The Meanings of The Philosophy of Symbol of The Patuaekkon Tradition In The Mandailing Muslim Bataknesse Community on The Northern Border of West Sumatra

<p>This article aims to describe the meaning of symbolic philosophy contained in patuaekkon tradition at the wedding of Mandailing Batak Muslim community in Kampung Harapan Village, Pasaman Regency. This research article uses the field research method, in which the researcher collects data directly at the research location to strengthen the results of the philosophical meaning contained in patuaekkon tradition with a descriptive approach. The results of this study indicate that the meaning of symbolic philosophy of patuaekkon tradition consists of water symbolizing purity, kaffir lime symbolizing cleanliness, silunjuang leaves symbolizing self-adjustment, midrib leaf of banana stem and miracle leaves symbolizing peace and tranquility, nacar symbolizing the process of life's journey, ulos symbolizing blessing and affection, onang-onang song as an expression of joy, praise, hope, advice, and prayer. Poda has a meaning as advice in social life, ways to find a good and right livelihood, and habits in life.</p><p><em>Artikel ini bertujuan untuk menguraikan makna filosofi simboik yang terkandung dalam tradisi patuakkon pada pernikahan komunitas Muslim Batak Mandailing Perbatasan utara di Kampung Harapan Kabupaten Pasaman. Penelitian artikel ini menggunakan metode field reasearch, dimana peneliti mengumpulkan data-data secara langsung di lokasi penelitian untuk memperkuat hasil makna filosofi yang terkandung dalam tradisi patuaekkon dengan pendekatan deskriptif. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa makna filosofi simbolik tradisi patuaekkon terdiri dari air melambangkan kesucian, jeruk purut melambangkan kebersihan, daun silunjuang melambangkan penyusaian diri, pelepah batang pisang dan daun cocor bebek melambangkan kedamaian dan ketentraman, nacar melambangkan proses perjalanan hidup, ulos sebagai makna restu dan kasih sayang, lagu onang-onang sebagai ungkapan kegembiraan, pujian, harapan, nasehat, dan do’a, poda memiliki makna sebagai nasehat dalam berkehidupan sosial, cara-cara mencari penghidupan yang baik dan benar, dan kebiasaan yang dilakukan dalam kehidupan</em></p>

Isotherm study of banana stem waste adsorbents to reduce the concentration of textile dying waste

The purpose of this study was to make carbon from banana stem waste and determine the isotherm adsorption characteristics of carbon from banana stem waste to methyl orange compounds. The process for making carbon from banana stem waste was done through the stages of preparation and carbonization at a temperature of 250°C for 1.5 h. Before being used as carbon, banana stem waste was cleaned, washed, dried, and mashed using a mill. The carbon then went through a washing process to remove impurities and tested for its absorbance ability into a solution containing a methyl orange compound under constant conditions of pH, temperature, and pressure. The experimental results showed that the appropriate sequence of adsorption models is the Langmuir, Temkin, Freundlich, and Dubinin-Radushkevich models. Adsorption occurs on the surface of a single layer (monolayer) and the interaction between the adsorbent and the adsorbate occurs physically. The value of maximum adsorption capacity (Qmax) is 37.5940 mg/g. The presence of banana stem carbon is expected to reduce the negative impacts, one of which is the disposal of industrial wastewater from textile factories.

Influence of Fiber Volume and Fiber Length on Thermal and Flexural Properties of a Hybrid Natural Polymer Composite Prepared with Banana Stem, Pineapple Leaf, and S-Glass

There is more demand for natural fiber-reinforced composites in the energy sector, and their impact on the environment is almost zero. Natural fiber has plenty of advantages, such as easy recycling and degrading property, low density, and low price. Natural fiber’s thermal properties and flexural properties are less than conventional fiber. This work deals with the changes in the thermal properties and mechanical properties of S-glass reinforced with a sodium hydroxide-treated pineapple leaf (PALF) and banana stem fibers. Banana stem and pineapple leaf fibers (PALF) were used at various volume fractions, i.e., 30%, 40%, and 50%, and various fiber lengths of 20 cm, 30 cm, and 40 cm with S-glass, and their effects on the thermal and mechanical properties were studied, and their optimum values were found. It was evidenced that increasing the fiber volume and fiber length enhanced the flexural and thermal properties up to 40% of the fiber volume, and started to decrease at 50% of the fiber volume. The fiber length provides an affirmative effect on the flexural properties and a pessimistic effect on the thermal properties. The PALF S-glass combination of 40% fiber load and 40 cm fiber length provides maximum flexural strength, flexural modulus, storage modulus, and lowest loss modulus based on hybrid Taguchi grey relational optimization techniques. PALF S-glass hybrid composite has been found to have 7.80%, 3.44%, 1.17% higher flexural strength, flexural modulus, and loss modulus, respectively, and 15.74% lower storage modulus compared to banana S-glass hybrid composite.

Occurrence of Metarhizium spp. isolated from forest samples in South India and their potential in biological control of banana stem weevil Odoiporus longicollis Oliver

Background Thirty-six entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) were isolated from soil and insect cadaver samples, collected from different forest types, viz., wet evergreen, moist deciduous, dry deciduous and scrub type in South India. Partial sequences of two parsimony informative genes ITS and RPB1 were determined under a phylogenetic approach for assessing the genetic diversity. Results Twenty-seven RPB1 gene sequences and 34 sequences of ITS1, 5.8S and ITS2 regions belonging to 36 EPF were analysed for identification and characterization. Four species of Metarhizium viz., M. anisopliae, M. roberstii, M. majus and M. guizhouense were differentiated. The isolates could be grouped into four main clades of 1–5. Most of the fungi appeared to be closely related to M. anisopliae. Based on the colony characters, colour, conidial size and shape, 27 isolates were morphologically identified as M. anisopliae. Seven strains were apparently related to M. robertsii, three isolates were similar to M. majus and the remaining one was identified as M. guizhouense. Morphological studies in congruence with phylogenetic analysis resolved the species diversity. Bioassay studies showed that M. quizhouense, M. majus and M. robertsii were effective against the banana stem weevil Odoiporus longicollis. Conclusions This is the first attempt to study the diversity and occurrence of Metarhizium species in forests of South India. Wet evergreen forest of Aralam in South India was rich in EPF diversity particularly for three species namely, M. quizhouense, M. robertsii and M. anisopliae.

Microbial growth in biobeds for treatment of residual pesticide in banana plantations

Background High doses of ethylenebisdithiocarbamate (EBDC) are used in banana production, and unused pesticide mixture (solution) is often disposed of improperly. This can result in soil and water contamination and present an undue risk to rural communities and the environment. An alternative to reduce the environmental impacts caused by pesticide residues is the biobeds treatment. It is necessary to establish if the composition of the proposed biomixtures supports microbial activity to degrade pesticides in biobeds. This research aimed to evaluate the EBDC effect on the distribution and abundance of microbial populations in polluted biomixtures . Methods For this purpose, a biomixture based on banana stem, mulch, and Fluvisol soil (50:25:25% v/v) was prepared and polluted with 1,000 mg L−1 EBDC. The response variables kinetics were determined every 14 days for three months, such as pH, organic matter, moisture, cation exchange capacity, microbial colonies, and cell counts at three depths within the experimental units. Results EBDC reduced the number of microbial colonies by 72%. Bacterial cells rapidly decreased by 69% and fungi 89% on the surface, while the decrease was gradual and steady at the middle and bottom of the biobed. The microbial populations stabilized at day 42, and the bacteria showed a total recovery on day 84, but the fungi slightly less. At the end of the experiment, the concentration of EBDC in the biomixture was 1.3–4.1 mg L−1. A correlation was found between fungal count (colonies and cells) with EBDC concentration. A replacement of the biomixture is suggested if the bacterial population becomes less than 40 × 106 CFU mL−1 and the fungal population less than 8 × 104 CFU mL−1 or if the direct cell count becomes lower than 50 × 104 cells mL−1 in bacteria and 8 × 102 cells mL−1 in fungi. Conclusion The biomixture based on banana stem supports the microbial activity necessary for the degradation of the EBDC pesticide. It was found that fungi could be used as indicators of the pollutant degradation process in the biomixtures. Microbial counts were useful to establish the mobility and degradation time of the pesticide and the effectiveness of the biomixture. Based on the results, it is appropriate to include the quantification of microbial populations to assess the effectiveness of pesticide degradation and the maturity level of the biomixture.

The Effect Of Giving Banana Stem Compos With EM4 Concentration Variation And Urea Fertilizer On The Growth Of (Pepper nigrum L.) Cuttings Of Malonan 1 Variety

This research was conducted at the Experimental Garden of Widya Gama Mahakam University Samarinda, Faculty of Agriculture, Jalan KH. Wahid Hasyim. The study was conducted in January - April 2020. This study used a factorial randomized block design (RBD) with 2 treatment factors and 3 replications. The first factor was the application of banana stem compost with various concentrations of EM4 consisting of 4 levels, namely P0 = banana stem compost without EM4, P1 = banana stem compost with EM4 concentration of 50 ml L-1 water, P2 = banana stem compost with EM4 concentration of 75 ml. L-1 water, P3 = banana stem compost with a concentration of EM4 100 ml L-1 water and the second factor is the dose of urea fertilizer which consists of 4 levels, namely, D0 = control, D1 = 1 g urea / polybag, D2 = 2 g urea / polybag, D3 = 3 g urea / polybag. The results of the research giving banana stem compost with variations in the concentration of EM4 and the dose of urea fertilizer and the interaction of the two treatments had a very significant effect on plant height at the age of 20, 40, 60 and 80 DAS, with the best treatment P3 = 28.67 cm, D3 = 28, 21 cm and P3D3 = 32.33 cm, then had a very significant effect on the number of shoots at the age of 60 and 80 DAS with the best treatment P3 = 6.67 fruit, D3 = 6.17 fruit and P3D3 = 8.33 fruit, and very influential significant on the number of leaves at the age of 40, 60 and 80 DAS with the best treatment P3 = 8.58 strands, D3 = 8.83 strands and P3D2 = 10.67 strands.

Development of a semiochemical-based trapping technique for efficient control of Odoiporus longicollis Olivier (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

The banana stem weevil, Odoiporus longicollis Olivier (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), is an important economic insect pest of bananas throughout the world. In this study, several important volatile substances were analysed to develop a semiochemical-based trapping technique for the control of O. longicollis. Electroantennogram responses of both sexes were associated with electroantennogram-active compounds (1-hexanol, 1-heptanol, cis-3-Nonen-1-ol, methyl jasmonate, and terpenoids such as (–)-linalool, (+)-(1R)-α-pinene, (–)-(1S)-α-pinene, and 1,8-cineole) and then were analysed using a Y-tube olfactometer. The results revealed that only methyl jasmonate and 1-hexanol elicited strong behavioural responses in O. longicollis. These two semiochemicals and the host plant extract were evaluated individually and in a mixture for their efficiencies in attracting O. longicollis in order to develop a semiochemical-based trapping technique. The methyl jasmonate + host plant extract and 1-hexanol + host plant extract mixtures captured more weevils (> 3.5 times) than the host plant extract alone did in both high- and low-altitude regions. The captured weevils were female-dominated, with a mean sex ratio of 1:1.29 (males:females). This is the first report on the use of methyl jasmonate or 1-hexanol and the host plant extract as a potential attractant in mass trapping and managing O. longicollis.

Adsorption Kinetics of Malachite Green Dye Removal from Aqueous Solution by using Banana Stem

This research work goals at searching the effectiveness of Malachite Green dye removal using banana stem, an agricultural waste as an activated carbon. The banana stem activated carbon was made ready in the laboratory by carbonization followed by activation. Adsorption studies were carried out to check the effect of various experimental conditions like different pH values, varying contact time, initial concentration of dye and changing banana stem carbon dosage on the removal of Malachite Green dye from aqueous solution at constant Temperature and agitation speed. The equilibrium experimental data were used for applicability of Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models and the kinetic models. Batch test showed that maximum of 99% of dye was removed when the dye concentration was 2 mg/L, at an adsorbent dose of 0.75 gm/L at dye pH 8 in 45 minutes. From the obtained results it is validated that the equilibrium data’s favorable for both Freundlich and Langmuir isotherms. Maximum adsorption capacity of banana stem carbon on malachite green dye was found to be 8.29 mg/g. It was prevailing that the adsorption process followed the pseudo-second-order rate kinetics. It was observed that intra particle diffusion is not the only rate-limiting step in this adsorption system but also regression results indicate that the linear regression model gives the best results. The above observations recommend that Banana stem carbon can be competently implemented for removal of malachite green dye from aqueous solution in the adsorption treatment processes.

UJI IN VIVO TAHAP PREKLINIS TERHADAP EKSTRAK BATANG PISANG (Musa paradisiaca L.) SEBAGAI ANTIINFLAMASI TOPIKAL

Inflammation is a normal protective response to tissue injury caused by physical trauma, chemical damage, or microbiological substances. Banana stems (Musa paradisiaca L.) have been empirically believed for their topical anti-inflammatory properties. The purpose of this study was to scientifically evaluate the in vivo preclinical anti-inflammatory activity of banana stems. This research was designed experimentally using twenty-five albino male rats which were divided into five groups: the positive control group which received sodium diclofenac gel, the negative control group which received gel basis preparation without any active ingredient, and three experimental groups which received banana stem extract gel in three different concentrations, 5%, 10%, and 15%. Every five rats of every group were firstly injected with 1% of carrageenan, and the anti-inflammatory effect was evaluated every hour for 4 hours using a plethysmometer. The collected data were statistically evaluated. The results showed that banana stem extract gel with concentrations of 15% produced the best anti-inflammatory effect, compared to other gel concentrations. In conclusion, the preparation of 15% banana stem extract gel can be applied as potential topical anti-inflammatory preparation.