scholarly journals Genetic and Chemical Diversity of Edible Mushroom Pleurotus Species

2022 ◽  
Vol 2022 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Pei Lin ◽  
Zheng-Fei Yan ◽  
MooChang Kook ◽  
Chang-Tian Li ◽  
Tae-Hoo Yi
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Polar Lipid ◽  
Wild Strain ◽  
Gc Content ◽  
Mycolic Acid ◽  
Chemical Diversity ◽  
Molecular Characteristics ◽  
Bayesian Posterior Probability ◽  
Pleurotus Species ◽  
Significant Difference

The genus Pleurotus is one of the most widely cultivated and edible mushrooms with various cultivators. Three molecular characteristics were used to evaluate the genetic diversity of 132 tested samples. Phylogenetic analysis showed five clades for tested samples of the genus Pleurotus by the combined ITS and LSU sequences with strong bootstraps and Bayesian posterior probability supports. A total of 94 polymorphic fragments ranging from 10 to 100 bp were observed by using an intersimple sequence repeat (ISSR) marker. The DNA fragment pattern showed that P. ostreatus cultivator (strain P9) was clearly distinguished from wild strain based on their clear banding profiles produced. DNA GC content of the genus Pleurotus varied from 55.6 mol% to 43.3 mol%. Their chemical composition was also determined, including sugar, amino acid, polar lipid, mycolic acid, quinone, and fatty acid, which presented some high homogeneity. Most of the tested samples contained mycolic acid; glucose and arabinose as the main sugars; aspartic acid, arginine, lysine, tyrosine, and alanine as the main amino acids; and C16:0, C18:0, C18:2cis-9,12, anteiso-C14:0, and summed feature 8 as the main fatty acids. In addition, their polar lipid profiles were investigated for the first time, which significantly varied among Pleurotus species. The genus Pleurotus contained menaquinone-6 as the sole respiratory quinone, which showed a significant difference with that of its closely related genera. These results of this study demonstrated that the combined method above could efficiently differentiate each Pleurotus species and thus be considered an efficient tool for surveying the genetic diversity of the genus Pleurotus.

scholarly journals Biochemical and molecular characterization of Alternaria alternata isolates highly resistant to procymidone from broccoli and cabbage

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bingran Wang ◽  
Tiancheng Lou ◽  
Lingling Wei ◽  
Wenchan Chen ◽  
Longbing Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alternaria Alternata ◽  
Single Point ◽  
Sodium Dodecyl ◽  
Cross Resistance ◽  
Molecular Characteristics ◽  
Single Point Mutation ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Leaf Blights ◽  
High Level

AbstractAlternaria alternata, a causal agent of leaf blights and spots on a wide range of hosts, has a high risk of developing resistance to fungicides. Procymidone, a dicarboximide fungicide (DCF), has been widely used in controlling Alternaria leaf blights in China for decades. However, the resistance of A. alternata against DCFs has rarely been reported from crucifer plants. A total of 198 A. alternata isolates were collected from commercial fields of broccoli and cabbage during 2018–2019, and their sensitivities to procymidone were determined. Biochemical and molecular characteristics were subsequently compared between the high-level procymidone-resistant (ProHR) and procymidone-sensitive (ProS) isolates, and also between ProHR isolates from broccoli and cabbage. Compared with ProS isolates, the mycelial growth rate, sporulation capacity and virulence of most ProHR isolates were reduced; ProHR isolates displayed an increased sensitivity to osmotic stresses and a reduced sensitivity to sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS); all ProHR isolates showed a reduced sensitivity to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) except for the isolate B102. Correlation analysis revealed a positive cross-resistance between procymidone and iprodione, or fludioxonil. When treated with 10 μg/mL of procymidone, both mycelial intracellular glycerol accumulations (MIGAs) and relative expression of AaHK1 in ProS isolates were higher than those in ProHR isolates. Sequence alignment of AaHK1 from ten ProHR isolates demonstrated that five of them possessed a single-point mutation (P94A, V612L, E708K or Q924STOP), and four isolates had an insertion or a deletion in their coding regions. No significant difference in biochemical characteristics was observed among ProHR isolates from two different hosts, though mutations in AaHK1 of the cabbage-originated ProHR isolates were distinct from those of the broccoli-originated ProHR isolates.

Morphometric, genetic diversity and phylogenetic analysis of Taenia hydatigena (Pallas, 1766) larval stage in Iranian livestock

Parasitology ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 147 (2) ◽  
pp. 231-239
Author(s):  
Shahabeddin Sarvi ◽  
Laya Ebrahimi Behrestaghi ◽  
Abbas Alizadeh ◽  
Seyed Abdollah Hosseini ◽  
Shaban Gohardieh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Larval Stage ◽  
Sequence Data ◽  
Genetic Difference ◽  
12S Rrna ◽  
Northern Iran ◽  
Taenia Hydatigena ◽  
Cysticercus Tenuicollis ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Cox 1

AbstractCysticercus tenuicollis as metacestode of Taenia hydatigena is the most prevalent taeniid species in livestock. Eighty-eight C. tenuicollis samples were collected from sheep (n = 44) and goats (n = 44) of the northern Iran from 2015 to 2016. The isolated parasites were characterized by morphometric keys. The DNA of the larval stage was extracted, amplified and sequenced targeting mitochondrial 12S rRNA and Cox 1 markers. A significant difference in larval rostellar hook length was observed in 12S rRNA haplotypes. Analysis of molecular variance of 12S rRNA indicated a moderate genetic diversity in the C. tenuicollis isolates. The pairwise sequence distance of C. tenuicollis showed an intra-species diversity of 0.3–0.5% and identity of 99.5–100%. Using the 12S rRNA sequence data we found a moderate genetic difference (Fst; 0.05421) in C. tenucollis isolates collected from livestock of the northern and southeastern regions of Iran. We concluded that the genetic variants of C. tenuicollis are being undoubtedly distributing mostly in different parts of Iran. Further studies with a larger number of T. hydatigena isolates collected from various intermediate and definitive hosts are needed to study this evolutionary assumption and also to determine the apparent genetic differences observed in the studied regions.

scholarly journals Genetic diversity in table grapes based on RAPD and microsatellite markers

2011 ◽  
Vol 46 (9) ◽  
pp. 1035-1044 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrícia Coelho de Souza Leão ◽  
Sérgio Yoshimitsu Motoike
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Microsatellite Markers ◽  
Genetic Relationships ◽  
Similarity Index ◽  
Genetic Distances ◽  
Table Grape ◽  
Group Method ◽  
Molecular Characteristics ◽  
Table Grapes ◽  
Pair Group

The objective of this work was to analyze the genetic diversity of 47 table grape accessions, from the grapevine germplasm bank of Embrapa Semiárido, using 20 RAPD and seven microsatellite markers. Genetic distances between pairs of accessions were obtained based on Jaccard's similarity index for RAPD data and on the arithmetic complement of the weighted index for microsatellite data. The groups were formed according to the Tocher's cluster analysis and to the unweighted pair‑group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA). The microsatellite markers were more efficient than the RAPD ones in the identification of genetic relationships. Information on the genetic distance, based on molecular characteristics and coupled with the cultivar agronomic performance, allowed for the recommendation of parents for crossings, in order to obtain superior hybrids in segregating populations for the table grape breeding program of Embrapa Semiárido.

scholarly journals Untargeted In Silico Compound Classification—A Novel Metabolomics Method to Assess the Chemodiversity in Bryophytes

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (6) ◽  
pp. 3251
Author(s):  
Kristian Peters ◽  
Gerd Balcke ◽  
Niklas Kleinenkuhnen ◽  
Hendrik Treutler ◽  
Steffen Neumann
Keyword(s):  
In Silico ◽  
Structural Integrity ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Light Availability ◽  
Biotic Interactions ◽  
Plant Ecology ◽  
Chemical Diversity ◽  
Classification Framework ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Compound Classification

In plant ecology, biochemical analyses of bryophytes and vascular plants are often conducted on dried herbarium specimen as species typically grow in distant and inaccessible locations. Here, we present an automated in silico compound classification framework to annotate metabolites using an untargeted data independent acquisition (DIA)–LC/MS–QToF-sequential windowed acquisition of all theoretical fragment ion mass spectra (SWATH) ecometabolomics analytical method. We perform a comparative investigation of the chemical diversity at the global level and the composition of metabolite families in ten different species of bryophytes using fresh samples collected on-site and dried specimen stored in a herbarium for half a year. Shannon and Pielou’s diversity indices, hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA), sparse partial least squares discriminant analysis (sPLS-DA), distance-based redundancy analysis (dbRDA), ANOVA with post-hoc Tukey honestly significant difference (HSD) test, and the Fisher’s exact test were used to determine differences in the richness and composition of metabolite families, with regard to herbarium conditions, ecological characteristics, and species. We functionally annotated metabolite families to biochemical processes related to the structural integrity of membranes and cell walls (proto-lignin, glycerophospholipids, carbohydrates), chemical defense (polyphenols, steroids), reactive oxygen species (ROS) protection (alkaloids, amino acids, flavonoids), nutrition (nitrogen- and phosphate-containing glycerophospholipids), and photosynthesis. Changes in the composition of metabolite families also explained variance related to ecological functioning like physiological adaptations of bryophytes to dry environments (proteins, peptides, flavonoids, terpenes), light availability (flavonoids, terpenes, carbohydrates), temperature (flavonoids), and biotic interactions (steroids, terpenes). The results from this study allow to construct chemical traits that can be attributed to biogeochemistry, habitat conditions, environmental changes and biotic interactions. Our classification framework accelerates the complex annotation process in metabolomics and can be used to simplify biochemical patterns. We show that compound classification is a powerful tool that allows to explore relationships in both molecular biology by “zooming in” and in ecology by “zooming out”. The insights revealed by our framework allow to construct new research hypotheses and to enable detailed follow-up studies.

Susceptibility of Aedes Aegypti Against Various Insecticides in Lahore, Pakistan

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Farkhanda Manzoor ◽  
Rooma Adalat ◽  
Tallat Anwar Faridi ◽  
Wafa Fatima ◽  
Muhammad Moazzam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Wild Strain ◽  
Effective Vaccine ◽  
P Value ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Incomplete Coverage ◽  
Wild Strains ◽  
New Strategies ◽  
Lahore City ◽  
Indoor And Outdoor

Dengue fever is an arbo-viral infection, widespread all over the world. In 21th Century, there is no safe affordable and effective vaccine accessible yet; vector control is that most effective method for the control of the disease Objective: To determine the susceptibility status of wild and laboratory strains larvae and adults of Aedes aegypti against different group of insecticides in Lahore city. Method: From Lahore sites, larvae were collected where insecticides used for wild strain at high frequency and quantity. The Insectary of National Institute of Malaria Research and Training (NIMRT), Lahore, Pakistan, adults and larvae were collected for laboratory strain.The laboratory strains for larvae bioassays were used. The mosquitoes populations indoor and outdoor collected in 2009, hatched from larvae into adults insectary in Lahore, Pakistan. During this study, four major insecticides groups are used which include Pyrethroids (Deltamethrine 2.5% SC), Neonicotenoids (Imidacloprid 5% SC), Phenyl-pyrazoles (Fipronil 2.5% EC) and Organophosphates dichlorvos (DDVP 50% EC). For data analysis, Minitab statistical software (Version 13.20) used for data expressed as mean ± S.E.M from bioassays. By using EPA Probit, LC was estimated with 95% confidence. The 50 statistically significant p value was <= 0.05. For comparing the concentrations of insecticides, Duncan's multiple range tests was used with significant difference (5% level) using at New Costat. Results: Different location of Lahore samples, Imidacloprid the most toxic to Aedes aegypti's wild strains on the other hand while Fipronil was also active for wild larval samples. Deltamethrine showed least activity against both adults and larval strains. The susceptibility of the eld strains was lower than laboratory strains; resistant ratio varies from insecticide to insecticide. In reporting results, mosquitos' population was resistance because of infrequent and incomplete coverage. Conclusions: This study concluded that Pyrethroids and agriculture pest control play role in indirect growth of insecticides' classes. Based on this study it is suggested that by using new strategies to prevent and delay in growth of insecticides will helpful in Lahore, city, Pakistan.

scholarly journals The effect of inoculum dose on the genetic diversity detected within Helicoverpa armigera nucleopolyhedrovirus populations

2013 ◽  
Vol 94 (11) ◽  
pp. 2524-2529 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vicky Lynne Baillie ◽  
Gustav Bouwer
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Helicoverpa Armigera ◽  
Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Model System ◽  
Inoculum Dose ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Helicoverpa Armígera ◽  
Gradient Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Neonate Larvae

Environmental and infection variables may affect the genetic diversity of baculovirus populations. In this study, Helicoverpa armigera nucleopolyhedrovirus (HearNPV) was used as a model system for studying the effects of a key infection variable, inoculum dose, on the genetic diversity within nucleopolyhedrovirus populations. Diversity and equitability indices were calculated from DNA polymerase-specific denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis profiles obtained from individual H. armigera neonate larvae inoculated with either an LD5 or LD95 of HearNPV. Although the genetic diversity detected in larvae treated with an LD95 was not statistically different from the diversity detected in the HearNPV inoculum samples, there was a statistically significant difference in the genetic diversity detected in the LD5-inoculated larvae compared with the genetic diversity detected in the HearNPV samples used for the inoculations. The study suggests that inoculum dose needs to be considered carefully in experiments that evaluate HearNPV genetic diversity or in studies where differences in genetic diversity may have phenotypic consequences.

scholarly journals Genetic diversity and virulence genes in Streptococcus uberis strains isolated from bovine mastitis

2017 ◽  
Vol 38 (4Supl1) ◽  
pp. 2595 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rafael Ambrósio Loures ◽  
Ulisses De Pádua Pereira ◽  
Glei Dos Anjos de Carvalho-Castro ◽  
Gláucia Frasnelli Mian ◽  
Dircéia Aparecida da Costa Custódio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Virulence Genes ◽  
Mammary Epithelial Cells ◽  
Bovine Mastitis ◽  
Mammary Epithelial ◽  
Molecular Characteristics ◽  
Dairy Herds ◽  
High Genetic Diversity ◽  
Streptococcus Uberis ◽  
Intensively Managed

Mastitis is one of the most common and costly infectious diseases in dairy cattle worldwide. This is a multifactorial illness caused by different microorganisms, including virus, yeasts, algae, parasites, and several species of bacteria. Among these bacteria, Streptococcus uberis is an important environmental pathogen that is responsible for a large range of clinical and subclinical mammary infections, especially in intensively managed herds. Despite the increasing importance of this pathogen in the etiology of bovine mastitis, data on its virulence and diversity in Brazilian dairy herds are scarce. The aims of the present study were to investigate the virulence characteristics of S. uberis isolated from bovine mastitis and to assess the molecular epidemiology of the Brazilian isolates using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). In this work, 46 strains of S. uberis isolated from bovine mastitis from 26 Brazilian dairy herds were evaluated regarding their genetic diversity by PFGE using with the SmaI enzyme. Additionally, the presence of the virulence genes skc and pauA, which encode plasminogen activators, and the gene sua, which encodes an adhesion molecule in mammary epithelial cells, were assessed by PCR. Our results showed a high genetic diversity in the population, displaying many different patterns in the PFGE analysis. A high proportion of strains was positive for virulence genes in the sampled population (sua [100%], pauA [91%], and skc [91%]). The high frequency of skc, pauA, and sua genes among the studied strains suggests the importance of these virulence factors, possibly helping S. uberis in the colonization of the bovine mammary gland. Surveys of the genetic and molecular characteristics of this pathogen can improve our knowledge of bacterial activity and identify molecules that have roles in the establishment of the infection. This might help in the development of more effective measures to control and prevent bovine mastitis.

scholarly journals Dynamic genetic diversity and population structure of Coreius guichenoti

ZooKeys ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 1055 ◽  
pp. 135-148
Author(s):  
Dongqi Liu ◽  
Feng Lan ◽  
Sicai Xie ◽  
Yi Diao ◽  
Yi Zheng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Mitochondrial Dna ◽  
Population Structure ◽  
Genetic Differentiation ◽  
Yangtze River ◽  
Fish Passage ◽  
The Yangtze River ◽  
Artificial Breeding ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
High Elevations

To investigate the genetic effects on the population of Coreius guichenoti of dam constructions in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River, we analyzed the genetic diversity and population structure of 12 populations collected in 2009 and 2019 using mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control regions. There was no significant difference in genetic diversity between 2009 and 2019 (P &gt; 0.05), but the population structure tended to become stronger. Genetic differentiation (FST) among five populations (LX, BB, YB, SF and JA) collected in 2009 was not significant (P &gt; 0.05). However, some populations collected in 2019 were significantly differentiated (P &lt; 0.05), indicating that the population structure has undergone change. A correlation analysis showed that the genetic diversity of the seven populations collected in 2019 was significantly negatively correlated with geographical height (r = −0.808, P = 0.028), indicating that the populations at high elevations were more vulnerable than those at low elevations. In order to prevent the further decrease of genetic diversity and population resources, some conservation and restoration suggestions, such as fish passage and artificial breeding, are put forward.

Characterizing genetically diverse blue grama [Bouteloua gracilis (Willd. ex Kunth) Lag. ex Griffiths] seed sources

Botany ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (11) ◽  
pp. 661-671
Author(s):  
G.M.A. Friesen ◽  
S.R. Smith ◽  
D.J. Cattani ◽  
A.T. Phan
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Bouteloua Gracilis ◽  
Geographic Region ◽  
Morphological Data ◽  
Northern Great Plains ◽  
Plant Materials ◽  
Blue Grama ◽  
Seed Sources ◽  
Plant Nursery ◽  
Significant Difference

The need for regionally adapted native grass seed sources for the northern Great Plains has resulted in the commercial release of a range of plant materials, including ecovars™ 1 . Ecovars™ are multisite composite populations developed to combine broad genetic diversity from a geographic region. The objective of this study was to determine whether morphological data could be used to distinguish between genetically diverse blue grama [Bouteloua gracilis (Willd. ex Kunth) Lag. ex Griffiths] seed sources through classical statistical methods. Entries included a Manitoba (MB) ecovar™, a USDA–NRCS released cultivar ‘Bad River’, and ecotypes from Wyoming and Minnesota. Vegetative and reproductive measurements and ratings were taken from a spaced-plant nursery during 2000–2001 in Carman, Manitoba, Canada. The results were analyzed using statistical techniques including: ANOVA, least significant difference, canonical discriminant analysis (CDA), and coefficients of variation. These techniques distinguished four genetically diverse seed sources from each other through CDA. As hypothesized, there was greater within-population genetic diversity for the MB ecovar™ and Wyoming and Minnesota ecotypes, compared with ‘Bad River’. Our results indicate that genetically diverse blue grama seed sources can be distinguished, based on phenotypic measurements.

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