scholarly journals Isolation and Screening of Microorganisms for the Effective Pretreatment of Lignocellulosic Agricultural Wastes

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Zichen Zhang ◽  
Aabid Manzoor Shah ◽  
Hassan Mohamed ◽  
Nino Tsiklauri ◽  
Yuanda Song
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Activities ◽  
Dominant Role ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Ligninolytic Enzymes ◽  
Agricultural Wastes ◽  
Submerged Cultivation ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Lignocellulose Conversion ◽  
Selective Delignification ◽  
Hydrolysis Of Cellulose

Lignocellulosic waste is the most abundant biorenewable biomass on earth, and its hydrolysis releases highly valued reducing sugars. However, the presence of lignin in the biopolymeric structure makes it highly resistant to solubilization thereby hindering the hydrolysis of cellulose and hemicellulose. Microorganisms are known for their potential complex enzymes that play a dominant role in lignocellulose conversion. Therefore, the current study was designed to isolate and screen potential microorganisms for their selective delignification ability for the pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass. An extensive isolation and screening procedure yielded 36 desired isolates (22 bacteria, 7 basidiomycete fungi, and 7 filamentous fungi). Submerged cultivation of these desired microorganisms revealed 4 bacteria and 10 fungi with potent lignocellulolytic enzyme activities. The potent isolates were identified as Pleurotus, Trichoderma, Talaromyces, Bacillus, and Chryseobacterium spp. confirmed by morphological and molecular identification. The efficiency of these strains was determined through enzyme activities, and the degraded substrates were analyzed through scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Among all isolated microbes, Pleurotus spp. were found to have high laccase activity. The cellulose-decomposing and selective delignification strains were subjected to solid-state fermentation (SSF). SSF of field waste corn stalks as a single-carbon source provides Pleurotus spp. better condition for the secretion of ligninolytic enzymes. These isolated ligninolytic enzymes producing microorganisms may be used for the effective pretreatment of lignocellulosic agricultural wastes for the production of high value-added natural products by fermentation.

Characterization of Several Microcrystalline Cellulose (MCC)-Based Agricultural Wastes via X-Ray Diffraction Method

2018 ◽  
Vol 280 ◽  
pp. 340-345 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Hanif Sainorudin ◽  
Masita Mohammad ◽  
Nurul Huda Abd Kadir ◽  
Nur Athirah Abdullah ◽  
Zahira Yaakob
Keyword(s):  
Sugarcane Bagasse ◽  
Microcrystalline Cellulose ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Crystallinity Index ◽  
Agricultural Wastes ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Coconut Coir ◽  
Pineapple Leaves ◽  
Banana Stem

In this study, microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) was extracted from various types of local agricultural wastes. Four types of agricultural waste such as coconut coir, banana stem, sugarcane bagasse and pineapple leaves were collected, extracted and hydrolyzed into microcrystalline cellulose, using pre-treatment (alkaline and bleaching) and acid hydrolysis, respectively. The extracted MCC were analyzed and compared with those of commercially available MCC. The study of crystallinity behaviors of the obtained MCC was performed by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis. The XRD of MCC revealed that the crystallinity of pineapple leaves has the highest crystallinity index with 75% in value and closest compared to commercial MCC, 81.25%. The value of crystallinity index for banana stem is 74.55% followed by coconut coir, 72.73% and sugarcane bagasse, 66.50%. All of the MCC samples showed the similar pattern with the typical crystalline structure of cellulose I. The crystallite size of all MCC samples was calculated and found in the range of 4.04 – 5.14 nm. These extracted MCC that obtained from several agricultural wastes was supposed to have a high potential as value-added products in industrial applications.

scholarly journals Recycling Waste Cotton Cloths for the Isolation of Cellulose Nanocrystals: A Sustainable Approach

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 626
Author(s):  
Siti Hajar Mohamed ◽  
Md. Sohrab Hossain ◽  
Mohamad Haafiz Mohamad Kassim ◽  
Mardiana Idayu Ahmad ◽  
Fatehah Mohd Omar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Cellulose Nanocrystals ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Crystallinity Index ◽  
Attenuated Total Reflection ◽  
Cellulose Content ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Good Thermal Stability ◽  
Alkaline Pulping ◽  
Hydrolysis Of Cellulose

There is an interest in the sustainable utilization of waste cotton cloths because of their enormous volume of generation and high cellulose content. Waste cotton cloths generated are disposed of in a landfill, which causes environmental pollution and leads to the waste of useful resources. In the present study, cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) were isolated from waste cotton cloths collected from a landfill. The waste cotton cloths collected from the landfill were sterilized and cleaned using supercritical CO2 (scCO2) technology. The cellulose was extracted from scCO2-treated waste cotton cloths using alkaline pulping and bleaching processes. Subsequently, the CNCs were isolated using the H2SO4 hydrolysis of cellulose. The isolated CNCs were analyzed to determine the morphological, chemical, thermal, and physical properties with various analytical methods, including attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), energy-filtered transmission electron microscopy (EF-TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The results showed that the isolated CNCs had a needle-like structure with a length and diameter of 10–30 and 2–6 nm, respectively, and an aspect ratio of 5–15, respectively. Additionally, the isolated CNCs had a high crystallinity index with a good thermal stability. The findings of the present study revealed the potential of recycling waste cotton cloths to produce a value-added product.

scholarly journals Do Tourism Development, Energy Consumption and Transportation Demolish Sustainable Environments? Evidence from Chinese Provinces

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (22) ◽  
pp. 12361
Author(s):  
Abdul Rauf ◽  
Ilhan Ozturk ◽  
Fayyaz Ahmad ◽  
Khurram Shehzad ◽  
Abbas Ali Chandiao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Dominant Role ◽  
National Level ◽  
Tourism Development ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Tourism Industry ◽  
Development Economic ◽  
Transportation Energy ◽  
Economic Progress ◽  
Bidirectional Association

China is performing a dominant role in the world’s economic growth, but it has mainly been the commencement of the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) that has significantly increased its importance around the world. Recently, the emergence of the tourism industry has been considered as an alternative for sustainable economic and ecological development, which is ironic. Although China is promoting tourism in various regions under “The New Normal” phase, it needs to proactively address the challenges of dismantling, for the environment. The fundamental objective of the current study is to determine the long-term affiliation between tourism development, economic progress, transportation, energy consumption, value added hotel catering services, and environmental degradation (CO2) for a panel of thirty (30) provinces of China over the period of 1995–2017. Primarily, we applied the CD test for investigating cross dependence; subsequently, conventional and CD based panel unit root tests (CIPS) were carried out to deal with the puzzle of the stationarity of the panel series. The results of the dynamics panel, DOLS, FMOLS, and PMG, indicated that transportation, energy consumption, and value added hotel and catering services have a strong positive association with carbon emission, but tourism development has mixed links with ecological degradation. Additionally, the causative based test revealed the bidirectional association of tourism development, transportation, economic progress, and energy consumption with environmental quality. The retrieved estimates conferred a few guidelines, concerning the presence of BRI projects, for the Chinese administration at the provincial and national level: initiating the renewable based energy projects and possibly wishing to decrease the use of fossil fuel based energy in the industry, transportation, and hotels and catering sectors. Furthermore, the prevalence of green investment in provinces may motivate economic progress and tourism development, without worsening the atmosphere.

Analysis of the development of financial and banking services in Poland in comparison to the European Union countries

2017 ◽  
Vol 62 (10) ◽  
pp. 38-51
Author(s):  
Dorota Pekasiewicz ◽  
Agata Szczukocka
Keyword(s):  
Social Life ◽  
Banking Sector ◽  
Dominant Role ◽  
Value Added ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Banking Services ◽  
Services Sector ◽  
Eu Countries ◽  
Banking Market ◽  
Level Of Economic Development

In recent years the services sector has been playing a dominant role in economic and social life, as reflected by its predominant share in the creation of gross value added, and a growing share of employment. The aim of the article is to draw attention to the development of financial and banking services in Poland as compared to other EU countries. To assess the similarity between the countries multidimensional scaling method was used. The research was based on data for 2014 derived from the European Central Bank. Most of the indicators compared showed a significant — but decreasing — distance between Poland and other EU countries. The results obtained allow us to conclude that the development of the banking sector both in Poland and in other EU countries depends on the level of economic development and the situation on the banking market.

Novel Synthesis and Characterization of Titanium Carbide Coatings on Graphite Flakes

2013 ◽  
Vol 634-638 ◽  
pp. 3052-3055 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jun Ding ◽  
Wen Jie Yuan ◽  
Cheng Ji Deng ◽  
Hong Xi Zhu
Keyword(s):  
Titanium Carbide ◽  
Dominant Role ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Novel Synthesis ◽  
Carbide Coatings ◽  
Coating Formation ◽  
Titanium Powders

Titanium carbide coatings were synthesized by reacting with titanium powders in NaF-NaCl based salt on surface of graphite at 1100-1400 °C in argon (Ar). The effect of temperature of heat treatment on TiC coatings properties was studied. Phase composition and microstructure of the TiC coatings were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The “template-growth” mechanism plays a dominant role in the coating formation process.

Study on Sulfur Existing Form in Sinter

2011 ◽  
Vol 284-286 ◽  
pp. 1279-1283
Author(s):  
Yu Zhu Zhang ◽  
Su Ju Hao ◽  
Wu Feng Jiang ◽  
Yue Long
Keyword(s):  
Blast Furnace ◽  
Sulfur Content ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Value Added ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Mineralogical Analysis ◽  
Metallurgical Production ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Calcium Sulphide ◽  
Existing Form

Lower sulfur content is absolutely necessary for high value-added quality steel, so it is required to reduce sulfur content of product in each link of metallurgical production. Sintering is one of important links to provide blast furnace raw materials. Study on Sulfur existing form in Sinter can provide significant theoretical guide on sulfur distribution in metallurgical production. In this paper, small sintering experiments were carried out and sinter samples with different alkalinities were prepared. The samples were characterized by mineralogical analysis and X-ray diffraction. The results show that Sulfur existing form in Sinter is calcium sulphide (CaS). CaS can not be oxidized and melted down in the following process of blast furnace iron-making and can directly enters into slag for discharge outside the furnace.

scholarly journals Ultrasound Assisted Pretreatments Applied to Cupuaçu Husk (Theobroma grandiflorum) from Brazilian Legal Amazon for Biorefinery Concept

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicole Marasca ◽  
Isabella Cardoso ◽  
Magale Rambo ◽  
Daniel Bertuol ◽  
Michele Rambo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Native Species ◽  
Liquid Fraction ◽  
Value Added ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Aqueous Acid ◽  
Ultrasound Assisted ◽  
Hydrolysis Of ◽  
Pretreated Biomass ◽  
Value Added Products

Cupuaçu husk (CH) is the waste of a common fruit from a native species of the Brazilian Legal Amazon. The current study investigated the influence of ultrasound (US) combined with aqueous, acid, alkaline, and ionic liquid (IL) pretreatments on the chemical and physical aspects of CH and the yield of chemical platforms production, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) and furfural (FF), using IL. Scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy were used to feature the raw and pretreated biomass. The highest levels of glucose (9.90 g L-1) were observed in the liquid fraction resulting from the acid + US pretreatment followed by acid hydrolysis. The IL + US pretreatment recorded the best performance in removing lignin. Based on XRD analyses, ultrasound increased crystallinity of all pretreated samples as a result of the removal of cellulose’s amorphous fraction. However, it promoted accessibility to adopted reagents by increasing biomass exposure due to cavitation. The best yields of HMF and FF were recorded from hydrolysis of the solid fraction resulting from the acid + US (12.94%) and alkaline + US (48.84%) pretreatment, respectively. These results indicate satisfactory performance of ultrasound assisted pretreatments to the simplified and economic conversion of biomass into value-added products.

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