Prognostic Value of LRG1 in Breast Cancer: A Retrospective Study

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Yan-Shou Zhang ◽  
Lei Han ◽  
Chao Yang ◽  
Yun-Jiang Liu ◽  
Xiang-Mei Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Early Breast Cancer ◽  
Cox Regression ◽  
Molecular Subtype ◽  
Histological Grade ◽  
Disease Free Survival ◽  
Pathological Stage ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Elevated Expression

<b><i>Background:</i></b> High expression of leucine-rich alpha-2-glycoprotein 1 (LRG1) is closely related to angiogenesis, which may play an important role in promoting invasion and metastasis. However, the current literature has yet to clarify the clinical significance of LRG1 in breast cancer. <b><i>Objectives:</i></b> The purpose of this work was to validate the correlation between LRG1 expression and prognosis in early breast cancer. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> We utilized an LRG1 detection agent in 330 cases of early breast cancer. The correlation of LRG1 expression with clinicopathological features, patient recurrence, and survival was investigated. <b><i>Results:</i></b> Compared with adjacent tissue samples, an elevated expression of LRG1 was observed in breast cancer samples. Moreover, LRG1 expression is associated with the number of lymphatic metastases and TNM pathological stage (<i>p</i> = 0.000, <i>p</i> = 0.000, respectively). For disease-free survival (DFS), the Kaplan-Meier curve indicated a poorer prognosis for the group with high LRG1 levels compared with the low LRG1 group (<i>p</i> = 0.000). A similar result was found for overall survival (OS; <i>p</i> = 0.000). The multivariate Cox regression indicated that LRG1 was still associated with DFS (HR 2.090, 95% CI 1.205–3.625, <i>p</i> = 0.009) and OS (HR 2.112, 95% CI 1.167–3.822, <i>p</i> = 0.013). The histological grade, TNM pathological stage, and molecular subtype were identified as independent risk factors affecting OS. <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> In the malignant progression of breast cancer, high LRG1 levels are associated with lymphatic metastasis, histological grade, poor DFS, and poor OS. This study validates the use of LRG1 as a potential prognosis biomarker for early breast cancer.

scholarly journals ALDH1 Expression and Vasculogenic Mimicry Are Positively Associated with Poor Prognosis in Patients with Breast Cancer

2018 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 961-970 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peng Xing ◽  
Huiting Dong ◽  
Qun Liu ◽  
Tingting Zhao ◽  
Fan Yao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Cancer Patients ◽  
Cox Regression ◽  
Histological Grade ◽  
Vasculogenic Mimicry ◽  
Disease Free Survival ◽  
Breast Cancer Patients ◽  
Double Positive ◽  
The Status ◽  
Aldh1 Expression

Background/Aims: This study aimed to explore the prognostic value of aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 (ALDH1) expression and vasculogenic mimicry (VM) in patients with breast cancer. Methods: ALDH1 expression and the presence of VM were examined by immunohistochemistry and CD31/PAS double staining, respectively, using formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues from 202 breast cancer patients. The mean follow-up period ranged from 15 to 115 months. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to plot survival curves. Prognostic values were assessed by multivariate analysis using the Cox regression model. Results: ALDH1 expression was strongly associated with VM (P = 0.005). ALDH1 expression was positively correlated with histological grade (P = 0.011). Both ALDH1 expression and VM were negatively related to the status of the estrogen receptor and progesterone receptor and were statistically increased in triple-negative breast cancer. Patients with ALDH1 expression or VM displayed poorer disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) than ALDH1-negative or VM-negative patients, with the worst OS and DFS observed in ALDH1/VM-double-positive patients. ALDH1-positive and VM-positive were independent survival risk factors for DFS and OS. Conclusion: ALDH1 expression and VM are correlated with the survival rate of patients with breast cancer. ALDH1 and VM, either alone or together, are prognostic factors in patients with breast cancer.

scholarly journals High Expression of microRNA-223 Indicates a Good Prognosis in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Li Chen ◽  
Xiuzhi Zhu ◽  
Boyue Han ◽  
Lei Ji ◽  
Ling Yao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Triple Negative Breast Cancer ◽  
Triple Negative ◽  
Cox Regression ◽  
Molecular Subtype ◽  
External Validation ◽  
Disease Free Survival ◽  
The Cancer Genome Atlas ◽  
Locked Nucleic Acid ◽  
Tnbc Subtype

PurposeMicroRNAs can influence many biological processes and have shown promise as cancer biomarkers. Few studies have focused on the expression of microRNA-223 (miR-223) and its precise role in breast cancer (BC). We aimed to examine the expression level of miR-223 and its prognostic value in BC.MethodsTissue microarray (TMA)-based miRNA detection in situ hybridization (ISH) with a locked nucleic acid (LNA) probe was used to detect miR-223 expression in 450 BC tissue samples. Overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) were compared between two groups using the Kaplan-Meier method and Cox regression model.ResultsOS and DFS were prolonged in the high miR-223 expression group compared to the low miR-223 expression group (p &lt; 0.0001 and p = 0.017, respectively), especially in patients with the triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) subtype (p = 0.046 and p &lt; 0.001, respectively). Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses revealed that TNM stage (p = 0.008), the molecular subtype (p = 0.049), and miR-223 (p &lt; 0.001) were independently associated with OS and DFS. External validation was performed with the METABRIC and The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) databases via online webtools and was consistent with the data described above.ConclusionsThis study provides evidence that high miR-223 expression at diagnosis is associated with improved DFS and OS for BC patients, especially those with the TNBC subtype. miR-223 is a valid and independent prognostic biomarker in BC.

scholarly journals Overexpression of SKA3 correlates with poor prognosis in female early breast cancer

PeerJ ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. e12506
Author(s):  
Yue Zhong ◽  
Zhenjie Zhuang ◽  
Peiju Mo ◽  
Mandi Lin ◽  
Jiaqian Gong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Early Breast Cancer ◽  
Poor Prognosis ◽  
Cox Regression ◽  
Molecular Subtype ◽  
Enrichment Analysis ◽  
Gene Set Enrichment Analysis ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Exact Test ◽  
Chi Square Test

Background Spindle and kinetochore associated complex subunit 3 (SKA3) plays an important role in tumorigenesis and the progression of various tumors. But the relationship between SKA3 and early breast cancer remains unclear. The study aimed to explore the prognostic significance of SKA3 in breast cancer. Methods In the study, SKA3 expression was initially assessed using the Oncomine database and The Cancer Genome Atlas database (TCGA). Then, we presented validation results for RT-qPCR (quantitative reverse transcription PCR) and ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay). The relationship between clinical characteristics and SKA3 expression was assessed by Chi-square test and Fisher’s exact test. Kaplan–Meier method and Cox regression analysis were conducted to evaluate the prognostic value of SKA3. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) was performed to screen biological pathways using the TCGA dataset. Besides, single sample gene set enrichment analysis (ssGSEA) was utilized to identify immune infiltration cells about SKA3. Results SKA3 mRNA was expressed at high levels in breast cancer tissues compared with normal tissues. Chi-square test and Fisher’s exact test showed SKA3 expression was related to age, tumor (T) classification, node (N) classification, tumor-node-metastasis (TNM) stage, estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), molecular subtype, and race. RT-qPCR results showed that SKA3 expression was overexpressed in ER, PR status, and molecular subtype in Chinese people. Kaplan–Meier curves implicated that high SKA3 expression was related to a poor prognosis in female early breast cancer patients. Cox regression models showed that high SKA3 expression could be used as an independent risk factor for female early breast cancer. Four signaling pathways were enriched in the high SKA3 expression group, including mTORC1 signaling pathway, MYC targets v1, mitotic spindle, estrogen response early. Besides, the SKA3 expression level was associate with infiltrating levels of activated CD4 T cells and eosinophils in breast cancer. Conclusion High SKA3 expression correlates with poor prognosis and immune infiltrates in breast cancer. SKA3 may become a biomarker for the prognosis of breast cancer.

scholarly journals Impact of clinical-pathological factors on locoregional recurrence in mastectomy patients with T1-2N1 breast cancer: who can omit adjuvant radiotherapy?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaofang Wang ◽  
Li Zhang ◽  
Xiaomeng Zhang ◽  
Jurui Luo ◽  
Xuanyi Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Tumor Size ◽  
Cox Regression ◽  
Histological Grade ◽  
Disease Free Survival ◽  
Axillary Lymph Nodes ◽  
Axillary Lymph ◽  
Entire Cohort ◽  
Grade 3

Abstract Purpose Postmastectomy radiation therapy (PMRT) in T1–T2 tumors with 1–3 positive axillary lymph nodes (ALNs) is controversial. This study was to identify prognostic factors of locoregional control (LRC) following mastectomy with or without PMRT for patients with T1-2N1 breast cancer and to discuss the selection of patients who might omit PMRT. Materials and methods Between January 2006 and December 2012, the data of 1474 postmastectomy patients staged pT1-2N1 were analyzed. PMRT was applied in 663 patients. LRC and disease-free survival (DFS) were calculated using the Kaplan–Meier method. Cox regression model was applied in the univariate and multivariate analyses to recognize the recurrence risk factors. Results With the median follow-up duration of 93 months (range, 5–168 months), 78 patients (5.3%) failed to secure LRC and 220 patients (14.9%) experienced any recurrence. The 7.7-year LRC and DFS was 94.9% and 85.4% respectively in the entire cohort. PMRT significantly improved 7.7-year LRC from 93.4% to 96.6% (p = 0.005), but not the DFS (p = 0.335). Multivariate analysis revealed that PMRT was an independent prognostic factor of LRC (p < 0.001), meanwhile, age ≤ 40 years (p = 0.012), histological grade 3 (p = 0.004), 2–3 positive nodes (p < 0.001) and tumor size of 3–5 cm (p = 0.045) were significantly associated with decreased LRC. The 7.7-year LRC for patients with 0, 1, and 2–4 risk factors was 97.7% / 98.9% (p = 0.233), 95.3% / 98.0% (p = 0.092), and 80.3% / 94.8% (p < 0.001) in the non-PMRT and PMRT group, respectively. Conclusions In patients with T1-2N1 breast cancer, clinical-pathological factors including young age, histological grade 3, 2–3 positive nodes, and tumor size of 3–5 cm were identified to be predictors of a poorer LRC following mastectomy. Patients with 0–1 risk factor might consider the omission of PMRT.

scholarly journals Sex-Based Heterogeneity in the Clinicopathological Characteristics and Prognosis of Breast Cancer: A Population-Based Analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yiqun Han ◽  
Jiayu Wang ◽  
Zijing Wang ◽  
Binghe Xu
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Cox Regression ◽  
Ductal Carcinoma ◽  
Molecular Subtype ◽  
Histological Grade ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Clinicopathological Characteristics ◽  
Clinicopathological Features ◽  
Disease Stage ◽  
Cancer Specific Survival

PurposeTo better understand the differences in clinicopathological features and prognosis between male breast cancer (MBC) and female breast cancer (FBC).Material and MethodsData on patients diagnosed with breast cancer from January 1, 2010, to December 31, 2016, were obtained from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database. Selected patients were classified into MBC and FBC, of which population demographics and clinicopathological features at baseline were successively extracted for analysis. Comparative analysis was performed to explore the differences in baseline characteristics, followed by propensity-score matching to calibrate the objective distinctions for adjusted analysis. Survival analysis was carried out to investigate divergences presented in prognosis from the two cohorts, and risk factors for prognosis were successively identified using univariate and multivariate COX regression analyses.ResultsA total of 407341 individuals were eligible, including 3111 MBC (0.7%) and 404230 FBC (99.3%) patients. Comparatively, patients with MBC tended to be older at diagnosis, with a higher confirmation of ductal carcinoma, a higher histological grade, a higher TNM stage, a higher proportion of luminal-like subtype, a higher rate of lung metastasis, a lower incidence of liver involvement, and a lower rate of surgical, radiation, and chemotherapeutic delivery. The overall prognosis of MBC was significantly worse than that of FBC, with a decreasing divergence both in median overall survival (65.5 months vs. 72.7 months, P&lt;0.0001) and median breast cancer-specific survival (75.4 months vs. 77.8 months, P&lt;0.0001). However, these discrepancies were not consistent among patients from different subgroups stratified by molecular subtype, age at diagnosis, or disease stage.ConclusionIn this study, sex-based heterogeneity in clinicopathological characteristics and prognostic profiles was observed in the overall population of patients with breast cancer and was significantly variable among different subgroups. A male-specific design with reasonable endpoints for a clinical trial protocol will be warranted in the future.

scholarly journals Validation of the GenesWell BCT Score in Young Asian Women With HR+/HER2− Early Breast Cancer

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mi Jeong Kwon ◽  
Jai Min Ryu ◽  
Soo Youn Cho ◽  
Seok Jin Nam ◽  
Seok Won Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Early Breast Cancer ◽  
Predictive Value ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Young Patients ◽  
Disease Free Survival ◽  
Low Risk ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Free Survival ◽  
Her2 Breast Cancer

BackgroundThe prognostic or predictive value of commonly used multigene assays in young patients with hormone receptor-positive (HR+), human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-negative (HER2−) early breast cancer is unclear. In this study, we assessed the prognostic value of the GenesWell BCT assay according to age group.MethodsWe identified patients with pN0-1, HR+/HER2− breast cancer in a prospective cohort of women who underwent surgery between 2005 and 2017. The GenesWell BCT assay was performed on tissue samples from selected patients. Distant metastasis-free survival (DMFS) and disease-free survival (DFS) were compared between the risk groups assigned by the BCT score.ResultsA total of 712 patients were eligible for analysis. The median follow-up time was 7.47 years. The BCT score was prognostic in patients aged ≤50 years (n = 404) and those aged &gt;50 years (n = 308). In both age groups, the 10-year DMFS and DFS rates for patients classified as high risk by the BCT score were significantly lower than those for patients classified as low risk. A multivariate analysis revealed that the BCT score was an independent prognostic factor for DFS in patients aged ≤50 years (hazard ratio, 1.28; 95% CI, 1.05–1.56; P = 0.015), as well as those aged &gt;50 years.ConclusionThe BCT score could be used to identify low-risk patients who will not benefit from adjuvant chemotherapy to treat HR+/HER2− early breast cancer regardless of age. A further prospective study to assess the prognostic and predictive value of the BCT score is required.

Trastuzumab use and survival in HER2 (+) nonmetastatic breast cancer among Turkish women.

2011 ◽  
Vol 29 (27_suppl) ◽  
pp. 56-56
Author(s):  
M. Kayahan ◽  
H. Kadioglu ◽  
M. Muslumanoglu ◽  
A. Igci ◽  
V. Ozmen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Early Breast Cancer ◽  
Histological Grade ◽  
Menopausal Status ◽  
Disease Free Survival ◽  
Metastatic Breast ◽  
Her2 Overexpression ◽  
Cardiac Side Effects ◽  
Significant Difference

56 Background: HER2 overexpression observed in 10-25% of breast cancers is associated with rapid proliferation. HER2-targeted trastuzumab has been used in metastatic breast cancer, and since 2004 in early breast cancer. However, trastuzumab therapy is expensive and long lasting resulting sometimes in cardiac side effects. In this study we tried to find out whether there was a subgroup of early breast cancer patients trastuzumab could be omitted. Methods: Records of patients treated for HER2-positive breast cancer in Istanbul Medical School between Jan 2000 and Sept 2009 were retrospectively evaluated. Disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) were calculated either from follow-ups, or by calling. Kaplan meier and LogRank tests have been used for comparison (P<0.05, 95% CI). Results: Follow up period was 32.2±14.9mo for trastuzumab group (TG, n:87) compared to 47.4±20.8mo for non-trastuzumab group (NTG, n:63) (P=0.0001). Groups were similar for age, menopausal status, size (T), histological grade and type, location, hormone responsiveness, presence of lymphovascular invasion, surgery, and use of local/systemic/hormonal therapy. NTG had more N0 cases (44.4% vs. 12.6%, P=0.0001), breast related deaths (15.9% vs. 5.7%, P=.042) and systemic metastases (27% vs. 13.8%, P=.043). Number of local recurrences was similar. Mean DFS and OS were significantly less in TG (P<0.0001). However differences between DFS and OS of groups were not significant despite a considerable increase for both in TG at fifth year (P=0.147, P=0.450). No difference in DFS and OS between TG and NTG was observed when patients who had chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy and/or hormonotherapy were compared to those who did not. OS was not different between TG and NTG for T1, T2, and T3 tumors and for patients ≤35y. But in N2 and N3 tumors, use of trastuzumab increased OS significantly (P=0.007). Conclusions: Both number of events and systemic relapses were less in TG but we could not find a significant difference in DFS and OS between TG and NTG in Turkish nonmetastatic cancers. Prolonged follow up might be necessary to search for the subgroup who would not benefit, if any, as an incremental benefit in both DFS and OS was observed with trastuzumab use at fifth year.

Prognostic significance of the chemokine CXCL13 in node-negative breast cancer.

2013 ◽  
Vol 31 (15_suppl) ◽  
pp. 615-615
Author(s):  
Marcus Schmidt ◽  
Leonie van de Sandt ◽  
Daniel Boehm ◽  
Isabel Sicking ◽  
Marco Johannes Battista ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Cox Regression ◽  
Molecular Subtype ◽  
Histological Grade ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Prognostic Significance ◽  
Her2 Status ◽  
Node Negative ◽  
Node Negative Breast Cancer ◽  
Independent Prognostic Significance

615 Background: The chemokine CXCL13 is chemotactic for B cells. We examined the prognostic significance of CXCL13 mRNA expression in node-negative breast cancer. Methods: Microarray based gene-expression data for CXCL13 (205242_at) were analysed in four previously published cohorts (Mainz, Rotterdam, Transbig, Yu) of node-negative breast cancer patients not treated with adjuvant therapy (n=824). A meta-analysis of previously published cohorts was performed using a random effects model. Prognostic significance of CXCL13 on metastasis-free survival (MFS) was examined in the whole cohort and in different molecular subtypes (ER+/HER2-, ER-/HER2-, HER2+). Independent prognostic relevance was analysed using multivariate Cox regression. Results: Higher RNA expression of CXCL13 was related to better MFS in a meta-analysis of the whole cohort (HR 0.88, 95% CI 0.83-0.94, P<0.0001). Prognostic significance was most pronounced in the HER2+ positive molecular subtype (HR 0.72, 95% CI 0.59-0.87, P=0.0009) as compared to ER+/HER2- (HR 0.86, 95% CI 0.76-0.98, P=0.0024) and ER-/HER2- (HR 0.85, 95% CI 0.75-0.98), P=0.02) carcinomas of the breast. CXCL13 showed independent prognostic significance (HR 0.81, 95% CI 0.7336 0.8982, P=0.0001) in multivariate analysis. In addition to CXCL13, only histological grade of differentiation (HR 2.20, 95% CI 1.41-3.42, P=0.0005) and tumor size (HR 1.72, 95% CI 1.13-2.61, P=0.012), but neither age nor HER2 status nor hormone receptor status retained an independent prognostic association with MFS. Conclusions: The chemokine CXCL13 has independent prognostic significance in node-negative breast cancer. Higher expression of CXCL13 is associated with improved outcome.

scholarly journals High expression of NR1D1 is associated with good prognosis in triple-negative breast cancer patients treated with chemotherapy

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hyelin Na ◽  
Jinil Han ◽  
Na-Lee Ka ◽  
Min-Ho Lee ◽  
Yoon-La Choi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Cancer Patients ◽  
Nuclear Receptor ◽  
Triple Negative Breast Cancer ◽  
Triple Negative ◽  
Molecular Subtype ◽  
Histological Grade ◽  
Disease Free Survival ◽  
Rank Test ◽  
Breast Cancer Patients

Abstract Background Nuclear receptor subfamily 1, group D, member 1 (NR1D1) is a ligand-regulated nuclear receptor and transcriptional factor. Although recent studies have implicated NR1D1 as a regulator of DNA repair and proliferation in breast cancers, its potential as a therapeutic target for breast cancer has not been assessed in terms of clinical outcomes. Thus, this study aims to analyze NR1D1 expression in breast cancer patients and to evaluate its potential prognostic value. Methods NR1D1 expression was analyzed by immunohistochemistry using an anti-NR1D1 antibody in 694 breast cancer samples. Survival analyses were performed using the Kaplan–Meier method with the log-rank test to investigate the association of NR1D1 expression with clinical outcome. Results One hundred thirty-nine of these samples exhibited high NR1D1 expression, mostly in the nucleus of breast cancer cells. NR1D1 expression correlated significantly with histological grade and estrogen receptor status. Overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) did not correlate significantly with NR1D1 expression in breast cancer patients regardless of whether they had received chemotherapy. Subgroup analysis performed according to molecular subtype of breast cancer showed a significant influence of high NR1D1 expression on OS (P = 0.002) and DFS (P = 0.007) in patients with triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) treated with chemotherapy. Conclusions High NR1D1 expression level had a favorable impact on OS and DFS in patients with TNBC treated with chemotherapy. NR1D1 should be investigated further as a possible prognostic marker in TNBC patients receiving chemotherapeutic treatment and as a target in the development of chemotherapeutic approaches to treating TNBC.

scholarly journals Immunohistochemical Evaluation of FGD3 Expression: A New Strong Prognostic Factor in Invasive Breast Cancer

Cancers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (15) ◽  
pp. 3824
Author(s):  
Tommaso Susini ◽  
Giulia Saccardin ◽  
Irene Renda ◽  
Milo Giani ◽  
Enrico Tartarotti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Prognostic Factor ◽  
Invasive Breast Cancer ◽  
Molecular Subtype ◽  
Histological Grade ◽  
Disease Free Survival ◽  
Individual Risk ◽  
Breast Cancer Patients ◽  
Ki 67 ◽  
Cox Analysis

Among new prognostic factors for breast cancer, the most promising one seems to be FGD3 (Facio-Genital Dysplasia 3) gene, whose expression improves outcome by inhibiting cell migration. The aim of the study was to evaluate the prognostic role of FGD3 in invasive breast cancer in a series of 401 women, treated at our unit, by evaluating the expression of this gene by immunohistochemistry. Patients with high FGD3 expression showed a significantly better disease-free survival (DFS) (p < 0.001) and overall survival (OS) (p < 0.001). The prognostic value of FGD3 expression was stronger than that of classical pathologic parameters such as histological grade of differentiation, Ki-67 index and molecular subtype. By multivariate Cox analysis, FGD3 expression was confirmed as significant and independent prognostic factor, ranking second after age at diagnosis (≤40 years) for DFS (p = 0.003) and the second strongest predictor of OS, after AJCC Stage (p < 0.001). Our data suggest that inclusion of FGD3 evaluation in the routine workup of breast cancer patients may result in a more accurate stratification of the individual risk. The possibility to assess FGD3 expression by a simple and cheap technique such as immunohistochemistry may enhance the spread of its use in the clinical practice.

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