The Risk Factors for Diabetic Retinopathy in a Chinese Population: A Cross-Sectional Study

Aims. Epidemiological data on diabetic retinopathy (DR) in Chinese population is still rather scarce, and risk factors for diabetic retinopathy are inconsistent because of study designs, grading standards, and population samples. Materials and Methods. This hospital-based retrospective study included 1052 type 2 diabetes patients. Diabetic retinopathy was diagnosed by nonmydriatic fundus photography and/or fundus examination apparatus. Logistic regression analysis was performed to evaluate the risk of diabetic retinopathy. Results. A total of 352 (33.5% prevalence) subjects were diagnosed with diabetic retinopathy based on our population. The patients in the DR group not only had significantly higher hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), fasting plasma glucose (FPG), urinary microalbumin-creatinine ratio (ACR), and systolic blood pressure but also had higher follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) levels compared to those in the non-DR group. Moreover, we confirmed that diabetes duration and HbA1c are strongly associated with DR risk. We also found that serum LH was an independent risk factor in male diabetic retinopathy patients ( OR = 1.086 , 95% CI 1.024–1.152), and the levels of LH were significantly associated with diabetic retinopathy prevalence ( P = 0.018 ). Conclusions. Our study strengthens the argument that diabetes duration and HbA1c are risk factors for patients with DR. Additionally; we firstly confirmed that serum LH was an independent risk factor in male diabetic retinopathy patients.

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Risk Factors for Dysmotility, Acid Reflux Symptoms, and Overlap Using FSSG in Japan

Epidemiology Research International ◽

10.1155/2012/984039 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 2012 ◽

pp. 1-7 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Seiji Shiota ◽

Kazunari Murakami ◽

Kunimitsu Inoue ◽

Kyoko Yamamoto ◽

Akiko Kuroda ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Risk Factor ◽

Independent Risk Factor ◽

Female Gender ◽

Acid Reflux ◽

Cross Sectional Survey ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Frequency Scale ◽

Logistic Analysis ◽

Reflux Symptoms

Aims. FSSG {frequency scale for the symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)} was developed as a diagnostic tool for dysmotility and acid reflux symptoms. We first used FSSG to investigate the prevalence and risk factors for dysmotility and acid reflux symptoms and overlap of the two symptoms in a Japanese population. Methods. A cross-sectional survey was performed in Japanese underwent the routine medical examination. Dysmotility and acid reflux symptom were diagnosed by using FSSG. Subjects met both criteria were considered as overlap group. Results. Among 778 subjects, 395 persons were included in the final analyses. Dysmotility symptoms were found in 32.6% and acid reflux symptoms in 20.5%. Their overlap was found in 13.9% of all 395 subjects, which in 42.6% of dysmotility symptoms and 67.9% of acid reflux symptoms. Multiple logistic analysis showed that female gender was significantly associated with dysmotility symptoms compared with controls. Female gender, smoking, and hiatus hernia were significantly associated with overlap. Smoking was significantly associated with overlap compared with dysmotility symptoms alone and acid reflux symptoms alone. Conclusions. Overlap between dysmotility and acid reflux symptoms was common in Japan. Smoking was an independent risk factor for overlap among two symptoms.

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The impact of risk factors for dementia in China

Age and Ageing ◽

10.1093/ageing/afaa048 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 49 (5) ◽

pp. 850-855 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Yingxu Liu ◽

Shu Zhang ◽

Yasutake Tomata ◽

Dieta Nurrika ◽

Yumi Sugawara ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Risk Factor ◽

Chinese Population ◽

Physical Inactivity ◽

Population Attributable Fraction ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

National Surveys ◽

Low Education ◽

The Impact ◽

Incidence Of Dementia

Abstract Brief summary We evaluated the impact of seven risk factors for dementia in China. Physical inactivity, midlife hypertension and low education are proposed to be the largest fraction contributors to dementia. 55% of dementia were attributable to one or more of the seven risk factors. Background Previous studies have highlighted the impact of seven risk factors (midlife obesity, physical inactivity, smoking, low education, diabetes mellitus, midlife hypertension and depression) against dementia. However, the impact of these risk factors on dementia has not been evaluated among the Chinese population. Objective To clarify the impact of seven major risk factors on the incidence of dementia in China. Design The prevalence of risk factors was derived from the latest national surveys. Relative risks of corresponding risk factors were derived from the latest cohort or cross-sectional studies. Setting and subjects Three national surveys were included in the present study to obtain prevalence data of seven risk factors: the China Chronic Disease and Risk Factor Surveillance Survey (CCDRFSS) (2013), which covered about 170,000 adults (aged ≥18 years) from 31 provinces; (2) China National Survey of Chronic Kidney Disease (CNSCKD) (2010), which covered about 50,000 adults (aged ≥18 years) from 13 provinces; and (3) China Family Panel Studies Survey (CFPSS) (2012), which covered about 30,000 adults (aged ≥18 years) from 25 provinces. Methods Levin’s formula was used to calculate the population attributable fraction (PAF) for each risk factor for dementia. The combined PAF of the seven risk factors was calculated assuming the independence of each risk factor. Results Physical inactivity (PAF, 24.3%), midlife hypertension (PAF, 22.1%) and low education (PAF: 11.9%) were the top three factors that contributed to dementia. The total PAF of the seven risk factors was 55% in the Chinese population. Conclusions promotion of physical activity, control of hypertension and improvement of nationwide educational level may be helpful public health strategies to decrease the incidence of dementia in China.

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Retinal oxygen saturation is an independent risk factor for the severity of diabetic retinopathy

British Journal of Ophthalmology ◽

10.1136/bjophthalmol-2018-312764 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 103 (8) ◽

pp. 1167-1172 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Toke Bek ◽

Einar Stefánsson ◽

Sveinn Hákon Hardarson

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Diabetic Retinopathy ◽

Risk Factor ◽

Oxygen Saturation ◽

Independent Risk Factor ◽

Haemoglobin A1c ◽

Retinal Arterioles ◽

Explained Variation ◽

Endothelial Growth Factor ◽

Growth Factor Treatment

BackgroundThe oxygen saturation in larger retinal vessels has been shown to increase with increasing diabetic retinopathy (DR) grade and to help predict the effect of antivascular endothelial growth factor treatment in patients with diabetic maculopathy. However, it is unknown to what extent the increased oxygen saturation co-varies with other risk factors and whether it is an independent risk factor for the severity of DR.MethodsSeven hundred and twenty-two successive patients referred for specialist evaluation of diabetic retinopathy including retinal oximetry were studied. Multiple regression analysis was used to investigate whether oxygen saturation in the larger retinal arterioles and venules contributed to the severity of diabetic retinopathy, independently of gender, age, diabetes duration, diabetes type, body mass index, blood pressure, haemoglobin A1c, visual acuity and central retinal thickness.ResultsThe included parameters could explain less than 15% of the variation in retinopathy grade. Approximately, one-third of the explained variation was related to the retinal oxygen saturation.ConclusionsProspective studies are needed to evaluate whether retinal oxygen saturation is predictive for the development of diabetic retinopathy and how it interacts with other biomarkers and risk factors over time.

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Risk factors of diabetic retinopathy and sight-threatening diabetic retinopathy: a cross-sectional study of 13 473 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in mainland China

BMJ Open ◽

10.1136/bmjopen-2017-016280 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 7 (9) ◽

pp. e016280 ◽

Cited By ~ 24

Author(s):

Yan Liu ◽

Jiarui Yang ◽

Liyuan Tao ◽

Huibin Lv ◽

Xiaodan Jiang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Blood Pressure ◽

Diabetic Retinopathy ◽

Blood Glucose ◽

Mainland China ◽

Diabetes Duration ◽

Postprandial Blood Glucose ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Younger Age ◽

Independent Risk Factors

ObjectiveTo explore the risk factors of diabetic retinopathy (DR) and sight-threatening diabetic retinopathy (STDR) among Chinese patients with diabetes.Design, setting and participantsA cross-sectional investigation was performed in eight screening clinics in six provinces across mainland China. Information about the risk factors was recorded in screening clinics. Some risk factors (sex, age, diagnosis age, diabetes duration, systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure, fasting blood glucose (FBG) and glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c)) were recorded in all eight clinics, while others were collected only in a subset of the clinics. The relationships between the risk factors and DR and between the risk factors and STDR were explored for the eight factors mentioned above and for all factors studied.Main outcomes and measuresRisk factors of DR and STDR were assessed, and a nomogram of the results was produced.ResultsYounger age, longer diabetes duration, higher SBP, higher FBG and higher HbA1c were found to be independent risk factors for both DR and STDR in the eight-factor analyses. In the all-factor analysis, younger age, longer diabetes duration, higher SBP, oral medicine use and insulin use were independent risk factors for both DR and STDR; higher postprandial blood glucose (PBG), HbA1c, triglyceride andlow-density lipoprotein were independent risk factors for DR only, and higher FBG was a risk factor for STDR only.ConclusionsIn this cross-sectional investigation, several risk factors were found for DR and STDR. Notably, FBG, PBG and HbA1c were all risk factors for DR or STDR, suggesting that stricter blood glucose control in clinical practice is required.

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A Higher Serum Calcium Level is an Independent Risk Factor for Vision-Threatening Diabetic Retinopathy in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Analyses

Endocrine Practice ◽

10.1016/j.eprac.2021.05.003 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Yanan Hu ◽

Chuandi Zhou ◽

Ya Shi ◽

Xinping She ◽

Shuzhi Zhao ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Diabetic Retinopathy ◽

Risk Factor ◽

Serum Calcium ◽

Calcium Level ◽

Serum Calcium Level ◽

Independent Risk Factor ◽

Longitudinal Analyses ◽

Cross Sectional

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Clinical characteristics and prognosis in patients with premature coronary artery disease of different genders after intervention

European Heart Journal ◽

10.1093/ehjci/ehaa946.1315 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 41 (Supplement_2) ◽

Author(s):

X.F Tang ◽

Y Yao ◽

S.D Jia ◽

Y Liu ◽

B Xu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Risk Factor ◽

Independent Risk Factor ◽

Coronary Intervention ◽

Premature Coronary Artery Disease ◽

Minor Bleeding ◽

Bleeding Events ◽

Cerebrovascular Events ◽

Independent Risk Factors ◽

Artery Disease

Abstract Objective To investigate the clinical characteristics and long-term prognosis of coronary intervention in patients with premature coronary artery disease (PCAD) between different genders. Methods From January 2013 to December 2013, 4 744 patients diagnosed as PCAD with percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in our hospital were enrolled. The general clinical data, laboratory results and interventional treatment data of all patients were collected, and the occurrence of major adverse cardio-cerebrovascular events (MACCE) within 2 years after PCI was followed up. Results Of the 4 744 patients undergoing PCI, 3 390 (71.5%) were males and 1 354 (28.5%) were females. The 2-year follow-up results showed that the incidence of BARC grade 1 hemorrhage in female patients was significantly higher than that in male patients (6.9% vs. 3.7%; P<0.001); however, there was no significant difference in the incidence of major adverse cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events (MACCE), all-cause death, cardiac death, recurrent myocardial infarction, revascularization (target vessel revascularization and target lesion revascularization), stent thrombosis, stroke and BARC grade 2–5 hemorrhage between the two groups (P>0.05). Multivariate COX regression analysis showed that gender was an independent risk factor for BARC grade 1 bleeding events in PCAD patients (HR=2.180, 95% CI: 1.392–3.416, P<0.001), but it was not an independent risk factor for MACCE and BARC grade 2–5 bleeding. Hyperlipidemia, preoperative SYNTAX score, multivessel lesions and NSTE-ACS were the independent risk factors for MACCE in PCAD patients with PCI (HR=1.289, 95% CI: 1.052–1.580, P=0.014; HR=1.030, 95% CI: 1.019–1.042, P<0.001; HR=1.758, 95% CI: 1.365–2.264, P<0.001; HR=1.264, 95% CI: 1.040–1.537, P=0.019); gender, hyperlipidemia, anticoagulant drugs like low molecular weight heparin or sulfonate were the independent risk factors for bleeding events (HR=1.579,95% CI 1.085–2. 297, P=0.017; HR=1.305, 95% CI 1.005–1.695, P=0.046; HR=1.321, 95% CI 1.002–1.741, P=0.048; HR=1.659, 95% CI 1.198–2.298, P=0.002). Conclusion The incidence of minor bleeding in women with PCAD is significantly higher than that in men; After adjusting for various risk factors, gender is an independent risk factor for minor bleeding events, but not an independent risk factor for MACCE in patients with PCAD. Funding Acknowledgement Type of funding source: Public grant(s) – National budget only. Main funding source(s): National Science and Technology Support Program of China

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Poor Adherence to the Screening-Based Strategy of Group B Streptococcus Despite Colonization of Pregnant Women in Greece

Pathogens ◽

10.3390/pathogens10040418 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (4) ◽

pp. 418

Author(s):

Maria Maroudia Berikopoulou ◽

Aikaterini Pana ◽

Theodota Liakopoulou-Tsitsipi ◽

Nikos F. Vlahos ◽

Vasiliki Papaevangelou ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Risk Factor ◽

Pregnant Women ◽

Late Onset ◽

Group B Streptococcus ◽

Culture Collection ◽

Carrier Status ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Screening Guidelines ◽

Group B

Group B streptococcus (GBS) is a leading cause of serious neonatal infections. Maternal GBS colonization is associated with early- and late-onset neonatal disease (EOD/LOD). In Greece, a screening-based strategy is recommended, in which concurrent vaginal-rectal cultures should be obtained between 36 0/7 and 37 6/7 weeks’ gestation. We sought to examine the level of adherence to the GBS screening guidelines and estimate the prevalence of GBS colonization among pregnant women. Although in Greece the screening-based strategy is followed, we also examined known EOD risk factors and linked them to GBS colonization. A cross-sectional study of 604 women postpartum in three hospitals and maternity clinics was conducted. Following written informed consent, data were collected via a short self-completed questionnaire and review of patients’ records. In 34.6% of the enrolled pregnant women, no culture had been taken. Of the remaining, 12.8% had proper vaginal-rectal sample collections. The overall maternal colonization rate was 9.6%. At least one risk factor for EOD was identified in 12.6% of participants. The presence of risk factors was associated with positive cultures (p = 0.014). The rate of culture collection did not differ between women with or without an EOD risk factor. Adherence to a universal screening of pregnant women with vaginal-rectal cultures was poor. Despite probable underestimation of GBS carrier status, almost 1 in 10 participants were GBS positive during pregnancy. Screening of women with risk factors for EOD should, at least, be prioritized to achieve prevention and prompt intervention of EOD.

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Risk Factors for Aortic Valve Calcification in Patients on Regular Hemodialysis

The International Journal of Artificial Organs ◽

10.1177/039139880903200308 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 32 (3) ◽

pp. 173-179 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Dejan Petrović ◽

Radmila Obrenović ◽

Biljana Stojimirović

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Regression Analysis ◽

Risk Factor ◽

Aortic Valve ◽

Independent Risk Factor ◽

Multivariate Logistic Regression Analysis ◽

Multivariate Logistic Regression ◽

Aortic Valve Calcification ◽

Valve Calcification ◽

Regular Hemodialysis

Introduction Aortic valve calcification (AVC) accelerates development of aortic valve stenosis and cardiovascular complications. Hyperphosphatemia is one of the key risk factors for aortic valve calcification. Aim The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of AVC in patients on regular hemodialysis and to assess the impact of different factors on its appearance. Method: The study investigated a total of 115 patients treated in the Hemodialysis Department of the Urology and Nephrology Clinic at the Kragujevac Clinical Center in Serbia. The variables investigated were: serum albumin, C-reactive protein (CRP), homocysteine, total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C), HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C), triglycerides (TG), Apolipoprotein A-I (Apo A-I), Apolipoprotein B (Apo B) and lipoprotein (a), calcium, phosphate and parathormone, and calcium-phosphorus product (Ca × P). Patients were evaluated by echocardiography for AVC. Statistical analysis included univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis. Results Univariate regression analysis showed that serum phosphate levels and Ca × P are the most important risk factors for AVC (p<0.001). Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that hyperphosphatemia is an independent risk factor for AVC (p<0.001). Conclusion Hyperphosphatemia is an independent risk factor for aortic valve calcification.

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Abstract P146: Uric Acid is an Independent Risk Factor for Developing Hypertension From Prehypertension: A 5-year Japanese Cohort Study

Hypertension ◽

10.1161/hyp.70.suppl_1.p146 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 70 (suppl_1) ◽

Author(s):

Masanari Kuwabara ◽

Shigeko Hara ◽

Koichiro Niwa ◽

Minoru Ohno ◽

Ichiro Hisatome

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Risk Factors ◽

Blood Pressure ◽

Body Mass Index ◽

Uric Acid ◽

Risk Factor ◽

Cohort Study ◽

Serum Uric Acid ◽

Independent Risk Factor ◽

Drinking Habits

Objectives: Prehypertension frequently progresses to hypertension and is associated with cardiovascular diseases, stroke, excess morbidity and mortality. However, the identical risk factors for developing hypertension from prehypertension are not clarified. This study is conducted to clarify the risks. Methods: We conducted a retrospective 5-year cohort study using the data from 3,584 prehypertensive Japanese adults (52.1±11.0 years, 2,081 men) in 2004 and reevaluated it 5 years later. We calculated the cumulative incidences of hypertension over 5 years, then, we detected the risk factors and calculated odds ratios (ORs) for developing hypertension by crude analysis and after adjustments for age, sex, body mass index, smoking and drinking habits, baseline systolic and diastolic blood pressure, pulse rate, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, chronic kidney disease, and serum uric acid. We also evaluated whether serum uric acid (hyperuricemia) provided an independent risk for developing hypertension. Results: The cumulative incidence of hypertension from prehypertension over 5 years was 25.3%, but there were no significant differences between women and men (24.4% vs 26.0%, p=0.28). The cumulative incidence of hypertension in subjects with hyperuricemia (n=726) was significantly higher than those without hyperuricemia (n=2,858) (30.7% vs 24.0%, p<0.001). After multivariable adjustments, the risk factors for developing hypertension from prehypertension were age (OR per 1 year increased: 1.023; 95% CI, 1.015-1.032), women (OR versus men: 1.595; 95% CI, 1.269-2.005), higher body mass index (OR per 1 kg/m 2 increased: 1.051; 95% CI 1.021-1.081), higher baseline systolic blood pressure (OR per 1 mmHg increased: 1.072; 95% CI, 1.055-1.089) and diastolic blood pressure (OR per 1 mmHg increased: 1.085; 95% CI, 1.065-1.106), and higher serum uric acid (OR pre 1 mg/dL increased: 1.149; 95% CI, 1.066-1.238), but not smoking and drinking habits, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, and chronic kidney diseases. Conclusions: Increased serum uric acid is an independent risk factor for developing hypertension from prehypertension. Intervention studies are needed to clarify whether the treatments for hyperuricemia in prehypertensive subjects are useful.

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