Cheek Microbial Communities Vary in Young Children with Atopic Dermatitis in China

Dermatology ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 236 (2) ◽  
pp. 160-169
Author(s):  
Liya Song ◽  
Qian Wang ◽  
Yumei Zheng ◽  
Laiji Ma ◽  
Yuanyuan Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atopic Dermatitis ◽  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Klebsiella Oxytoca ◽  
Skin Lesions ◽  
Skin Condition ◽  
Skin Microbiome ◽  
Hacat Cells ◽  
Bacterial Fermentation ◽  
Complex Interactions

Background: Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic, recurrent skin condition with recently increased incidence in younger children. AD development has been correlated with the skin microbiome, and Staphylococcus aureus enrichment causes significant increases in skin lesions. Objective: Our objectives were to compare the microbial diversity of the cheek skin of children with or without AD aged 0–1 years in China, and to determine whether 4 types of skin-isolated bacteria could inhibit S. aureus in vitro. Methods: The skin microbial samples of cheek skin of children were sequenced by 16S rRNA V1-V2 region. Four skin isolated bacterial fermentation supernatants were tested for effects on S. aureus growth, membrane formation, and induction of cytokine secretion from HaCaT cells. Results: Bacterial diversity decreased significantly in skin with severe AD compared to healthy skin (p < 0.01). Seven phyla had content >1%, 4 of which differed in AD (p < 0.05). 38 genera had content >1%, 15 differed (p < 0.05). Differences in 8 species were observed (p < 0.05). In vitro antibacterial and cellular experiments showed that S. aureus growth, biofilm formation, and induction of interleukin (IL)-1α and IL-6 secretion from HaCaT cells were significantly inhibited by Klebsiella oxytoca, Kocuria rhizophila, and Staphylococcus epidermidis culture supernatants (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Skin microbiome changes in children varied with age and with AD. There were complex interactions between skin isolated bacteria and S. aureus which could inhibit S. aureus growth and biofilm formation in vitro, suggesting that these microorganisms could be used in AD treatment.

scholarly journals Therapeutic Effect of Rumex japonicus Houtt. on DNCB-Induced Atopic Dermatitis-Like Skin Lesions in Balb/c Mice and Human Keratinocyte HaCaT Cells

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 573 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hye Yang ◽  
Hyunkyoung Lee ◽  
Jong-Hyun Kim ◽  
Il-Hwa Hong ◽  
Du Hwang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atopic Dermatitis ◽  
Skin Inflammation ◽  
Topical Administration ◽  
Skin Lesions ◽  
Mitogen Activated Protein Kinase ◽  
Eosinophil Infiltration ◽  
Hacat Cells ◽  
Rumex Japonicus

Rumex japonicus Houtt. (RJ) is traditionally used in folk medicines to treat patients suffering from skin disease in Korea and other parts of East Asia. However, the beneficial effect of RJ extract on atopic dermatitis (AD) has not been thoroughly examined. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the anti-inflammatory effects of RJ on AD in vitro and in vivo. Treatment with RJ inhibited the phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) as well as the activation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) in tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) stimulated in HaCaT cells. The five-week-old Balb/c mice were used as an AD-like mouse model by treating them with 1-chloro-2, 4-dinitrobenzene (DNCB). Topical administration of RJ to DNCB-treated mice significantly reduced clinical dermatitis severity, epidermal thickness, and decreased mast cell and eosinophil infiltration into skin and ear tissue. These results suggest that RJ inhibits the development of AD-like skin lesions by regulating the skin inflammation responses in HaCaT cells and Balb/c mice. Thus, RJ may be a potential therapeutic agent for AD.

The Propensity to Form Biofilm in vitro by Staphylococcus aureus Strains Isolated from the Anterior Nares of Patients with Atopic Dermatitis: Clinical Associations

Dermatology ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Leszek Blicharz ◽  
Maryla Michalak ◽  
Ksenia Szymanek-Majchrzak ◽  
Grażyna Młynarczyk ◽  
Krzysztof Skowroński ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Atopic Dermatitis ◽  
Skin Lesions ◽  
Microtiter Plate ◽  
Skin Microbiome ◽  
Microtiter Plate Assay ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Lesional Skin ◽  
Inflammatory Dermatosis

<b><i>Background:</i></b> Atopic dermatitis is a chronic inflammatory dermatosis with complex pathogenesis. The skin microbiome in atopic dermatitis is dominated by <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> which shows the ability to produce biofilm. <b><i>Objectives:</i></b> The aim of this work was to assess the influence of <i>S. aureus</i> biofilm on the course of atopic dermatitis. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> Disease severity was evaluated based on the SCORAD index in 56 adult patients with atopic dermatitis. Microtiter plate assay of the propensity to form biofilm was performed on <i>S. aureus</i> strains isolated from the anterior nares, lesional skin, and nonlesional skin. Microbiological results were correlated to the clinical parameters and total IgE concentration. <b><i>Results:</i></b> Biofilm-producing strains of <i>S. aureus</i> were identified in 76.3% (29/38) and 79.1% (34/43) of samples from the anterior nares and lesional skin, respectively (<i>p</i> &#x3e; 0.05), and in 48.5% (16/33) of samples from nonlesional skin (<i>p</i> &#x3c; 0.03). Patients colonized by biofilm-producing strains of <i>S. aureus</i> within the anterior nares showed statistically higher mean values of total and objective SCORAD and its components (extent, dryness), and of the largest extent of skin lesions during the flares in the last year when compared to patients colonized by non-biofilm-producing strains. Carriage of biofilm-producing <i>S. aureus</i> on lesional skin was associated with higher mean values of the extent of skin lesions during stable periods of the disease. <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> The results of this study may suggest a relationship between the production of biofilm by <i>S. aureus</i> strains colonizing the anterior nares and the course of atopic dermatitis. Biofilm seems crucial for dispersal and persistent colonization of large areas of the skin by this pathogen. Destruction of <i>S. aureus</i> biofilm could positively affect the course of atopic dermatitis.

Traditional Herbal Medicines, Newer Herbs and Other Novel Approaches Integrated in Herbal Medicine for Atopic Dermatitis-A Narrative Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 194-208
Author(s):  
Pravin Kumar ◽  
Dinesh Kumar Sharma ◽  
Mahendra Singh Ashawat
Keyword(s):  
Atopic Dermatitis ◽  
Herbal Medicines ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Skin Lesions ◽  
Scientific Data ◽  
Herbal Drugs ◽  
Biological Drugs ◽  
Alternative Treatment Option

Atopic Dermatitis (AD) is a prolonged reverting skin ailment with characteristically distributed skin lesions. In the previous decades, researchers had shown a marked interest in AD due to its increased prevalence in developed countries. Although different strategies including biological and immune modulators are available for the treatment of AD, each has certain limitations. The researchers had shown considerable interest in the management of AD with herbal medicines. The establishment of herbal drugs for AD might eliminate local as well as systemic adverse effects associated with long term use of corticosteroids and also higher cost of therapy with biological drugs. The present review discusses the traditional East Asian herbal medicines and scientific data related to newer herbal extracts or compositions for the treatment of AD. In vivo animal models and in vitro cell cultures, investigated with herbal medicines to establish a possible role in AD treatment, have also been discussed in the paper. The paper also highlights the role of certain new approaches, i.e. pharmacopuncture, a combination of allopathic and herbal medicines; and novel carriers (liposomes, cubosomes) for herbal drugs on atopic skin. In conclusion, herbal medicines can be a better and safe, complementary and alternative treatment option for AD.

scholarly journals Siraitia grosvenorii Residual Extract Attenuates Atopic Dermatitis by Regulating Immune Dysfunction and Skin Barrier Abnormality

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (12) ◽  
pp. 3638
Author(s):  
Yoon-Young Sung ◽  
Heung-Joo Yuk ◽  
Won-Kyung Yang ◽  
Seung-Hyung Kim ◽  
Dong-Seon Kim
Keyword(s):  
Atopic Dermatitis ◽  
Immunoglobulin E ◽  
Allergic Inflammation ◽  
Skin Barrier ◽  
Human Keratinocytes ◽  
Skin Lesions ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Siraitia Grosvenorii ◽  
Ifn Γ

Atopic dermatitis is a persistent inflammatory skin disorder. Siraitia grosvenorii fruits (monk fruit or nahangwa in Korean, NHG) are used as a natural sweetener and as a traditional medicine for the treatment of asthma and bronchitis. We evaluated the activity of S. grosvenorii residual extract (NHGR) on allergic inflammation of atopic dermatitis in a Dermatophagoides farinae mite antigen extract (DfE)-treated NC/Nga murine model and in vitro. Oral administration of NHGR significantly reduced epidermal hyperplasia and inflammatory cell infiltration in the skin lesions of DfE-induced atopic dermatitis, as well as the dermatitis severity score. NHGR reduced serum immunoglobulin E levels. Splenic concentrations of IFN-γ, interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5, and IL-13 were reduced by NHGR administration. Immunohistofluorescence staining showed that NHGR administration increased the protein levels of claudin-1, SIRT1, and filaggrin in atopic dermatitis skin lesions. In addition, NHGR inhibited the phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases and decreased filaggrin and chemokine protein expression in TNF-α/IFN-γ-induced human keratinocytes. Moreover, NHGR also inhibited histamine in mast cells. The quantitative analysis of NHGR revealed the presence of grosvenorine, kaempferitrin, and mogrosides. These results demonstrate that NHGR may be an efficient therapeutic agent for the treatment of atopic dermatitis.

scholarly journals Indigo Pulverata Levis (Chung-Dae, Persicaria tinctoria) Alleviates Atopic Dermatitis-like Inflammatory Responses In Vivo and In Vitro

2022 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 553
Author(s):  
Ga-Yul Min ◽  
Ji-Hye Kim ◽  
Tae-In Kim ◽  
Won-Kyung Cho ◽  
Ju-Hye Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atopic Dermatitis ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Cell Infiltration ◽  
Immune Cell Infiltration ◽  
Hacat Cells ◽  
Serum Ige ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Inflammatory Chemokines

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease associated with a type 2 T helper cell (Th2) immune response. The IndigoPulverata Levis extract (CHD) is used in traditional Southeast Asian medicine; however, its beneficial effects on AD remain uninvestigated. Therefore, we investigated the therapeutic effects of CHD in 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB)-induced BALB/c mice and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α- and interferon gamma (IFN)-γ-stimulated HaCaT cells. We evaluated immune cell infiltration, skin thickness, and the serum IgE and TNF-α levels in DNCB-induced AD mice. Moreover, we measured the expression levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), and the nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) in the mice dorsal skin. We also studied the effect of CHD on the translocation of NF-κB p65 and inflammatory chemokines in HaCaT cells. Our in vivo results revealed that CHD reduced the dermis and epidermis thicknesses and inhibited immune cell infiltration. Furthermore, it suppressed the proinflammatory cytokine expression and MAPK and NF-κB phosphorylations in the skin tissue and decreased serum IgE and TNF-α levels. In vitro results indicated that CHD downregulated inflammatory chemokines and blocked NF-κB p65 translocation. Thus, we deduced that CHD is a potential drug candidate for AD treatment.

scholarly journals Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Crotoxin as an Antiseptic against Candida spp. Biofilms

Toxins ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 532
Author(s):  
Amanda Pissinatti Canelli ◽  
Taís Fernanda dos Santos Rodrigues ◽  
Vivian Fernandes Furletti de Goes ◽  
Guilherme Ferreira Caetano ◽  
Maurício Ventura Mazzi
Keyword(s):  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Colorimetric Assay ◽  
Oral Candidiasis ◽  
Hacat Cells ◽  
Candida Spp ◽  
Oral Infections ◽  
Minimum Fungicidal Concentration ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Tests ◽  
Susceptibility Tests

The growing number of oral infections caused by the Candida species are becoming harder to treat as the commonly used antibiotics become less effective. This drawback has led to the search for alternative strategies of treatment, which include the use of antifungal molecules derived from natural products. Herein, crotoxin (CTX), the main toxin of Crotalus durissus terrificus venom, was challenged against Candida tropicalis (CBS94) and Candida dubliniensis (CBS7987) strains by in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility tests. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC), and inhibition of biofilm formation were evaluated after CTX treatment. In addition, CTX-induced cytotoxicity in HaCaT cells was assessed by MTT (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) colorimetric assay. Native CTX showed a higher antimicrobial activity (MIC = 47 μg/mL) when compared to CTX-containing mouthwash (MIC = 750 μg/mL) and nystatin (MIC = 375 μg/mL). Candida spp biofilm formation was more sensitive to both CTX and CTX-containing mouthwash (IC100 = 12 μg/mL) when compared to nystatin (IC100 > 47 μg/mL). Moreover, significant membrane permeabilization at concentrations of 1.5 and 47 µg/mL was observed. Native CTX was less cytotoxic to HaCaT cells than CTX-containing mouthwash or nystatin between 24 and 48 h. These preliminary findings highlight the potential use of CTX in the treatment of oral candidiasis caused by resistant strains.

scholarly journals Inhibitory Effects of a Sargassum miyabei Yendo on Cutibacterium acnes-Induced Skin Inflammation

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 2620
Author(s):  
Mi-Jin Yim ◽  
Jeong Min Lee ◽  
Hyun-Soo Kim ◽  
Grace Choi ◽  
Young-Mog Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acne Vulgaris ◽  
Skin Lesions ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Hacat Cells ◽  
Chronic Inflammatory Condition ◽  
Cutibacterium Acnes ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Sargassum Miyabei

Acne vulgaris is a chronic inflammatory condition of skin sebaceous follicles. To explore its effects on acne vulgaris, we investigated the antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activities of Sargassum miyabei Yendo (a brown alga) ethanolic extract (SMYEE) on Cutibacterium acnes (C. acnes)-stimulated inflammatory responses, both in vivo and in vitro. To induce inflammation in vivo, C. acnes was intradermally injected into the dorsal skin of mice, to which SMYEE was applied. The antimicrobial activity of SMYEE was evaluated by the determination of minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs). To explore in vitro anti-inflammatory effects, HaCaT cells were stimulated with C. acnes after treatment with SMYEE. The levels of IL-8 and the underlying molecular effects in C. acnes-stimulated HaCaT cells were assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, Western blotting, and an electrophoretic mobility shift assay. Mouse skin lesions improved after treatment with SMYEE (50 μg/mouse). Neutrophil infiltration was significantly reduced in SMYEE-treated compared to SMYEE-untreated skin lesions. SMYEE reversed the C. acnes-induced increase in IL-8 levels in HaCaT cells and suppressed dHL-60 cell migration. SMYEE also inhibited C. acnes-induced phosphorylation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase and inhibited activator protein-1 signaling. SMYEE may be a useful treatment for C. acnes-induced acne vulgaris.

scholarly journals A Derivative of Butyric Acid, the Fermentation Metabolite of Staphylococcus epidermidis, Inhibits the Growth of a Staphylococcus aureus Strain Isolated from Atopic Dermatitis Patients

Toxins ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 311 ◽  
Author(s):  
Supitchaya Traisaeng ◽  
Deron Raymond Herr ◽  
Hsin-Jou Kao ◽  
Tsung-Hsien Chuang ◽  
Chun-Ming Huang
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Atopic Dermatitis ◽  
Butyric Acid ◽  
Staphylococcus Epidermidis ◽  
Mouse Skin ◽  
Aureus Strain ◽  
Skin Microbiome ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Acid Fermentation

The microbiome is a rich source of metabolites for the development of novel drugs. Butyric acid, for example, is a short-chain fatty acid fermentation metabolite of the skin probiotic bacterium Staphylococcus epidermidis (S. epidermidis). Glycerol fermentation of S. epidermidis resulted in the production of butyric acid and effectively hindered the growth of a Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) strain isolated from skin lesions of patients with atopic dermatitis (AD) in vitro and in vivo. This approach, however, is unlikely to be therapeutically useful since butyric acid is malodorous and requires a high concentration in the mM range for growth suppression of AD S. aureus. A derivative of butyric acid, BA–NH–NH–BA, was synthesized by conjugation of two butyric acids to both ends of an –NH–O–NH– linker. BA–NH–NH–BA significantly lowered the concentration of butyric acid required to inhibit the growth of AD S. aureus. Like butyric acid, BA–NH–NH–BA functioned as a histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor by inducing the acetylation of Histone H3 lysine 9 (AcH3K9) in human keratinocytes. Furthermore, BA–NH–NH–BA ameliorated AD S. aureus-induced production of pro-inflammatory interleukin (IL)-6 and remarkably reduced the colonization of AD S. aureus in mouse skin. These results describe a novel derivative of a skin microbiome fermentation metabolite that exhibits anti-inflammatory and S. aureus bactericidal activity.

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