scholarly journals Combined Effect of IL-12Rβ2 and IL-23R Expression on Prognosis of Patients with Laryngeal Cancer

2018 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 1041-1054 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ye Tao ◽  
Tianchang Tao ◽  
Neil Gross ◽  
Xuyun Peng ◽  
Ying Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tumor Cell ◽  
Tumor Cells ◽  
Laryngeal Cancer ◽  
Cox Regression ◽  
Tumor Infiltrating Lymphocytes ◽  
Combined Effect ◽  
Interleukin 12 ◽  
Rank Test ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Functional Studies

Background/Aims: This study aimed to pathologically elucidate the roles of interleukin-12 receptor (IL-12R) β2 and interleukin-23 receptor (IL-23R) expression in tumor cells and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in the tumor microenvironment and to determine their combined effect on prognosis of laryngeal cancer (LC). Methods: The tumor-cell expression scores and TIL positivity ratiosof IL-12Rβ2 and IL-23R in matched LC and normal laryngeal tissue samples from 61 LC patients were measured via immunohistochemistry (IHC). We adopted a linear regression model to analyze the correlation between IL-12Rβ2 and IL-23R expression in tumor cells and TIL ratios. TheKaplan-Meier log-rank test and Cox regression hazard ratios were used to analyze survival. Results: LC tumor cells had a higher IL-12Rβ2 expression and TIL ratio than IL-23R expression and TIL ratio. The significant correlations between IL-12Rβ2 and IL-23R expression and TIL ratios were identified in LC tissues, particularly in well-differentiated LC. Furthermore, either high tumor cell IL-12Rβ2 or low IL-23R expression had better survival than its corresponding low or high expression, respectively. Similar results did for IL-12Rβ2 ratio and IL-23R ratio. Finally, patients with both high IL-12Rβ2 and low IL-23R had the best prognosis among any other combined groups with both gene expression (HR, 0.1; 95% CI, 0.0-0.8). Likewise, patients with positive ratios of high IL-12Rβ2 and low IL-23R TILs had the best survival (HR, 0.1; 95% CI, 0.0-0.4). Conclusion: IL-12Rβ2 and IL-23R create a homeostasis within the tumor cells and TILs, and this homeostasis affects prognosis. While the intrinsic mechanisms of epigenetic immunoediting for IL-12Rβ2 and IL-23R remain unknown, additional larger and functional studies are warranted for validation.

scholarly journals Increased RCAS1 Expression Is Associated with Advanced Histopathological Stage and Poor Prognosis in Patients with Gastric Adenocarcinoma

2013 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
pp. 213-219 ◽  
Author(s):  
Constantinos Giaginis ◽  
Themistoclis Efkarpidis ◽  
Paraskevi Alexandrou ◽  
Efstratios Patsouris ◽  
Gregory Kouraklis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gastric Adenocarcinoma ◽  
Cox Regression ◽  
Human Tumor ◽  
Clinicopathological Parameters ◽  
Rank Test ◽  
Survival Times ◽  
Biological Behaviour ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Cox Regression Analysis ◽  
Expression Levels

Background. The receptor-binding cancer antigen expressed on SiSo cells (RCAS1) is a human tumor-associated antigen that has been considered to play a crucial role in tumor progression by enabling cancer cells to evade immune surveillance. The present study aimed to evaluate the clinical significance of the RCAS1 expression in gastric adenocarcinoma.Material and Methods. RCAS1 protein expression was assessed immunohistochemically on 54 gastric adenocarcinoma tissue samples and was analyzed in relation to clinicopathological parameters, tumor proliferative capacity, and patients’ survival.Results. Enhanced RCAS1 expression levels were significantly associated with advanced histopathological stage and presence of organ metastasis (P=0.0084andP=0.0327). Gastric cancer patients with elevated RCAS1 expression levels showed significantly shorter survival times compared to those with low RCAS1 expression (log-rank test,P=0.0168). In multivariate analysis, histopathological stage and grade of differentiation as well as the RCAS1 expression were identified as independent prognostic factors (Cox regression analysis,P=0.0204,P=0.0035, andP=0.0081).Conclusions. Our data support the evidence that RCAS1 upregulation may contribute to gastric malignant progression, representing a useful biomarker to predict the biological behaviour and prognosis in gastric neoplasia.

PITX2 methylation and biochemical recurrence in postradical prostatectomy prostate cancer patients

2009 ◽  
Vol 27 (15_suppl) ◽  
pp. 5124-5124
Author(s):  
E. Heiden ◽  
G. Weiss ◽  
L. Banez ◽  
S. Freedland ◽  
L. Sun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prostate Cancer ◽  
Biochemical Recurrence ◽  
Cox Regression ◽  
Methylation Status ◽  
Gene Promoter ◽  
Surgical Margins ◽  
Rank Test ◽  
Clinical Tool ◽  
Prognostic Information ◽  
Tissue Samples

5124 Background: PITX2 is a bicoid-related transcription factor induced by the Wnt pathway and required for effective cell-type-specific proliferation during development. We previously reported prognostic potential of PITX2 gene promoter methylation for outcome prediction in breast and prostate cancer (PC) patients. Radical prostatectomy (RP) is potentially curative in patients with clinically localized PC. However, biochemical recurrence (BCR) affects 15–30% of patients undergoing RP. In the current study, we validate PITX2 methylation status as a predictor of BCR following RP. Methods: PITX2 methylation status was assessed in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded RP tumor tissue samples from 476 patients from four different institutions in USA and Europe using customized microarrays. Associations between PITX2 methylation and BCR were assessed using log-rank test and Cox regression controlling for PC features. Results: In multivariate analysis, patients with a high methylation status were at significantly higher risk for BCR compared to patients with low methylation status (HR = 3.0; 95%CI = 2.0–4.5; p < 10-5). BCR-free survival at five years after surgery was 85% and 61% for patients in the low and high methylation group, respectively. In patients with pathological Gleason 7 tumors, the relative risk of suffering BCR was twice as high for a patient with high PITX2 methylation relative to patients with low PITX2 methylation (HR = 2.0; 95%CI = 1.2–3.3; p = 0.005). Moreover, PITX2 methylation status was significant in the group of patients with tumor involvement of the surgical margins in the prostatectomy specimen. (HR = 3.36, 95% CI: 2.24–5.06, p = 0.001). Conclusions: PITX2 methylation status identifies PC patients most likely to experience BCR. This test independently adds to prognostic information provided by standard clinico-pathological analyses improving stratification of RP patients into high- or low-risk for BCR. This new clinical tool would be of particular benefit in assessment of intermediate-risk patients (Gleason 7) or patients with positive surgical margins wherein risk stratification remains a challenge. [Table: see text]

Functional expression of the eotaxin receptor CCR3 in CD30+ cutaneous T-cell lymphoma

Blood ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 101 (4) ◽  
pp. 1487-1493 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Kleinhans ◽  
Adrian Tun-Kyi ◽  
Michel Gilliet ◽  
Marshall E. Kadin ◽  
Reinhard Dummer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cell ◽  
Tumor Cell ◽  
Tumor Cells ◽  
Actin Polymerization ◽  
Cell Lymphoma ◽  
Cell Suspensions ◽  
T Cell Lymphoma ◽  
Interleukin 4 ◽  
Cutaneous T Cell Lymphoma ◽  
Tissue Samples

Little is known about mechanisms involved in skin-specific homing of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL). Chemokine/chemokine receptor interactions have been implicated in the homing of lymphoma cells to various tissue sites. We investigated tissue samples and tumor cell suspensions of patients with CD30+ CTCL (n = 8) and CD30− CTCL (mycosis fungoides, n = 6; Sézary syndrome, n = 6) for expression of the chemokine receptors CCR3, CCR4, and CCR8 and the CCR3 ligands eotaxin/CCL11, monocyte chemoattractant protein 3 (MCP-3)/CCL7, and RANTES (regulated on activation, normal T expressed and secreted)/CCL5. Of 8 CD30+ CTCLs, 7 expressed CCR3, 4 CCR4, and none CCR8. CCR3 expression was not found in skin tissue samples from 12 CD30− CTCLs. Coexpression of CCR3 and CD30 was demonstrated by flow cytometry in tumor cell suspensions. Internalization experiments demonstrated functionality of CCR3 expressed by freshly isolated tumor cells. Actin polymerization as well as migration in response to eotaxin was demonstrated in a CD30+ cutaneous lymphoma cell line. CCR3 ligand eotaxin/CCL11 was detected in lesional skin of CD30+CTCL by immunohistochemistry, preferentially in tumor cells. Eotaxin/CCL11 expression in tumor cells was confirmed by intracellular immunofluorescence. Analysis of cytokine expression pattern of CCR3-bearing infiltrating cells showed a predominance of interleukin-4 (IL-4) but not interferon-γ (IFN-γ) protein expression,1 consistent with a T-helper 2 (Th-2) profile. These results suggest that expression of CCR3 and its ligand eotaxin/CCL11 plays a role in the recruitment and retention of CD30+ malignant T cells to the skin.

scholarly journals The Immunoexpression of YAP1 and LATS1 Proteins in Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma: Impact on Patients’ Survival

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Godlewski ◽  
J. Kiezun ◽  
B. E. Krazinski ◽  
Z. Kozielec ◽  
P. M. Wierzbicki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Renal Cell Carcinoma ◽  
Prognostic Factors ◽  
Cell Carcinoma ◽  
Tumor Cells ◽  
Renal Cell ◽  
Cellular Localization ◽  
Cox Regression ◽  
Clear Cell ◽  
Rank Test ◽  
Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma

The aim of the study was to determine by immunohistochemistry cellular localization and immunoreactivity levels of YAP1 and LATS1 proteins in paired sections of tumor and unchanged renal tissues of 54 clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) patients. Associations between clinical-pathological and overall survival (OS; median follow-up was 40.6 months) data of patients and YAP1 and LATS1 immunoreactivity were analyzed by uni- and multivariate Cox regression model and log-rank test. YAP1 immunoreactivity was found in the nuclei of tumor cells in 64.8% of ccRCC patients, whereas only 24.1% of tumors revealed cytoplasmic YAP1 expression. LATS1 immunoexpression was observed only in the cytoplasm of tumor cells in 59.3% of patients. LATS1 immunoreactivity in cancer cells negatively correlated with the size of primary tumor. The overall YAP1 immunoreactivity did not correlate with clinical-pathological data of patients. However, the subgroup of ccRCC patients who presented with cytoplasmic YAP1 immunoexpression had significantly shorter OS (median = 26.8 months) than patients without cytoplasmic YAP1 expression (median undefined). Multivariate Cox analysis revealed that increased cytoplasmic YAP1 (HR = 4.53) and decreased LATS1 immunoreactivity levels (HR = 0.90) were associated with worse prognosis, being independent prognostic factors. These results suggest that YAP1 and LATS1 can be considered as new prognostic factors in ccRCC.

Prognostic Value of PD-L1 and Siglec-15 Expression in Patients with Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ju Zhao ◽  
Hanshan Yang ◽  
Hui Hu ◽  
Chao Liu ◽  
Min Wei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Overall Survival ◽  
Cox Regression ◽  
Immune Escape ◽  
Immunofluorescent Staining ◽  
Rank Test ◽  
Tumor Immune Escape ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Free Survival ◽  
Distant Failure ◽  
Cox Analysis

Abstract Purpose: Sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin-like lectin 15 (Siglec-15) might be involved in the activation of important pathways related to tumor immune escape, along with programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1). We aimed to investigate the correlation between the expression of Siglec-15 and PD-L1 in NPC patients.Patients and methods: We determined the expression of PD-L1 via immunohistochemical staining and that of Siglec-15 via immunofluorescent staining in 182 NPC tissue samples.Results: A significant correlation was identified between the PD-L1 and Siglec-15 expression (P=0.000). Moreover, Kaplan–Meier survival curves showed that PD-L1 expression were associated with improved overall survival (P=0.025) and Siglec-15 expression were associated with improved distant failure-free survival (P=0.048). Meanwhile, multivariate Cox analysis showed that PD-L1 and Siglec-15 were independent predictors of overall survival (P=0.020) and distant failure-free survival (P=0.047), respectively. The results of the log-rank test and Cox regression analyses showed that patients exhibiting no PD-L1/Siglec-15 expression were found to have significant advantages with regard to overall survival, compared to other groups (P=0.037).Conclusion: PD-L1 and Siglec-15 may represent novel biomarkers for predicting NPC patient prognosis. Siglec-15 could be considered as a potential target for the development of therapeutics for NPC treatment in the future.

Correlation of mesothelin expression and CD8 tumor infiltrating lymphocytes with prognosis in cholangiocarcinoma.

2017 ◽  
Vol 35 (15_suppl) ◽  
pp. e15650-e15650
Author(s):  
Paul Raymond Kunk ◽  
Joseph Mounir Obeid ◽  
Kevin Winters ◽  
Patcharin Pramoonjago ◽  
Dirk G. Brockstedt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Overall Survival ◽  
Tumor Cells ◽  
Regression Tree ◽  
Tumor Infiltrating Lymphocytes ◽  
Classification And Regression Tree ◽  
Rank Test ◽  
Risk Of Death ◽  
Unmet Treatment Need ◽  
Infiltrating Lymphocytes ◽  
Mesothelin Expression

e15650 Background: Cholangiocarcinoma (CC) is a rapidly progressing malignancy with an unmet treatment need. Little is known about the CC tumor immune microenvironment or about relevant antigenic targets. We hypothesized that lack of T cell infiltration or PD-L1 expression may identify patients at high risk of death, and that mesothelin may be a relevant antigenic target. Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted of CC tumors at the University of Virginia from 2000-2014. TMAs were constructed of 3-4 cores from each tumor and were stained by IHC for CD4 and CD8 tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), mesothelin and PD-L1. TMAs were scanned using the Leica SCN400 and analyzed using the Digital Image Hub software. Stain intensity thresholds for defining positive cells were determined by two users and recorded as an average of all cores from each tumor. Mesothelin and PD-L1 expression were measured as a percentage of positive tumor cells. TILs and protein expression were analyzed for association with overall survival, grouped as high or low expression based either on the median or the 33rdpercentile. Correlation with overall survival was assessed using a log rank test and a classification and regression tree with p-values < 0.05 being considered statistically significant. Results: Ninety-nine tumors were available for analysis: 26 intrahepatic, 37 hilar, and 36 distal. PD-L1 and mesothelin expression > 1% of tumor cells were found in 16% and 92% of tumors, respectively. CD4 and CD8 TILs were found in nearly all tumors (98% and 96%), with the majority showing intraepithelial CD4 and CD8 infiltration (73% and 68%). There were no significant associations between survival and PD-L1, mesothelin, or CD4 and CD8 infiltration. However when considered together, the group with low mesothelin/low CD8 (each below 33rdpercentile) had worse survival (9.1 months) compared to high mesothelin/high CD8 (25 months), high mesothelin/low CD8 (30.1 months) and low mesothelin/high CD8 (26.1 months), p = 0.015. Conclusions: CC tumors that lack CD8 infiltration and mesothelin expression have a poor prognosis. Mesothelin represents an attractive target in cholangiocarcinoma, opening the door for future immunotherapy for CC.

Correlation of β-catenin expression in non-small cell lung cancer to prognosis and CD8 positive cells infiltration.

2018 ◽  
Vol 36 (5_suppl) ◽  
pp. 142-142
Author(s):  
Satoshi Muto ◽  
Yuki Ozaki ◽  
Takuya Inoue ◽  
Takumi Yamaura ◽  
Mitsuro Fukuhara ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lung Cancer ◽  
Small Cell Lung Cancer ◽  
Tumor Cells ◽  
Cell Lung Cancer ◽  
Progression Free Survival ◽  
Tumor Infiltrating Lymphocytes ◽  
Small Cell ◽  
Rank Test ◽  
Small Cell Lung ◽  
Infiltrating Lymphocytes

142 Background: It was reported that β-catenin expression in tumor cells suppresses dendritic cell infiltration into tumor in mouse model of melanoma. It results in less of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes. In non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), it is not well understood that β-catenin is involved in cancer immunity in that context. Methods: We studied the association between β-catenin expression and CD8 positive cells infiltration in NSCLC. Ninety-one patients with NSCLC who had complete surgical resection during January 2013 to June 2015 were subjected. β-catenin expression of tumor cells and CD8 positive cells infiltration were analyzed by immunohistochemistry. Survival analysis including over-all survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) were also statistically examined by log-rank test. Results: Fourteen cases (15%) were β-catenin positive. Among 14 β-catenin positive cases, only 2 cases (14%) had CD8 positive cells infiltration. Seventy-five cases (97%) had CD8 positive cells infiltration in β-catenin negative tumors (p < 0.01). Squamous cell carcinoma was relatively higher level of expression than others (44% vs. 9%) and mean primary tumor size was larger in β-catenin positive tumors (3.6 cm) than those in negative tumors (2.7 cm). Median OS was 43.8 months and median PFS was 37.0 months in β-catenin positive group. They were not reached in β-catenin negative group. Both OS and PFS were shorter in β-catenin positive cases (p < 0.01). Conclusions: In NSCLC, β-catenin expression was negatively associated with CD8 positive cells infiltration and poor prognosis. We furthermore will focus on the association between β-catenin expression in tumor and clinical efficacy or resistant mechanism of immune checkpoint blockades.

scholarly journals Development of Tumor Cell-Based Vaccine with IL-12 Gene Electrotransfer as Adjuvant

Vaccines ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 111
Author(s):  
Tinkara Remic ◽  
Gregor Sersa ◽  
Katja Ursic ◽  
Maja Cemazar ◽  
Urska Kamensek
Keyword(s):  
Tumor Cell ◽  
Tumor Cells ◽  
Tumor Vaccine ◽  
Tumor Model ◽  
Interleukin 12 ◽  
Gene Electrotransfer ◽  
Tumor Models ◽  
Tumor Irradiation ◽  
Tumor Outgrowth ◽  
Ct26 Tumor

Tumor cell-based vaccines use tumor cells as a source of tumor-associated antigens. In our study, we aimed to develop and test a tumor vaccine composed of tumor cells killed by irradiation combined with in vivo interleukin-12 gene electrotransfer as an adjuvant. Vaccination was performed in the skin of B16-F10 malignant melanoma or CT26 colorectal carcinoma tumor-bearing mice, distant from the tumor site and combined with concurrent tumor irradiation. Vaccination was also performed before tumor inoculation in both tumor models and tumor outgrowth was followed. The antitumor efficacy of vaccination in combination with tumor irradiation or preventative vaccination varied between the tumor models. A synergistic effect between vaccination and irradiation was observed in the B16-F10, but not in the CT26 tumor model. In contrast, up to 56% of mice were protected from tumor outgrowth in the CT26 tumor model and none were protected in the B16-F10 tumor model. The results suggest a greater contribution of the therapeutic vaccination to tumor irradiation in a less immunogenic B16-F10 tumor model, in contrast to preventative vaccination, which has shown greater efficacy in a more immunogenic CT26 tumor model. Upon further optimization of the vaccination and irradiation regimen, our vaccine could present an alternative tumor cell-based vaccine.

scholarly journals PGM5 is a promising biomarker and may predict the prognosis of colorectal cancer patients

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yifan Sun ◽  
Haihua Long ◽  
Lin Sun ◽  
Xiujuan Sun ◽  
Liping Pang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Overall Survival ◽  
Cox Regression ◽  
Migration And Invasion ◽  
Rank Test ◽  
Poor Overall Survival ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Invasion And Migration ◽  
Kaplan Meier ◽  
And Migration

Abstract Background Phosphoglucomutase (PGM), a key enzyme in the metabolism of glucose-1-phosphate and glucose-6-phosphate, has been found to be associated with proliferation, invasion, and metastasis of cancer. However, the expression and function of PGM5 in colorectal cancer (CRC) remains unknown. Methods We tested PGM5 mRNA and protein expression levels in 79 CRC tissue and their matched adjacent tissue samples by qRT-PCR and immunohistochemistry, respectively. Overall survival (OS) was estimated with the Kaplan–Meier method and compared between groups with the log-rank test. We performed multivariable Cox regression analyses to identify factors associated with CRC risk. The cell proliferation, migration and invasion abilities of CRC cells were detected by using CCK-8, Transwell migration and invasion assays, respectively. Results The PGM5 protein levels expression in CRC tissues were significantly lower than those in the adjacent tissues (t = 5.035, P < 0.001), and Kaplan–Meier analysis indicated that low PGM5 expression were significantly associated with poor overall survival (P = 0.0069). Univariate and multivariate analyses demonstrated that PGM5 was an independent risk factor for overall survival (hazard ratio = 0.3951, P = 0.014). PGM5 overexpression significantly inhibited the proliferation, invasion and migration abilities of CRC cells. On the contrary, knockdown of PGM5 promotes the invasion and migration of CRC cells. Conclusions PMG5 regulates proliferation, invasion, and migration in the CRC and decreased PGM5 is associated with poor prognosis. Therefore, PGM5 is a promising biomarker in CRC and decreased PGM5 may predict poor overall survival in patients with CRC.

scholarly journals PATH-07. QUALITY ASSURANCE IN CEREBROSPINAL FLUID CYTOLOGY ASSESSMENT FOR MEDULLOBLASTOMA STAGING LEADS TO POTENTIAL IMPROVED RISK-GROUP ASSESSMENT IN THE PROSPECTIVE MULTICENTER HIT-2000 TRIAL

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. iii425-iii426
Author(s):  
Christian Hagel ◽  
Veronika Sloman ◽  
Martin Mynarek ◽  
Katharina Petrasch ◽  
Denise Obrecht ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Tumor Cell ◽  
Tumor Cells ◽  
Predictive Value ◽  
Cox Regression ◽  
Progression Free Survival ◽  
Multicenter Trial ◽  
Free Survival ◽  
Cell Clusters ◽  
Prospective Trials

Abstract BACKGROUND Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) dissemination of medulloblastoma (M1 stage) is a high-risk prognostic factor. However, because diagnostic criteria for M1 staging are missing we specified process-related and cytomorphological parameters influencing the predictive value of the CSF status. PATIENTS AND METHODS CSF samples and cytology reports from 405 medulloblastoma patients of the prospective multicenter trial HIT-2000 were reviewed and related to 5-year progression free survival (5y-PFS). RESULTS Tumor cells were detected in 237/1073 CSF cytospins. M1-patients and M2/3 patients with radiologically detected metastases showed a worse 5y-PFS than M0 patients (54% and 52% vs. 76%; p=0.01 and p&lt;0.001). Lumbar sampling was more sensitive than ventricular sampling. M0 diagnosed specimens containing &gt;50% lytic cells and/or less than 10 nucleated cells showed a decreased 5y-PFS (61%). Further investigation of cytological parameters revealed a poor outcome for cases harboring &gt; 3 tumor cell clusters and individual tumor cells (5y-PFS 33%) vs. cases with ≥ 2 individual tumor cells but no clusters (5y-PFS 61%). In bi-variable Cox-regression, ≥ 2 vs. 0 or 1 tumor cells were associated with a Hazard Ratio (HR) of 0.52 (95%-Confidence Interval (CI): 0.12, 2.30; p=0.39), whereas &gt; 3 vs. no tumor cell clusters were associated with a HR of 8.94 (95%-CI: 1.66, 48.22; p=0.01). CONCLUSIONS CSF staging in medulloblastoma should comprise lumbar specimens with &lt;50% lytic cells and a minimum of 10 nucleated cells. The predictive value of CSF cytology in M1 cases may predominantly depend on tumor cell clusters. The latter finding needs to be confirmed in prospective trials.

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