scholarly journals Alkaloids as Potential Phytochemicals against SARS-CoV-2: Approaches to the Associated Pivotal Mechanisms

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-21
Author(s):  
Mohammad Bagher Majnooni ◽  
Sajad Fakhri ◽  
Gholamreza Bahrami ◽  
Maryam Naseri ◽  
Mohammad Hosein Farzaei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Effective Treatment ◽  
Natural Compounds ◽  
Virus Life Cycle ◽  
Antiviral Effects ◽  
The World ◽  
Plant Sources ◽  
Chemistry Plant ◽  
Effective Treatments

Since its inception, the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has infected millions of people around the world. Therefore, it is necessary to find effective treatments against Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), as it is the viral source of COVID-19. Alkaloids are one of the most widespread plant-derived natural compounds with prominent antiviral effects. Accordingly, these phytochemicals have been promising candidates towards discovering effective treatments for COVID-19. Alkaloids have shown potential anti-SARS-CoV activities via inhibiting pathogenesis-associated targets of the Coronaviridae family that are required for the virus life cycle. In the current study, the chemistry, plant sources, and antiviral effects of alkaloids, as well as their anti-SARS-CoV-2 effect with related mechanisms, are reviewed towards discovering an effective treatment against COVID-19.

scholarly journals Promiscuous Biological Features of Newly Emerged SARS-CoV-2 Facilitate its Unrestrained Outbreak: An Update

Coronaviruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 02 ◽  
Author(s):  
Asim Azhar ◽  
Khaled Al-hosaini ◽  
Parvez Anwar Khan ◽  
Abdul M Oanz ◽  
Qamar Zia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Effective Vaccine ◽  
Preventive Strategy ◽  
Virus Structure ◽  
Positive Side ◽  
Virus Life Cycle ◽  
Prophylactic Measures ◽  
The World ◽  
Virus World ◽  
Insight Into

: The unrelenting protraction of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), inflicted by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is tending to craft havoc all over the world for the past ten months. Keeping into consideration looming repercussions due to this deadly virus world over, there is an impending necessity to comprehend this newfangled contagion. To develop an effective eradication measure and preventive strategy, knowledge about the virus structure, life cycle, and metabolism is imperative. Better insight into the virus life cycle helps us to identify and design drugs that can hit crucial targets of this dreadful virus. The close genetic similarity between SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV, which triggeredan outbreak in the year 2003, could be of great strategic importance in designing effective drug formulations. This will also help in leveraging immunological measures and development of leveraging immunological measures to develop an effective vaccine against SARS-CoV-2. This eventually will help us to progress our strategies to contain the virus. Not on the positive side, there is some misinformation going all around the world despite the strict regulations from the WHO and other government agencies to inform the citizens to abstain from the rumour-mongering to contain the COVID-19. Further, evidence needs to be gathered on vaccine strategies to cure the patients suffering from COVID-19. This information will also help us in designing both drug inhibitors as well as prophylactic measures against SARS-CoV-2.

scholarly journals Milieu Relevance of Melanin’s Antiviral Effects and Interventions to the COVID-19 Pandemic

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
White Supremacy ◽  
Healthcare Providers ◽  
Institutional Racism ◽  
Preventative Treatment ◽  
Dietary Practices ◽  
Antiviral Effects ◽  
The World

The COVID-19 pandemic has disproportionately affected melanin dominant people, while on the continent of Africa, this novel strain does not appear to have decimated the population. Contrary to many scientific expectations, native Africans on the continent are less impacted compared to the global number of infections in other regions of the world. Therefore, an analysis of the role of melanin and milieu should be assessed by healthcare providers who have a concern for melanin-dominant populations. Questions are raised that Melanin has antiviral effects and there are additional factors derived from comorbidity that impact the susceptibility to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) embedded in institutional racism (aka the system of white supremacy-Milieu). Dietary practices, access to healthcare, lifestyle and genetics can influence the severity of illnesses associated with contracting this virulent coronavirus via intense erratic activation of the immune system among those subjected to a plethora of chronic societal stressors. In summary, this article will address the effects of this crisis on people of African descent and suggest alternative treatments as an intermediary, rather than exclusive reliance on a vaccine as preventative treatment. The relevance of such discourse is critical given America’s medical history, which has fostered profound distrust among her melanin-dominant citizenry.

scholarly journals The LIFE CYCLE OF COVID-19 STAGES AND TREATMENT

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ripu Daman M. Singh ◽  
Nida Malim ◽  
Aves Raza Khan ◽  
Huda Khan ◽  
Nauman Khatib ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Late Phase ◽  
Antiviral Drug ◽  
Cytokine Storm ◽  
Clinical Recovery ◽  
The World ◽  
Autoimmune Conditions ◽  
Viral Outbreak

The coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) is a highly transmittable and pathogenic viral infection caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)bat viruses, therefore bats could be the possible primary reservoir , which emerged in Wuhan, China and spread around the world. The intermediate source of origin and transfer to humans is not known, however, the rapid human to human transfer has been confirmed widely. There is no clinically approved antiviral drug or vaccine available to be used against COVID-19. However, few broad-spectrum antiviral drugs have been evaluated against COVID-19 in clinical trials, resulted in clinical recovery. We also discuss the approaches for  therapeutic combinations to cope with this viral outbreak. Chloroquine has been sporadically used in treating SARS-CoV-2 infection. Hydroxychloroquine shares the same mechanism of action as chloroquine, but its more tolerable safety profile makes it the preferred drug to treat malaria and autoimmune conditions. We propose that the immunomodulatory effect of hydroxychloroquine also may be useful in controlling the cytokine storm that occurs late-phase in critically ill SARS-CoV-2 infected patients.

scholarly journals COVID-19 Treatment: Drug Safety Prior to Conception and During Pregnancy and Breastfeeding

2021 ◽  
Vol 81 (01) ◽  
pp. 46-60
Author(s):  
Marcelo Borges Cavalcante ◽  
Candice Torres de Melo Bezerra Cavalcante ◽  
Ana Catherine Sampaio Braga ◽  
Dennyse Araújo Andrade ◽  
Mariana Albuquerque Montenegro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Effective Treatment ◽  
Symptomatic Relief ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Reproductive Age ◽  
World Health ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
The Impact

AbstractIn December 2019, a new viral respiratory infection known as coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was first diagnosed in the city of Wuhan, China. COVID-19 quickly spread across the world, leading the World Health Organization to declare it a pandemic on March 11, 2020. The disease is caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), a similar virus to those involved in other epidemics such as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). Epidemiological studies have shown that COVID-19 frequently affects young adults of reproductive age and that the elderly and patients with chronic disease have high mortality rates. Little is known about the impact of COVID-19 on pregnancy and breastfeeding. Most COVID-19 cases present with mild flu-like symptoms and only require treatment with symptomatic relief medications, whereas other cases with COVID-19 require treatment in an intensive care unit. There is currently no specific effective treatment for COVID-19. A large number of drugs are being used to fight infection by SARS-CoV-2. Experience with this therapeutic arsenal has been gained over the years in the treatment of other viral, autoimmune, parasitic, and bacterial diseases. Importantly, the search for an effective treatment for COVID-19 cannot expose pregnant women infected with SARS-CoV-2 to the potential teratogenic risks of these drugs. Therefore, it is necessary to determine and understand the safety of anti-COVID-19 therapies prior to conception and during pregnancy and breastfeeding.

scholarly journals Antimalarial Drugs and COVID -19

2020 ◽  
pp. 111-116
Author(s):  
Modupe Iretiola Builders ◽  
Joseph Oyepata Simeon ◽  
Timothy Olugbenga Ogundeko ◽  
Philip Builders
Keyword(s):  
Early Detection ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Effective Treatment ◽  
Preventive Measures ◽  
Antimalarial Drugs ◽  
Therapeutic Drug ◽  
Physical Interaction ◽  
The World ◽  
Novel Virus

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a novel virus known as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), that is ravaging the world. Therefore, the need to find new preventive and therapeutic drug at the earliest possible time additionally to the implementation of preventive measures such as early detection, isolation and treatment of cases as well as minimization of transmission through physical interaction. Moreover, specific vaccines and yet effective treatment that target the 2019. This review focuses on the use of antimalarial drugs as therapeutics interventions for COVID-19.

scholarly journals Potential use of noncoding RNAs and innovative therapeutic strategies to target the 5’UTR of SARS-CoV-2

Epigenomics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (15) ◽  
pp. 1349-1361 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonella Baldassarre ◽  
Alessandro Paolini ◽  
Stefania Paola Bruno ◽  
Cristina Felli ◽  
Alberto Eugenio Tozzi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Binding Sites ◽  
Noncoding Rnas ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Therapeutic Strategies ◽  
Antiviral Effects ◽  
The World ◽  
Coronavirus Infection ◽  
The Common ◽  
Potential Use

After the increasing number of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections all over the world, researchers and clinicians are struggling to find a vaccine or innovative therapeutic strategies to treat this viral infection. The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection that occurred in 2002, Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) and other more common infectious diseases such as hepatitis C virus, led to the discovery of many RNA-based drugs. Among them, siRNAs and antisense locked nucleic acids have been demonstrated to have effective antiviral effects both in animal models and humans. Owing to the high genomic homology of SARS-CoV-2 and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (80–82%) the use of these molecules could be employed successfully also to target this emerging coronavirus. Trying to translate this approach to treat COVID-19, we analyzed the common structural features of viral 5’UTR regions that can be targeted by noncoding RNAs and we also identified miRNAs binding sites suitable for designing RNA-based drugs to be employed successfully against SARS-CoV-2.

scholarly journals The SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic and the Role of Honey and its Products as an Emerging Therapeutic Regime: A Review

BioMedica ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (2S) ◽  
pp. 201-205
Author(s):  
Fatima Tuz Zahra ◽  
Sidrah Saleem ◽  
Muhammad Imran ◽  
Ayesha Ghazal ◽  
Usman Arshad
Keyword(s):  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Infected Individual ◽  
Antiviral Effect ◽  
Biological Features ◽  
Antiviral Effects ◽  
Therapeutic Regime ◽  
The World ◽  
Initial Source ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

<p>The outbreak of pneumonia that broke out in Wuhan, in December 2019, later rapidly spread to the rest of the world. This was identified as Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) [officially renamed severe acute respiratory syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)] caused by a zoonotic beta Coronavirus entitled 2019 novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV). The aim of this study was to summarize the biological features of SARSCoV-2, its clinical features and the possible antiviral effect of honey against SARS-CoV-2. For this purpose, recently published literature, official documents and selected up-to-date preprint studies were reviewed. The initial source of SARS-CoV-2 is still unknown but a possible animal-to-human transmission is indicated. Human spread of SARS-CoV-2 is due to droplet spread. The infected individual may present as symptomatic or asymptomatic, this varies from patient to patient mainly depending upon his/her immunity. To combat the current pandemic various modalities are under study, an important and harmless way of treatment might be the use of honey. Various studies have demonstrated antiviral effects of honey. Propolis and honey have shown promising anti-viral effect against SARS-CoV-2. Thus, the combined effect of honey and its products might open a door for developing a safe and highly efficient natural drug against COVID-19<br />infection.</p>

scholarly journals Therapeutic Strategies of COVID-19: from Natural Compounds to Vaccine Trials

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 8318-8373
Keyword(s):  
Monoclonal Antibodies ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Natural Compounds ◽  
Therapeutic Strategies ◽  
Plasma Therapy ◽  
Global Epidemic ◽  
Vaccine Trials ◽  
The World ◽  
Novel Coronavirus

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a novel coronavirus that caused a global epidemic named COVID-19. This disease continues to kill thousands of people around the world. Physiopathological studies showed that different organs such as lungs, brain, kidneys, immune system, and heart are affected directly and/or indirectly by this disease. With the absence of a vaccine, several treatments have been proposed, including old antiviral drugs, synthetic pharmacophores, and natural antiviral bioactive compounds. These molecules presented promising results with specific action on the virus. Moreover, other strategies are underway, such as the use of monoclonal antibodies, cell therapy, plasma therapy, and vaccine trials. In this work, we highlight the therapeutic strategies of COVID-19 natural compounds to vaccine trials.

scholarly journals Divergent antiviral effects of bioflavonoids on the hepatitis C virus life cycle

Virology ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 433 (2) ◽  
pp. 346-355 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronik Khachatoorian ◽  
Vaithilingaraja Arumugaswami ◽  
Santanu Raychaudhuri ◽  
George K. Yeh ◽  
Eden M. Maloney ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Hepatitis C Virus ◽  
Hepatitis C ◽  
Virus Life Cycle ◽  
Antiviral Effects

scholarly journals COVID 19: Resveratrol as a Potential Supplement to Mitigate the Cardiotoxicity Associated with Chloroquine and Hydroxychloroquine Treatment

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 11172-11186
Keyword(s):  
Antiviral Activity ◽  
Effective Treatment ◽  
Drug Repositioning ◽  
Cardiovascular Toxicity ◽  
Antiviral Efficacy ◽  
Antiviral Effects ◽  
The World ◽  
Recommended Therapy

The challenges of SARS-CoV-2 have frightened the world due to a lack of effective treatment. Many clinicians have adopted drug repositioning because of the urgent need to contain the viral pandemic. Several studies have demonstrated the in vitro and in vivo antiviral efficacy of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of SARS-CoV-2. However, the cardiovascular toxicity of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine stand as a limitation to their general use to treat SARS-CoV-2. Thus, it is necessitated the search for an adjuvant that could be used alongside these treatments to mitigate the undesired effect. The cardioprotective activity of resveratrol could serve to mitigate the cardiovascular toxicity of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine. Its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties synergistically with chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine could also mitigate the antiviral activity of SARS-CoV-2. In this review, we explore chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine for SARS-CoV-2 treatment and suggest their synergetic use with resveratrol as a recommended therapy to mitigate cardiovascular toxicity and contribute to their antiviral effects.

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