scholarly journals Nine-Axis Sensor for Athlete Physical Training Load Characteristics

2022 ◽  
Vol 2022 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Meifu Liang ◽  
Ningning Zhao ◽  
Yamei Li

In order to understand the characteristic data of athletes’ training load, a method based on nine-axis sensor was proposed. Twenty-seven male college athletes were tested twice with a time interval of more than 48 hours. In part 1, participants take the 1 Repetition Maximum (1RM) test. The results show that maximum strength is one of the basic factors to develop the output power of athletes. In the process of skeletal muscle contraction, the curve of speed, force, and power is closely related. When the external load is 10%∼70%, the average power increases with the increase in the average force, it increases with the decrease in the average speed, and at 70%1RM, the average power reaches the peak and then decreases at an inflection point. It is proved that the accurate weight ratio of strength training is the basis of winning athletes, the focus of high level physical coach, and the premise of scientific sports training.

sportlogia ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-24
Author(s):  
Željko M. Rajković ◽  
◽  
Darko N. Mitrović ◽  
Vladimir K. Miletić ◽  
Petar M. Spaić ◽  
...  

Modern diagnostics in rowing enables more and more possibilities for recording, and comparing numerous stroke variables. At the same time, many coaches fall into the trap of strict respect for the prescribed norms, ratios, and temporarily results, which the athlete must achieve if he wants to stay in the world of competitive rowing. On the example of the comparison of rowing schools RC "Danubius" and RC "Partizan", descriptive indicators are on the side of RC "Danubius" at a time of 2000m, average force and average power. No significant differences were found in average force (sig = 0,167) between rowers of RC "Danubius" and RC "Partizan", while statistically significant differences were recorded in time at 2000m (sig = 0,036) and power (sig = 0,02) in favor of rowers of RC “Danubius”. On the other hand, a higher correlation of average force (-0,955) and power (-0,928) with time on 2000m was achieved by RC "Partizan" than RC "Danubius" (-0,931) and (-0,896). The correlation between the average force, and the average power within one team shows a higher correlation for RC “Partizan" (0,95) compared to RC "Danubius" (0,755). The obtained results are not enough for single rower or crew elimination from competition to recreational section in the process of too frequent and strict selection of rowers, considering different possible ways of building rowing techniques and numerous parasitic factors that may affect measured variables, specialy at the age under 14 and novice rowers in general.


2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yingqiu Zhang ◽  
Xingdong Zhou

  Objective Using the theory of sports biochemistry, we can better complete the formulation of the training plan, the evaluations of training effect and the athlete's fatigue status, the real-time monitoring of training intensity and training amount as well as the function level of athletes and the comprehensive evaluation of nutritional status. To provide some theoretical guidance for the daily training of Chinese hearing-impaired table tennis team and to gradually establish the biochemical monitoring model for the Chinese Deaf Table tennis team, this subject has applied biochemical index monitoring to this team. Methods 2.1 Research Object 8 Athletes (male 4 female 4) of the Chinese hearing-impaired table tennis team were studied. The average height, weight, and age were 174.3±5.1cm, 65.4±11.6kg, 23.5±4.9 years respectively.2.2 Research Methods 2.2.1 Literature To find out the energy-supplying and metabolic characteristics of table tennis as well as the modes to accelerate the recovery period of body fatigue, we have searched a variety of literature on this purpose. The investigation of athletes' nutrition regulation, physical training and rehabilitation and other related research results lays a good foundation for the implementation of the project. 2.2.2 Expert Interview This paper discusses the energy metabolism characteristics of the hearing-impaired table tennis players by discussing with the coaches, athletes and experts and scholars of the national Hearing Impairment project group. The evaluation index and standard of athlete's body function, the method of training load monitoring, the way of nutrition regulation, the means of fatigue recovery and the process of physical training were discussed. 3.2.3 Field Investigation From April, 20th, 2017 to July, 10th, 2017, two researchers have long been in the center of national table tennis training located at Zheng Ding, Hebei province, to complete training monitoring and research services. Results 3 Research Results Phlebotomizing 7 of the Chinese hearing-impaired table tennis players in June,2nd,2017 and June 7th, 2017 respectively, The blood samples were analyzed by the team of experts and researchers in the Sports Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory in Beijing Sport University. Part of the results was shown below in table 1, table 2. (1) Training intensity monitoring Huang Mengping had a slightly higher creatine kinase, a slight decrease in testosterone, a slight rise in cortisol, a lower testosterone/cortisol value, as well as an insignificant reduction in body function than the previous time. She should focus on the recovery of her body condition after training. In general, the testosterone, cortisol and testosterone/cortisol level in this team is slightly higher than the last time, blood urea lower than the previous. Strengthening the monitoring of exercise and nutrition and continuing to maintain a high body synthesis ability are favorable to intense competition. The overall creatinine level decreased, whereas 4 members of the team had insignificantly high creatinine, especially for Huang Mengping who first had appeared high level of it. Although this condition was not too severe to focus on, we should strengthen the regulation of athlete muscle injury and protect their kidney functions. (2) Monitoring of endocrine system indicators Both males and females had higher testosterone synthesis capabilities. They should continue to take the nutritional supplements. The T/C ratio of Tian Jiping has escalated sharply, but it was lower than that of other players. We should pay attention to his training load and promote the recovery training. (3) Monitoring of Iron Metabolic Index Huang Mengping's hemoglobin value and RBC value have been slightly elevated this time. It is suggested that she should keep on to take nutritional supplements and strengthen aerobic endurance training. Hemoglobin for Wang Zhe and Lin Huan (slightly decreased this time) was higher than their counterparts. The ability to transport oxygen was excellent, and it is agreeable to keep on. They need to continue to maintain and promote the body's oxygen reserve capacity. At the same time, they can also upgrade their overall red blood cell levels. Men have seen a high level of hemoglobin and the number of red blood cells as well as robust capabilities of oxymoron reservation and transportation. It is recommended to enhance aerobic endurance training, mainly improving the aerobic capacity. The serum iron of Tian Jiping was promoted quickly. He needs to build up the amount of iron nutrient intake and support the body synthesis. The full iron metabolic indicators were normal, but Zhang Chaoyue and Lin Lin Huan have been seen the lack of the abilities to synthesis iron. So we need to pay attention to iron metabolism-related nutrition intake. In general, iron protein level and the capability to reserve iron have declined. It is recommended to take more iron nutrients, Especially for Shi Ce. (4) Food surveillance After the diet regulation, the indicators for the team's blood fat were within the normal range. Zhang Chaoyue and Wang Zhe should control the high-fat food intake, thus reducing the amount of low-density lipoprotein. (5) Surveillance of immune Indicators The white cell, blood cell classification and immunoglobulin (IgG, IgM, IgA) of the team are all normal, Wang Zhe’s immunoglobulin A and Xu You’s immunoglobulin M are slightly low, we should pay attention to protection. Conclusions  Through the overall monitoring and analysis of the biochemical indexes of the leading athletes of Chinese hearing-impaired table tennis team, The characteristics of biochemical indexes of the high-level hearing-impaired table tennis players are mastered. On the basis of the overall characteristics of the individual, we carried out personalized monitoring and evaluation to give coaches and athletes advice on training, rehabilitation and other aspects related to practice. Biochemical tracking in China's hearing-impaired table tennis team has achieved an excellent application results that have been unanimously recognized by the coaches and athletes.  


Author(s):  
Anis Aloulou ◽  
Francois Duforez ◽  
Damien Léger ◽  
Quentin De Larochelambert ◽  
Mathieu Nedelec

Purpose: To evaluate the effects of sporting activities, training loads, and athletes’ characteristics on sleep among high-level adolescent athletes, in a controlled training and academic environment. Methods: A total of 128 high-level adolescent athletes (age = 15.2 [2.0] y), across 9 different sports, completed common sleep questionnaires and were monitored daily (7.3 [2.7] d) during a typical in-season training period. Sleep was analyzed using actigraphy and sleep diaries, whereas training load was evaluated using the session rating of perceived exertion, and muscle soreness and general fatigue were reported with the aid of visual analog scales. Separate linear mixed-effects models were fitted, including the athlete as a random effect and the following variables as fixed effects: the sport practiced (categorical predictor), daily training load, age, and sex. Different models were used to compare sleep variables among sports and to assess the influence of training load, age, and sex. Results: The mean total sleep time was 7.1 (0.7) hours. Swimmers presented increased sleep fragmentation, training loads, perceived muscle soreness, and general fatigue compared with athletes who engaged in other sports. Independent of any sport-specific effects, a higher daily training load induced an earlier bedtime and reduced total sleep time and perceived sleep quality, with higher sleep fragmentation. Moreover, female athletes experienced increased total sleep time and worse sleep quality in response to stress compared with those in males. Conclusion: In a controlled training and academic environment, high-level adolescent athletes did not achieve the recommended sleep duration. Impaired sleep quality and quantity could be partially explained by increased training loads.


2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (1(21)) ◽  
pp. 22-31
Author(s):  
David Bidzinashvili

The new Corona-virus and the contagious disease which it causes, the so called COVID 19, put forward the serious challenges for many countries all over the world and for Georgia among them. Almost the whole world is facing very serious obstacles on the international and national levels. Too many problems emerged in the world countries. To resist against the new disease has become the main priority for each country. The global processes caused by the pandemics have influenced the audit service as well. The uncertainty and unpredictability caused the new risks of deficiencies and activated already existed ones in the new environment. The situation became more complicated due to the fact that it can happen that the auditors do not consider the mentioned risks in the process of planning for audits or the risks may be considered mistakenly. The firms and other economical institutions in which the audit is carried out are obliged to adopt the new rules and changing environments in which their businesses function; they should change the rules of fulfilling the operation, preparing the financial accounts, the processes of their representing the information processes, safety of information shown in the financial accounts, the rules of their preparing; they also evaluate the possibilities of keeping on their activities in the nearest future. The qualified performing of the audit implies the basical elemenst which helps to create such environment where the possibility of the high level audit will be at the maximum. Implementing the quality control implies that such system will include two stages; each of them is directed towards providing the audit processes according the international standards There are several types of the quality improvement system. In all of them the main variable value represents the amount of costs for the proper system. All countries choose the system which provides benefits taking the costs into consideration. There are four main stages in the process of implementation the system which will ensure the high quality audit. Here are four main stages shown in the process of implementation:  The first stage: to carry out diagnostic observation;  The second stage: stating the view;  The third sage: working out the system;  The fourth stage: implementation of the system. The firms and other economical institutions where the audit is carried out are obliged to be reliable with their activities in the changing situation in which their businesses function. The subjects change the rules of carrying out the usual operations, change the open information given in the financial accounts, and estimate the possibilities of maintaining the existing possibilities for the nearest future. It is important to revise some standards out of Audit International Standards and to make them fit for revealing and assessing the risks of essential mistakes and discrepencies. The controlled variation of the standard regulates such issues as the newly corrected risks caused by influences of COVID-19 pandemic on the planned approaches to the audit and also, evaluation of the risks already defined and making changes in them taking into consideration the influence of the errors in the risk evaluations and influence made upon the planned evaluations and audits the changes of which will influence the evaluations of the risks in the inner control of the subject on the previously made imagination of the control environment, in order to define the measures to be taken in order to change the reactions to the mistakes using different measures in order to reach the trustful mechanisms to rely on. International standards of audit– answering to the assessed risks, the checked variation of the standard implies that it maybecome necessary to change the measures of reaction to the changes in the circumstances in order to obtain enough reliable measures and activities to control the situation by means of enough auditory evidences. The auditor has responsibilities to take into consideration that largening the deadlines will cause growth of the period and the risks of the dates of events which will happen in the time interval between accountability date and the date of the conclusion made by audit, the audit is also responsible for any event taking place later in relation to the Covid-19 situation. He is responsible also for evaluation of the fact about financial information. The enterprise functioning within nowadays complex environment taking into consideration the situation of COVID 19, should consider such priority issues as the uncertainty accompanying the Covid situation, related covenants, and others which accompany the pandemic period, among them the region, the financial state of customers and dealers, liquidating and paying capacity. During the process of the risk assessments it should considered that Covid 19 pandemic greatly influenced the global economics and the separate branches such as hotels business, retail sail, tourism and others. As a result of pandemic, it is possible that the number of audit considerations and thee circumstances can modify them which can be conditioned by different circumstances and the audit will state if there are incorrectable improper conditioned due to the circumstances. The audit will make it certain there are unimprovable mistakes which apart and together are essential for the financial accountability and the auditor will conclude that they cannot acquire the proper conditioned which apart or together could be essential financial accounts or the audit will conclude that they are not able to the essential accountability. Important researches were led to assess the appeared situation and it was concluded that the COVID 19 pandemic had influenced the financial situation which showed that the specific actions and procedures became complicated.


2019 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 131-141
Author(s):  
Petros G. Botonis ◽  
Argyris G. Toubekis ◽  
Theodoros I. Platanou

AbstractWe investigated the effectiveness of a short-duration training period including an overloaded (weeks 1 and 2) and a reduced training load period (weeks 3 and 4) on wellness, swimming performance and a perceived internal training load in eight high-level water-polo players preparing for play-offs. The internal training load was estimated daily using the rating of perceived exertion (RPE) and session duration (session-RPE). Perceived ratings of wellness (fatigue, muscle soreness, sleep quality, stress level and mood) were assessed daily. Swimming performance was evaluated through 400-m and 20-m tests performed before (baseline) and after the end of weeks 2 and 4. In weeks 3 and 4, the internal training load was reduced by 19.0 ± 3.8 and 36.0 ± 4.7%, respectively, compared to week 1 (p = 0.00). Wellness was improved in week 4 (20.4 ± 2.8 AU) compared to week 1 and week 2 by 16.0 ± 2.2 and 17.3 ± 2.9 AU, respectively (p =0.001). At the end of week 4, swimming performance at 400-m and 20-m tests (299.0 ± 10.2 and 10.2 ± 0.3 s) was improved compared to baseline values (301.4 ± 10.9 and 10.4 ± 0.4 s, p < 0.05) and the overloading training period (week 2; 302.9 ± 9.0 and 10.4 ± 0.4 s, p < 0.05). High correlations were observed between the percentage reduction of the internal training load from week 4 to week 1 (-25.3 ± 5.5%) and the respective changes in 20-m time (-2.1 ± 2.2%, r = 0.88, p < 0.01), fatigue perception (39.6 ± 27.1%), muscle soreness (32.5 ± 26.6%), stress levels (25.6 ± 15.1%) and the overall wellness scores (28.6 ± 21.9%, r = 0.74-0.79, p < 0.05). The reduction of the internal training load improved the overall perceived wellness and swimming performance of players. The aforementioned periodization approach may be an effective training strategy in the lead-up to play-off tournaments.


Author(s):  
Antonis Kesisoglou ◽  
Andrea Nicolò ◽  
Louis Passfield

Purpose: To examine the effect of cycling exercise intensity and duration on subsequent performance and to compare the resulting acute performance decrement (APD) with total work done (TWD) and corresponding training-load (TL) metrics. Methods: A total of 14 male cyclists performed a 5-minute time trial (TT) as a baseline and after 4 initial exercise bouts of varying exercise intensity and duration. The initial exercise bouts were performed in a random order and consisted of a 5- and a 20-minute TT and a 20- and a 40-minute submaximal ride. The resulting APD was calculated as the percentage change in 5-minute TT from baseline, and this was compared with the TWD and TL metrics for the corresponding initial exercise bout. Results: Average power output was different for each of the 4 initial exercise bouts (; P < .001), and all bouts resulted in an APD. But APD was only different when comparing maximal with submaximal bouts (; P < .001). The APD contradicted TWD and TL metrics and was not different when comparing 5- and 20-minute maximal TTs or the 20- and 40-minute submaximal bouts. In contrast, TL metrics were different for all training sessions (; P < .001). Conclusion: An APD is found after initial exercise bouts consisting of 5- and 20-minute TTs and after 20- and 40-minute of submaximal exercise that is not consistent with the corresponding values for TWD or TL. This discrepancy highlights important shortcomings when using TWD and TL to compare exercise bouts of different intensity and duration.


Author(s):  
N. Belala ◽  
D.E. Saїdouni ◽  
R. Boukharrou ◽  
A.C. Chaouche ◽  
A. Seraoui ◽  
...  

The design of real-time systems needs a high-level specification model supporting at the same time timing constraints and actions duration. The authors introduce in this paper an extension of Petri Nets called Time Petri Nets with Action Duration (DTPN) where time is associated with transitions. In DTPN, the firing of transitions is bound to a time interval and transitions represent actions which have explicit durations. The authors give an operational semantics for DTPN in terms of Durational Action Timed Automata (DATA). DTPN considers both timing constraints and durations under a true-concurrency semantics with an aim of better expressing concurrent and parallel behaviours of real-time systems.


Paleobiology ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 359-379 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark E. Patzkowsky ◽  
Steven M. Holland

AbstractBiotic invasions in the fossil record provide natural experiments for testing hypotheses of niche stability, speciation, and the assembly and diversity of regional biotas. We compare ecological parameters (preferred environment, occupancy, median abundance, rank abundance) of genera shared between faunal provinces during the Richmondian Invasion in the Late Ordovician on the Laurentian continent. Genera that spread from one faunal province to the other during the invasion (invading shared genera) have high Spearman rank correlations (>0.5) in three of four ecological parameters, suggesting a high level of niche stability among invaders. Genera that existed in both regions prior to and following the invasion (noninvading shared genera) have low correlations (<0.3) and suggest niche shift between lineages that diverged at least 8 Myr earlier. Niche shift did not accumulate gradually over this time interval but appears to have occurred in a pulse associated with the onset of the Taconic orogeny and the switch from warm-water to cool-water carbonates in southern Laurentia.


1996 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert U. Newton ◽  
William J. Kraemer ◽  
Keijo Häkkinen ◽  
Brendan J. Humphries ◽  
Aron J. Murphy

The aim of this study was to investigate the kinematics, kinetics, and neural activation of the traditional bench press movement performed explosively and the explosive bench throw in which the barbell was projected from the hands. Seventeen male subjects completed three trials with a bar weight of 45% of the subject's previously determined 1RM. Performance was significantly higher during the throw movement compared to the press for average velocity, peak velocity, average force, average power, and peak power. Average muscle activity during the concentric phase for pectoralis major, anterior deltoid, triceps brachii, and biceps brachii was higher for the throw condition. It was concluded that performing traditional press movements rapidly with light loads does not create ideal loading conditions for the neuromuscular system with regard to explosive strength production, especially in the final stages of the movement, because ballistic weight loading conditions where the resistance was accelerated throughout the movement resulted in a greater velocity of movement, force output, and EMG activity.


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