Potential use of noncoding RNAs and innovative therapeutic strategies to target the 5’UTR of SARS-CoV-2

After the increasing number of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections all over the world, researchers and clinicians are struggling to find a vaccine or innovative therapeutic strategies to treat this viral infection. The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection that occurred in 2002, Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) and other more common infectious diseases such as hepatitis C virus, led to the discovery of many RNA-based drugs. Among them, siRNAs and antisense locked nucleic acids have been demonstrated to have effective antiviral effects both in animal models and humans. Owing to the high genomic homology of SARS-CoV-2 and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (80–82%) the use of these molecules could be employed successfully also to target this emerging coronavirus. Trying to translate this approach to treat COVID-19, we analyzed the common structural features of viral 5’UTR regions that can be targeted by noncoding RNAs and we also identified miRNAs binding sites suitable for designing RNA-based drugs to be employed successfully against SARS-CoV-2.

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Non-Coding RNAs and Innovative Therapeutic Strategies to Target the 5’UTR of SARS-CoV-2

10.20944/preprints202004.0425.v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Antonella Baldassarre ◽

Alessandro Paolini ◽

Stefania Paola Bruno ◽

Cristina Felli ◽

Alberto Eugenio Tozzi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Animal Models ◽

Infectious Diseases ◽

Viral Infection ◽

Binding Sites ◽

Structural Features ◽

Therapeutic Strategies ◽

Antiviral Effects ◽

The World ◽

The Common ◽

Non Coding Rnas

After the increasing number of SARS-CoV-2 infections all over the world, researchers and clinicians are struggling to find a vaccine or innovative therapeutic strategies to treat this viral infection. The SARS-CoV infection that occurred in 2002, MERS and other more common infectious diseases such as HCV, led to the discovery of many RNA-based drugs. Among them, siRNAs and antisense LNAs have been demonstrated to have effective antiviral effects both in animal models and humans. Owing to the high genomic homology of SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV (80-82%) the use of these molecules could be employed successfully also to target this emerging coronavirus. Trying to translate this approach to treat COVID-19, we analyzed the common structural features of viral 5’UTR regions that can be targeted by non-coding RNAs and we also identified miRNAs binding sites suitable for designing RNA-based drugs to be employed successfully against SARS-CoV-2.

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Emerging pandemic COVID-19: myths and facts

International Journal of Scientific Reports ◽

10.18203/issn.2454-2156.intjscirep20202645 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 6 (7) ◽

pp. 283

Author(s):

Rohit Vadala ◽

Isabella Princess

Keyword(s):

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽

Clinical Presentation ◽

Surface Protein ◽

Respiratory Viruses ◽

The Novel ◽

Nucleocapsid Proteins ◽

The World ◽

The Common ◽

Human Infections ◽

Relationship Of

<p>The first theory which has established itself across the world is that COVID-19 is a “new virus”. It is rather wise to call it a “new strain” of a pre-existing coronavirus since history clearly denotes cases of coronavirus surfacing the world in past years beginning as early as mid-1960s.Including this novel strain of the virus, seven strains of coronaviruses have been commonly associated with human infections. Coronaviruses are primarily respiratory viruses causing infections ranging from mild to severe involvement of the respiratory tract. The common cold strains of coronavirus are 229E alpha coronavirus, NL63 alpha coronavirus, OC43 beta coronavirus and HKU1 beta coronavirus.The acute respiratory distress causing strains are severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) beta CoV causing SARS, MERS beta CoV causing Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) and the very novel COVID-19. Researchers and molecular biologists have confirmed phylogenetic relationship of COVID-19 with a 2015 Chinese bat strain of SARS CoV.<sup> </sup>Mutations to the surface protein as well as nucleocapsid proteins were demonstrated. These two mutations predicts the characteristics such as higher ability to infect as well as enhanced pathogenicity of COVID-19 as compared to older SARS strain. For this reason and with similarities in clinical presentation the novel strain has been named as SARS-CoV-2.</p>

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An Update on Animal Models for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infection and Countermeasure Development

Frontiers in Microbiology ◽

10.3389/fmicb.2021.770935 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

Liang Zhang ◽

Shuaiyin Chen ◽

Weiguo Zhang ◽

Haiyan Yang ◽

Yuefei Jin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Animal Models ◽

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽

Research Progress ◽

Laboratory Mice ◽

Disease Manifestation ◽

Highly Pathogenic ◽

The World ◽

Coronavirus Infection ◽

Different Levels ◽

Critical Aspects

Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has become a pandemic since March 2020 and led to significant challenges to over 200 countries and regions all over the world. The establishment of highly pathogenic coronavirus animal model is beneficial for the study of vaccines and pathogenic mechanism of the virus. Laboratory mice, Syrian hamsters, Non-human primates and Ferrets have been used to establish animal models of emerging coronavirus infection. Different animal models can reproduce clinical infection symptoms at different levels. Appropriate animal models are of great significance for the pathogenesis of COVID-19 and the research progress related to vaccines. This review aims to introduce the current progress about experimental animal models for SARS-CoV-2, and collectively generalize critical aspects of disease manifestation in humans and increase their usefulness in research into COVID-19 pathogenesis and developing new preventions and treatments.

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Milieu Relevance of Melanin’s Antiviral Effects and Interventions to the COVID-19 Pandemic

10.33790/jmhsb1100133 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

Keyword(s):

Immune System ◽

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽

White Supremacy ◽

Healthcare Providers ◽

Institutional Racism ◽

Preventative Treatment ◽

Dietary Practices ◽

Antiviral Effects ◽

The World

The COVID-19 pandemic has disproportionately affected melanin dominant people, while on the continent of Africa, this novel strain does not appear to have decimated the population. Contrary to many scientific expectations, native Africans on the continent are less impacted compared to the global number of infections in other regions of the world. Therefore, an analysis of the role of melanin and milieu should be assessed by healthcare providers who have a concern for melanin-dominant populations. Questions are raised that Melanin has antiviral effects and there are additional factors derived from comorbidity that impact the susceptibility to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) embedded in institutional racism (aka the system of white supremacy-Milieu). Dietary practices, access to healthcare, lifestyle and genetics can influence the severity of illnesses associated with contracting this virulent coronavirus via intense erratic activation of the immune system among those subjected to a plethora of chronic societal stressors. In summary, this article will address the effects of this crisis on people of African descent and suggest alternative treatments as an intermediary, rather than exclusive reliance on a vaccine as preventative treatment. The relevance of such discourse is critical given America’s medical history, which has fostered profound distrust among her melanin-dominant citizenry.

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Repurposing Interleukin-6 Inhibitors to Combat COVID-19

Journal of Immunotherapy and Precision Oncology ◽

10.36401/jipo-20-11 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 3 (2) ◽

pp. 52-55

Author(s):

Shumei Kato ◽

Razelle Kurzrock

Keyword(s):

Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome ◽

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽

Interleukin 6 ◽

Causes Of Death ◽

Distress Syndrome ◽

Cytokine Storm ◽

Novel Treatment ◽

The Us ◽

The World ◽

Potential Use

ABSTRACT Severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a pandemic with major implications across the world. One of the most frequent causes of death from SARS-CoV-2 is fatal pneumonia from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which is associated with the development of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). To date (as of April 2, 2020), other than supportive measures, there are no efficient therapeutic options for COVID-19–related ARDS, although the US Food and Drug Administration recently granted emergency authorization for the use of hydroxychoroquine/chloroquine for this indication (which is usually given with azithromycin). Although the pathogenesis for ARDS is under investigation, one of the major culprits is considered to be cytokine storm, especially from interleukin 6 (IL-6) release. Herein, we review potential use of IL-6 inhibitors, several of which are approved for other disease conditions, as potential novel treatment for the management of COVID-19–related ARDS.

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CORONA EPIDEMIC (COVD 19) BETWEEN SHARIA AND MEDICINE

Full text book of Rimar Congress 2 ◽

10.47832/rimarcongress2-7 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Zeyad Tareq HAMMOODI

Keyword(s):

Human Papillomavirus ◽

Herpes Simplex ◽

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽

Specific Treatment ◽

The World ◽

The Common ◽

Wide Group ◽

Simplex Virus ◽

Main Factor

The Corona epidemic is a wide group of viruses that include viruses that can cause a group of illnesses in humans, ranging from the common cold to severe acute respiratory syndrome, as there is no definitive and specific treatment for the epidemic. The medicines used are helpful and supportive, and they mostly aim to reduce the patient’s temperature with the use of pulmonary resuscitation devices, as the body’s resistance depends on autoimmunity, as it is the main factor in preventing this epidemic, and here we must know the role of medical and forensic scholars in preventing and treating With what appears from this epidemic and other epidemics, we do not know when and how they will appear to the world. The emergence of this disease is an extension of several diseases before it and the so-called (contemporary diseases), which are contagious communicable diseases, including bird flonza disease, swine flonza, sass and AIDS, mad cow disease, Ebola, human papillomavirus, herpes simplex virus, yellow fever, and many others These diseases are epidemic.

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COVID-19 Mimicking Acute Colitis

Korean Journal of Medicine ◽

10.3904/kjm.2021.96.2.143 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 96 (2) ◽

pp. 143-146

Author(s):

Jaeseok Park ◽

Jaekwon Jung ◽

Hyunsoo Kim ◽

Changkeun Park ◽

Daejin Kim ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽

World Health Organization ◽

Clinical Picture ◽

Hubei Province ◽

World Health ◽

Acute Colitis ◽

The World ◽

The Common ◽

Novel Coronavirus ◽

Health Organization

On 11 February, 2020, the World Health Organization announced that COVID-19 was a novel coronavirus disease first detected in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China. COVID-19 is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The complete clinical picture is not fully known. Illness ranges from mild to fatal. The common symptoms include fever, cough, and dyspnea usually developing 2-14 days after exposure. However, diarrhea was present in a few patients with COVID-19. We report a case of COVID-19 mimicking acute colitis.

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Alkaloids as Potential Phytochemicals against SARS-CoV-2: Approaches to the Associated Pivotal Mechanisms

Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine ◽

10.1155/2021/6632623 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2021 ◽

pp. 1-21

Author(s):

Mohammad Bagher Majnooni ◽

Sajad Fakhri ◽

Gholamreza Bahrami ◽

Maryam Naseri ◽

Mohammad Hosein Farzaei ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Life Cycle ◽

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽

Effective Treatment ◽

Natural Compounds ◽

Virus Life Cycle ◽

Antiviral Effects ◽

The World ◽

Plant Sources ◽

Chemistry Plant ◽

Effective Treatments

Since its inception, the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has infected millions of people around the world. Therefore, it is necessary to find effective treatments against Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), as it is the viral source of COVID-19. Alkaloids are one of the most widespread plant-derived natural compounds with prominent antiviral effects. Accordingly, these phytochemicals have been promising candidates towards discovering effective treatments for COVID-19. Alkaloids have shown potential anti-SARS-CoV activities via inhibiting pathogenesis-associated targets of the Coronaviridae family that are required for the virus life cycle. In the current study, the chemistry, plant sources, and antiviral effects of alkaloids, as well as their anti-SARS-CoV-2 effect with related mechanisms, are reviewed towards discovering an effective treatment against COVID-19.

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Assessment of COVID-19 treatment advised in different ethnic populations

Current Drug Safety ◽

10.2174/1574886316666210728111721 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 ◽

Author(s):

B Arjun ◽

P R Krishnendu ◽

S M Zachariah ◽

L K Pappachen

Keyword(s):

Middle East ◽

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽

Cardiovascular Disorder ◽

Living Cells ◽

World Health ◽

Ethnic Populations ◽

Protein Coat ◽

The World ◽

The Common ◽

Health Organization

: The virus is an infective specialist that regularly comprises a nucleic corrosive atom in a protein coat that is too little to even think about being seen by light microscopy and can multiplicate inside the living cells of a host. COVID is a gathering of infections that can cause disease, for instance, the essential basic cold, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), and the Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS). Numerous individuals debased with the COVID-19 contamination will experience smooth coordination respiratory disease and recover without requiring the common treatment. More prepared people and those with concealed clinical issues like cardiovascular disorder, diabetes, diligent respiratory contamination will undoubtedly make certified illness. The COVID-19 disease spreads generally through dabs of spit or delivery from the nose when a debased individual hacks or sneezes, so it is critical that you in like manner practice respiratory conduct (for example, by hacking into a flexed elbow). In 2019, another contamination perceived in china specifically novel COVID disease 2019 (COVID-19) was found, and on the 11th of March 2020, COVID-19 was depicted as a pandemic sickness by the World Health Organization which is rapidly stretching out to 194 countries that incorporate Europe, North America, Asia, Middle East, Latin America, and Africa. The best way to deal with thwart and ruin transmission is to be instructed about the COVID-19 contamination, the illness it causes, and how it spreads. In this survey, we are endeavoring to focus on the drugs that are used for COVID19 and their segment of movement at present chose by different nations.

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Importance of the case of coronavirus-associated severe acute respiratory syndrome detected in Hungary in 2005

Orvosi Hetilap ◽

10.1556/oh.2013.29763 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 154 (47) ◽

pp. 1877-1882

Author(s):

László Rókusz ◽

István Jankovics ◽

Máté Jankovics ◽

Júlia Sarkadi ◽

Ildikó Visontai

Keyword(s):

Middle East ◽

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽

Unknown Etiology ◽

Serum Samples ◽

Igg Antibody ◽

Remote Areas ◽

The Past ◽

The World ◽

Antibody Positivity ◽

Coronavirus Infection

Ten years have elapsed since the severe acute respiratory syndrome outbreak, which resulted in more than 8000 cases worldwide with more than 700 deaths. Recently, a new coronavirus, the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus emerged, causing serious respiratory cases and death. By the end of August 2013, 108 cases including 50 deaths were reported. The authors discuss a coronavirus-associated severe acute respiratory syndrome, which was detected in Hungary in 2005 and highlight its significance in 2013. In 2005 the patient was hospitalized and all relevant clinical and microbiological tests were performed. Based on the IgG antibody positivity of the serum samples, the patient was diagnosed as having severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection in the past. The time and source of the infection remained unknown. The condition of the patient improved and he was discharged from the hospital. The case raises the possibility of infections in Hungary imported from remote areas of the world and the importance of thorough examination of patients with severe respiratory syndrome with unknown etiology. Orv. Hetil., 154(47), 1877–1882.

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