scholarly journals Dissolution of Different Reservoir Rocks by Organic Acids in Laboratory Simulations: Implications for the Effect of Alteration on Deep Reservoirs

Geofluids ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Jian Chen ◽  
Jie Xu ◽  
Susu Wang ◽  
Zhenyu Sun ◽  
Zhong Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Acids ◽  
Organic Acid ◽  
Pore Waters ◽  
Acid Dissolution ◽  
Secondary Porosity ◽  
Reservoir Rocks ◽  
Laboratory Simulations ◽  
Geological Processes ◽  
Micrometer Scale ◽  
The Impact

Organic acids are important agents in the alteration of deep reservoirs. It is difficult, however, to assess the impact of organic acid alteration on deep reservoirs because different dissolution processes may occur during diagenesis. This study simulated the dissolution of three different types of reservoir rocks by acetic acid in a closed system and compared the mineral and elemental composition, surface morphology, pore structure, and water chemistry variations of the initial and altered samples. The study demonstrated that both micrite and sucrosic dolostone are strongly dissolved, losing about 20%–30% of their initial rock sample weights. Observation under SEM showed that the limestone dissolved homogenously, whereas the dolostone showed honeycomb-like dissolution. Both carbonate samples showed the development of large voids, including holes and cavities of micrometer scale, but nanopores of various sizes were blocked. In contrast, lithic arkose was heterogeneously altered, losing a weight proportion of about 13% by dissolution of calcite cement. These micrometer-scale microfissures were developed, but those nanometer-scale pores just varied in a narrow range of sizes. The volume increase in all three reservoir types is mainly attributed to the dissolution of carbonate minerals. In deep reservoirs, in situ generated organic acids can enlarge existing cavities in carbonates and develop microfissures in sandstones. The microfissure porosity in sandstone is limited but can increase through other geological processes such as overpressure. More importantly, these acids can maintain the acidity of pore waters, inhibit the precipitation of dissolved minerals, and help to preserve reservoir porosity. Although temperature plays an insignificant role in laboratory simulations, it influences both the generation and destruction processes of organic acids in deep reservoirs on geologic time scales and, thus, warrants further attention. The results provide a basis for recognizing the typical patterns of organic acid dissolution on different reservoir rocks and further suggest the potential role of organic acids in the formation and preservation of secondary porosity in deeply buried reservoirs.

Effect of Diagenesis on the Formation Effective Reservoirs in Volcanic Rocks of Xujiaweizi Faulted-Sag

2014 ◽  
Vol 496-500 ◽  
pp. 3017-3021
Author(s):  
Zhi Jun Li ◽  
Ying Zhang ◽  
Xing Ming Wang
Keyword(s):  
Organic Acid ◽  
Volcanic Rocks ◽  
Physical Property ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Acid Dissolution ◽  
Secondary Porosity ◽  
Porosity Evolution ◽  
Yingcheng Formation ◽  
Silicic Volcanic ◽  
Primary Porosity

The volcanic reservoir of Yingcheng Formation in Xujiaweizi Faulted-Sag of Songliao Basin was systematically studied by analyzing the data of the core and cast thin slice. It was founded out that all effective reservoir underwent six diagenetic stages. That is why porosity evolution and physical property of those rocks were different from each other. The organic acid dissolution and CO2-bearing acidulous water dissolution,was the most useful diagenesis to the formation of effective reservoirs, secondary porosity developed mostly in the silicic volcanic rocks, which were easily dissolved by organic acid. Primary porosity system, faults and fractures, top/bottom unconformity surfaces of volcanic rocks are the key factors to dissolution.

scholarly journals Anion channel sensitivity to cytosolic organic acids implicates a central role for oxaloacetate in integrating ion flux with metabolism in stomatal guard cells

2011 ◽  
Vol 439 (1) ◽  
pp. 161-170 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yizhou Wang ◽  
Michael R. Blatt
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
Organic Acids ◽  
Organic Acid ◽  
Stomatal Closure ◽  
Anion Channel ◽  
Guard Cells ◽  
Solute Flux ◽  
Stomatal Guard Cells ◽  
The Impact

Stomatal guard cells play a key role in gas exchange for photosynthesis and in minimizing transpirational water loss from plants by opening and closing the stomatal pore. The bulk of the osmotic content driving stomatal movements depends on ionic fluxes across both the plasma membrane and tonoplast, the metabolism of organic acids, primarily Mal (malate), and its accumulation and loss. Anion channels at the plasma membrane are thought to comprise a major pathway for Mal efflux during stomatal closure, implicating their key role in linking solute flux with metabolism. Nonetheless, little is known of the regulation of anion channel current (ICl) by cytosolic Mal or its immediate metabolite OAA (oxaloacetate). In the present study, we have examined the impact of Mal, OAA and of the monocarboxylic acid anion acetate in guard cells of Vicia faba L. and report that all three organic acids affect ICl, but with markedly different characteristics and sidedness to their activities. Most prominent was a suppression of ICl by OAA within the physiological range of concentrations found in vivo. These findings indicate a capacity for OAA to co-ordinate organic acid metabolism with ICl through the direct effect of organic acid pool size. The findings of the present study also add perspective to in vivo recordings using acetate-based electrolytes.

scholarly journals PSVIII-16 The effects of adding two organic acid blends with or without high levels of zinc or copper, on post-weaning pig performance

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 209-210
Author(s):  
Casey L Bradley ◽  
Jon Bergstrom ◽  
Jeremiah Nemechek ◽  
J D Hahn
Keyword(s):  
Phosphoric Acid ◽  
Benzoic Acid ◽  
Organic Acids ◽  
Organic Acid ◽  
Factorial Design ◽  
Sodium Butyrate ◽  
Weaned Pigs ◽  
Weaning Pig ◽  
Pig Performance ◽  
Dietary Treatments

Abstract A subset of 720 weaned pigs (6.44 ± 0.1 kg, PIC genetics, approximately 21-d of age) were used in a 42-d trial with a 2x3 factorial design evaluating the effects of adding organic acid (OA) blends [factor 1 = no organic acid (NO), Acid Pak 1 (AP1), Acid Pak 2 (AP2)] to diets with or without higher levels of Zn or Cu [factor 2 = +/-PZC] on pig performance. Pigs were allotted 10 pigs/pen to 12 weight blocks and randomly assigned the six dietary treatments. The +PZC diets contained 3000 ppm Zn (d 0-7), 2000 ppm Zn (d 8-21), and 250 ppm Cu (d 21-42) and -PZC diets contained 95 ppm Zn and 20 ppm Cu (d 0-42). The AP1 and AP2 diets used 0.9% of 2 acid premixes (d 0-21), and 0.45% of the premixes (day 22-42). AP1 provided 0.5% benzoic acid, 0.07% sodium butyrate, and 0.025% phosphoric acid (day 0-21) and half those levels (day 22-42). AP2 included the same acids as AP1 but at half the rate and combined with 7 other organic acids and carvacrol. From d 0-21, ADG, ADFI, and G:F were improved (P< 0.01) by +PZC compared to -PZC and by AP1 or AP2 compared to NO (P< 0.02). Overall (d 0-42), ADG and G:F were improved (P< 0.01) by +PZC compared to -PZC and by AP1 or AP2 compared to NO (P< .010). Data from this trial indicate that performance was improved by the addition of both OA and PZC. However, pigs fed OA and -PZC performed similarly to those fed NO and +PZC in the post-weaning period. In summary, regardless of the acid combination, organic acid supplementation has the potential to improve growth performance in weaned pigs.

The Xylem Sap of Maize Roots: Its Collection, Composition and Formation

1988 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 557 ◽  
Author(s):  
MJ Canny ◽  
ME Mccully
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Organic Acids ◽  
Organic Acid ◽  
Aspartic Acid ◽  
Xylem Sap ◽  
Great Variability ◽  
Reduced Pressure ◽  
Transpiration Stream ◽  
Maize Roots ◽  
Total Amino Acids

Three methods of sampling xylem sap of maize roots were compared: sap bleeding from the stem cut just above the ground; sap bleeding from the cut tops of roots still undisturbed in the ground; and sap aspirated from excavated roots under reduced pressure. The bleeding saps were often unobtainable. When their composition was measured with time from cutting, the concentrations of the major solutes approximately doubled in 2 h. Aspirated sap was chosen as the most reliable sample of root xylem contents. Solute concentrations of the saps showed great variability between individual roots for all solutes, but on average the concentrations found (in �mol g-1 sap) were: total amino acids, 1.8; nitrate, 1.8; sugars (mainly sucrose), 5.4; total organic acids, 18.3. Individual amino acids also varied greatly between roots. Glutamine, aspartic acid and serine were generally most abundant. The principal organic acid found was malic, approximately 8 �mol g-1. From these analyses the ratios of carbon in the fractions (sugars : amino acids : organic acids) = (44 : 6 : 50). 14Carbon pulse fed to a leaf appeared in the root sap within 30 min, rose to a peak at 4-6 h, and declined slowly over a week. During all this time the neutral, cation and anion fractions were sensibly constant in the proportions 86 : 10 : 4. The 14C therefore did not move towards the equilibrium of 12C-compounds in the sap. It is argued that the results do not support a hypothesis of formation of amino carbon from recent assimilate and reduced nitrate in the roots and an export of this to the shoot in the transpiration stream.

scholarly journals Characterization of Aerosol Composition, Aerosol Acidity and Organic Acid Partitioning at an Agriculture-Intensive Rural Southeastern U.S. Site

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Theodora Nah ◽  
Hongyu Guo ◽  
Amy P. Sullivan ◽  
Yunle Chen ◽  
David J. Tanner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxalic Acid ◽  
Organic Acids ◽  
Organic Acid ◽  
Organic Aerosol ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Molar Concentration ◽  
Particle Phase ◽  
Aerosol Composition ◽  
Phase Water ◽  
Acetic Acids

Abstract. The implementation of stringent emission regulations has resulted in the decline of anthropogenic pollutants including sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx) and carbon monoxide (CO). In contrast, ammonia (NH3) emissions are largely unregulated, with emissions projected to increase in the future. We present real-time aerosol and gas measurements from a field study conducted in an agricultural-intensive region in the southeastern U.S. during the fall of 2016 to investigate how NH3 affects particle acidity and SOA formation via the gas-particle partitioning of semi-volatile organic acids. Particle water and pH were determined using the ISORROPIA-II thermodynamic model and validated by comparing predicted inorganic HNO3-NO3− and NH3-NH4+ gas-particle partitioning ratios with measured values. Our results showed that despite the high NH3 concentrations (study average 8.1 ± 5.2 ppb), PM1 were highly acidic with pH values ranging from 0.9 to 3.8, and a study-averaged pH of 2.2 ± 0.6. PM1 pH varied by approximately 1.4 units diurnally. Formic and acetic acids were the most abundant gas-phase organic acids, and oxalate was the most abundant particle-phase water-soluble organic acid anion. Measured particle-phase water-soluble organic acids were on average 6 % of the total non-refractory PM1 organic aerosol mass. The measured molar fraction of oxalic acid in the particle phase (i.e., particle-phase oxalic acid molar concentration divided by the total oxalic acid molar concentration) ranged between 47 and 90 % for PM1 pH 1.2 to 3.4. The measured oxalic acid gas-particle partitioning ratios were in good agreement with their corresponding thermodynamic predictions, calculated based on oxalic acid’s physicochemical properties, ambient temperature, particle water and pH. In contrast, gas-particle partitioning of formic and acetic acids were not well predicted for reasons currently unknown. For this study, higher NH3 concentrations relative to what has been measured in the region in previous studies had minor effects on PM1 organic acids and their influence on the overall organic aerosol and PM1 mass concentrations.

Earth's energy “Golden Zone”: a synthesis from mineralogical research

Clay Minerals ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. H. Nadeau
Keyword(s):  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Gulf Coast ◽  
Clay Mineralogy ◽  
Sedimentary Basins ◽  
Entrapment Efficiency ◽  
Permeability Evolution ◽  
Reservoir Temperature ◽  
Fundamental Particle ◽  
Geological Processes ◽  
The Impact

AbstractThe impact of diagenetic processes on petroleum entrapment and recovery efficiency has focused the vast majority of the world's conventional oil and gas resources into relatively narrow thermal intervals, which we call Earth's energy “Golden Zone”. Two key mineralogical research breakthroughs, mainly from the North Sea, underpinned this discovery. The first is the fundamental particle theory of clay mineralogy, which showed the importance of dissolution/precipitation mechanisms in the formation of diagenetic illitic clays with increasing depth and temperature. The second is the surface area precipitation-rate-controlled models for the formation of diagenetic cements, primarily quartz, in reservoirs. Understanding the impacts of these geological processes on permeability evolution, porosity loss, overpressure development, and fluid migration in the subsurface, lead to the realization that exploration and production risks are exponential functions of reservoir temperature. Global compilations of oil/gas reserves relative to reservoir temperature, including the US Gulf Coast, have verified the “Golden Zone” concept, as well as stimulated further research to determine in greater detail the geological/mineralogical controls on petroleum migration and entrapment efficiency within the Earth's sedimentary basins.

STUDIES ON INFANT DIARRHEA. III. CHANGES IN COMPOSITION OF SALINE AND GLUCOSE-SALINE SOLUTIONS INSTILLED INTO THE COLON

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1968 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 303-311
Author(s):  
R. Torres-Pinedo ◽  
E. Conde ◽  
G. Robillard ◽  
M. Maldonado
Keyword(s):  
Organic Acids ◽  
Organic Acid ◽  
The Body ◽  
Hydrogen Ion ◽  
Sodium Absorption ◽  
Infectious Diarrhea ◽  
Subsequent Formation ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
Compositional Changes ◽  
Saline Solutions

Saline and glucose-saline solutions were instilled into the distal colons of infants with acute infectious diarrhea. Samples of the fluid were obtained at hourly intervals. Clear-cut differences in compositional changes were observed with the saline and glucose-saline solutions. The net effects induced by glucose were: (1) generation of organic acids and subsequent formation of poorly absorbable organic acid salts, and (2) osmotic inflow of water. The overall process led to a net gain of hydrogen ion by the body fluids, decrease in sodium absorption, augmented potassium loss, and net increase in volume of the colonic fluid.

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