The paper presents the development and transformation of the Czech population
policy since the 1950s. It changed from the pronatalist, carried out at a
time when the Czech Republic was part of the communist Czechoslovakia, to
mostly social in the time of the transition from the 1990s, and the
actualization and introduction of new measures in the last decade. The
measures that were defined and implemented over a certain period of time
represented the state?s response to the family and reproductive behavior of
the population, most often reflected in low fertility, largely determined by
the current social, economic and cultural conditions. In this sense, the
period of the greatest challenges came after 1989, with the transformation
of the social and political system and the great economic and social changes
that followed, as well as the decline in fertility to an extremely low
level. At that time, family policy excluded the pronatalist incentives and
benefits and only kept social measures aimed at reducing poverty and
alleviating inequalities. Since the early 2000s, new measures have been
defined and implemented, motivated by the need to stop and change the
declining fertility trend that reached the lowest level (TFR 1.13 in 1999),
by looking at the possible negative socio-economic consequences, as well as
the recommendations and directives of the European Union, member of which
became Czech Republic in 2004. Since 2000, the decline in fertility stopped,
TFR reached 1.43 in 2011 and according to data for 2016, it was 1.63
children per woman.
Fertility Trend in Ghana
