ◽  
Sliding Distance ◽  
Gear Profile

Abstract This study was performed to measure the extent of wear of unlubricated spur gears on the involute tooth. Contacts that roll and slide normally undergo wear. When material removal occurs due to surface wear from the gear profile, the surface pressure in the gear profile is redistributed. A mathematical model for predicting wear and wear pattern in spur gear has been developed. The prediction is based on wear rate equation, load shared by the tooth in single-pair contact zone and double-pair contact zone. The distribution of the contact pressure was determined using the Hertzian cylindrical contact theory. For determining the sliding distance of the gears, the two-point observation method (TPOM) was used. Sliding distance at pitch point of gear and pinion was zero, because theoretically at pitch point, both zero sliding and pure rolling occur. The pin on the wear test method was used to obtain the wear rate on the material and simplified to the time of measurement on the gear wear. Taguchi's method for design of experiment was used, which significantly reduced experimental time with less experiment.

Effect of Tribological Behaviours on Laser Surface Textured Hard Forged Steel

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Ravichandran ◽  
M. Duraiselvam ◽  
F. Peter Prakash
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Wear Rate ◽  
Applied Load ◽  
Optical Microscope ◽  
Laser Surface ◽  
Sliding Velocity ◽  
Cooling Process ◽  
Pin On Disc ◽  
Sliding Distance ◽  
Minimum Wear

The wear characteristics of untextured and Laser Surface Textured (LST) hard forged steel samples were dissected using a Pin-On-Disc Tribometer. In this analysis, the input parameters such as sliding distance, sliding velocity and applied load were selected as experiment parameters. Before LST, the forged steel was hardened at a high temperature of around 900ºC to 1400ºC followed by a rapid cooling process which causes the iron atoms to change their position with metal lattice as martensite. The characterization was carried out on an optical microscope (OM) and white light interferometer (WLI). The results showed that the LST samples have minimum wear rate of 2.7410-4 to 4.3910-4 mm3/m and co-efficient of friction of 0.22 to 0.44 compared to untextured samples.

A Contribution of Fractal Geometry to Characterization of Wear Process

2005 ◽  
Vol 290 ◽  
pp. 276-279
Author(s):  
Miriam Kupková ◽  
Martin Kupka ◽  
Emőke Rudnayová ◽  
Ján Dusza
Keyword(s):  
Fractal Dimension ◽  
Friction Coefficient ◽  
Wear Rate ◽  
Fractal Geometry ◽  
Wear Test ◽  
Ceramic Materials ◽  
Fractal Curve ◽  
Wear Process ◽  
Sliding Distance

Irregular evolution of friction coefficient, recorded during the ball-on-disc test on Si3N4 based ceramic materials, was analysed by means of fractal geometry methods. Tests were carried out at room temperature, in air and without any lubricant. It was proven that the friction coefficient trace, considered as a geometric object, has the property of a fractal curve. The fractal dimension of this curve increased with increasing wear rate measured in a corresponding wear test. This could indicate the possible correlation between the wear rate and the fractal dimension of friction coefficient as a function of sliding distance (time).

Evaluation of Wear Rate of Aluminium Hybrid Composites Fabricated through Stir Casting Technique

2019 ◽  
Vol 969 ◽  
pp. 110-115
Author(s):  
B. Venkatesh ◽  
S. Nagakalyan
Keyword(s):  
Wear Rate ◽  
Hybrid Composites ◽  
Wear Test ◽  
Stir Casting ◽  
Casting Technique ◽  
Pin On Disc ◽  
Sic Composites ◽  
Sic Reinforcement ◽  
Sliding Distance ◽  
Positive Effect

The Al2014 alloy is extensively used as a structural material in aerospace industry and also it is proving to fit as wear resistant materials especially in sliding wear applications. In the present paper, the wear analysis of hybrid Al-MMCs utilising Al2014 alloy as matrix and Silicon carbide (SiC) / Graphite (Gr) particulate reinforcements was studied by changing load, speed and percentage reinforcement. Al2014+10%SiC composites and Al2014/(5%SiC+5%Gr) were prepared using liquid state processing. The wear test is carried out by using pin on disc with sliding speeds range from 0.84-1.67m/s and loads from 25-75N and sliding distance of 1000m.The outcomes demonstrated that the connected load had positive effect on wear rate while sliding rate indicates reverse movement on wear rate. The incorporation of SiC and Gr is observed to be significant on account of self-lubricating impact of Gr and resistance to material plastic flow due to SiC reinforcement.

scholarly journals Abrasive Wear Behavior of CNT-Filled Unidirectional Kenaf–Epoxy Composites

Processes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 128
Author(s):  
Napisah Sapiai ◽  
Aidah Jumahat ◽  
Mohammad Jawaid ◽  
Carlo Santulli
Keyword(s):  
Wear Rate ◽  
Abrasive Wear ◽  
Wear Behavior ◽  
Multiwall Carbon Nanotubes ◽  
Infrared Camera ◽  
Wear Test ◽  
Interfacial Bonding ◽  
Hibiscus Cannabinus ◽  
Contact Temperature ◽  
Wear Properties

Kenaf (Hibiscus Cannabinus) fibers have received significant attention for replacing the usage of synthetic fibers, especially glass fiber, in the fabrication of fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composites. The aim of this research was to study the change in wear behavior of kenaf–epoxy fiber composites by filling them with multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNT). In particular, the effect of untreated MWCNT (PMWCNT), acid-treated MWCNT (AMWCNT), and silane-treated MWCNT (SMWCNT) was studied, using three different MWCNT loadings, i.e., 0.5, 0.75, and 1 wt.%. The abrasive wear test was conducted to measure the wear properties of the composites. A thermal infrared camera was also used to measure the punctual contact temperature during the abrasive wear test, while the abraded surfaces were analyzed using the stereomicroscope. Starting from the considerable reduction of wear rate with the introduction of kenaf fibers, it was observed that PMWCNT provided some further, yet modest, reduction of wear rate only at the higher loadings. In contrast, the inclusion of AMWCNT proved to increase the specific wear rate of the epoxy–kenaf composites, an effect worsened at higher loadings. This may be due to the weakened interfacial bonding between the AMWCNT and epoxy. On the other hand, the presence of SMWCNT improved the interfacial bonding between CNT and epoxy, as shown by an increase in contact temperature. However, the increase in bonding strength was stipulated to have caused the rougher worn debris, thus inducing a three-body abrasive wear effect.

Determination of Steady-State Adhesive Wear Rate

2006 ◽  
Vol 128 (4) ◽  
pp. 725-734 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. J. Yang
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Wear Rate ◽  
Wear Test ◽  
Testing Time ◽  
Wear Rates ◽  
Three Stages ◽  
New Equation ◽  
Sliding Distance ◽  
Wear Condition

A new equation has been formulated and found successful for modeling the wear rate of test specimens. It is capable of predicting the standard steady-state wear rate and the net steady-state wear rate with a FA value, an exponential function, of 0.99 and 0.999, respectively; and with deviations of about 19% and 36%, respectively. A methodology has also been proposed in this paper to enable the steady-state wear rate to be determined more accurately, consistently, and efficiently. The wear test will be divided into three stages: (i) To conduct the transient wear test; (ii) to predict the steady-state wear rate with the required sliding distance based on the transient wear data by using the new equation; (iii) to conduct confirmation runs to obtain the measured steady-state wear rate. The proposed methodology is supported by wear data obtained previously on aluminium based matrix composite materials. It is capable of giving more accurate steady-state wear rates, as well as saving a lot of testing time and labor, by reducing the number of trial runs required to achieve the steady-state wear condition. It will also give more consistent results since a common FA value will be used.

Determination of Steady-State Adhesive Wear Rate

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. J. Yang
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Wear Rate ◽  
Wear Test ◽  
Standard Test ◽  
Test Method ◽  
Testing Time ◽  
Wear Coefficient ◽  
Wear Rates ◽  
Test Methodology

Wear rates obtained from different investigators could vary significantly due to lack of a standard test method. A test methodology is therefore proposed in this paper to enable the steady-state wear rate to be determined more accurately, consistently, and efficiently. The wear test will be divided into four stages: (i) to conduct the transient wear test; (ii) to predict the steady-state wear coefficient with the required sliding distance based on the transient wear data by using Yang’s second wear coefficient equation; (iii) to conduct confirmation runs to obtain the measured steady-state wear coefficient value; and (iv) to convert the steady-state wear coefficient value into a steady-state wear rate. The proposed methodology is supported by wear data obtained previously on aluminium based matrix composite materials. It is capable of giving more accurate steady-state wear coefficient and wear rate values, as well as saving a lot of testing time and labour, by reducing the number of trial runs required to achieve the steady-state wear condition.

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