scholarly journals The Effect of the Temperature of Plain or Sweetened Water on Body Composition in Rats

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carla El-Mallah ◽  
Marie-Elizabeth Ragi ◽  
Nehmat El-Helou ◽  
Omar Obeid
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Lean Body Mass ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Plain Water ◽  
Weight Changes

<b><i>Introduction:</i></b> Humans are known to adapt to external temperature variations by altering energy intake, expenditure, and body fat storage for insulation [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref1">1</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref2">2</xref>]. However, it is not clear whether the temperature of ingested water would induce such effects. Similarly, the involvement of the temperature of the ingested beverage has not been addressed in terms of body weight changes [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref3">3</xref>]. <b><i>Objectives:</i></b> This study was to investigate the effect of the ingestion of plain or sweetened water with varied temperatures on growth measures of rats. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> Approval was obtained from the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of the American University of Beirut. After a 1-week adaptation period, 5- to 6-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into their respective experimental groups, housed individually (22 ± 1°C, reverse light cycle 12:12 h dark/light, light off at 10:00 a.m.) with free access to food and beverage for 8 weeks. <b><i>Experiment 1 (Plain Water):</i></b> Two groups of rats (<i>n</i> = 9) consumed room-temperature [∼22°C] (NW) or cold [∼5°C] (CW) water. <b><i>Experiment 2 (Sweetened Water):</i></b> Four groups of rats were offered sweetened water for 12 h, followed by plain water; (1) 10% sucrose + cold temperature (CS, <i>n</i> = 7), (2) 10% sucrose + room temperature (NS, <i>n</i> = 8), (3) 0.05% acesulfame K + cold temperature (CA, <i>n</i> = 7), and 4) 0.05% acesulfame K + room temperature (NA, <i>n</i> = 8). Food and beverage intake, body weight, and body composition were monitored using NMR minispec (LF110 Body Composition Analyzer, Bruker, USA) and energy expenditure was calculated based on the equation developed by Ravussin et al. [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref4">4</xref>]. Significance was set at a <i>p</i> value &#x3c;0.05. <b><i>Results:</i></b> Experiment 1: Body weight changes were similar between groups (Fig. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">1</xref>-Exp 1a). In the CW group, lean body mass (%) was significantly higher, while body fat (%) was lower than the NW (Fig. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">1</xref>-Exp 1b, c). These changes may relate to the calculated total energy expenditure [NW: 66.73 ± 4.49 kcal/day and CW: 73.75 ± 3.92 kcal/day) (<i>p</i> value = 0.003) since energy intake (NW: 89.97 ± 7.63 kcal/day vs. CW: 93.29 ± 6.26 kcal/day, <i>p</i> value = 0.329) was similar between groups. Experiment 2: Body weight of the CA group was higher than that of the other groups (Fig. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">1</xref>-Exp 2a). Lean body mass (%) of the sucrose-sweetened water groups (Fig. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">1</xref>-Exp 2b, c) was significantly higher, while body fat (%) was lower than that of the non-caloric sweetened water groups; these were not affected by the temperature of the beverage. Those variations are mostly explained by the differences in energy expenditure (<i>p</i> value temperature × sweetener = 0.015), as energy intake was not significantly different between groups. <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> Cold plain water decreased body fat and increased lean body mass with no effect on total body weight. Sucrose-sweetened water had a better impact on body composition irrespective of the temperature of the beverage. The beneficial effects are mainly due to increased energy expenditure rather than variations in energy intake. Thus, the energy cost of warming the water seems to have been derived from an increase in fat oxidation.

Effect of temperature and/or sweetness of beverages on body composition in rats

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. E. Ragi ◽  
N. El-Helou ◽  
C. El-Mallah ◽  
A. Eid ◽  
O. A. Obeid
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Lean Body Mass ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Cold Exposure ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
External Temperature ◽  
Temperature Variations

Abstract Sweetened beverages are mainly consumed cold and various processes are activated in response to external temperature variations. However, the effect of internal temperature variations through the ingestion of cold beverages is far from clear. Two experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of beverage temperature on body composition. Sprague–Dawley rats (5–6-week-old males) had free access to food and beverage for 8 weeks. Energy intake, body weight and body composition were monitored. In Expt 1, two groups of rats (n 9) consumed water at room temperature (NW about 22°C) or cold (CW about 4°C). In Expt 2, rats were offered room-temperature (N) or cold (C) sweetened water (10 % sucrose CSu (n 7) and NSu (n 8); or 0·05 % acesulfame K CAk (n 6) and NAk (n 8)) for 12 h, followed by plain water. Our results show that in Expt 1, CW had higher lean body mass (P < 0·001) and lower body fat gain (P = 0·004) as compared with NW. In Expt 2, body weight (P = 0·013) and fat (P ≤ 0·001) gains were higher in the non-energetic sweetened groups, while lean body mass was not affected by the type of sweeteners or temperature. In conclusion, cold water ingestion improved lean body mass gain and decreased fat gain because of increased energy expenditure, while non-energetic sweetener (acesulfame K) increased body fat gain due to improved energy efficiency. Internal cold exposure failed to increase energy intake in contrast to that of external cold exposure.

Somatotype, Body Composition and Explosive Power of Athlete and Non-Athlete

2014 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-34
Author(s):  
Saha Sukanta
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Lean Body Mass ◽  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Skeletal Muscle Mass ◽  
Explosive Power

Abstract The aim of this study was to identify the effect of somatotype and body composition variables on leg explosive power of college level men students. The sample consisted of 500 young college students, divided into two groups: athletes (N= 250) undergoing Bachelor of Physical Education course whose mean age 23.86 ± 0.36 years; and non-athletes (N= 250) college students who do not take part regular physical activities and mean age 22.16 ± 0.88 years. The somatotype was assessed using the Heath & Carter method. Assessing body composition of the subject various anthropometric measurements were taken. Sargent vertical jump test was used to measure leg explosive power. The measures were compared between the two groups using the Student t-test for independent samples. The two groups differed significantly (p≤0.01) in terms of body weight, % body fat, lean body mass, % skeletal muscle mass and somatotype. The findings of the present study showing that athlete have higher mean values in leg explosive power (p≤0.01) than non-athlete. The leg explosive power was positively significantly (p≤0.01) correlated with % skeletal muscle mass, lean body mass, mesomorphy and ectomorphy components of somatotype; on the other hand body weight, height, % body fat, body surface area and endomorphy component of somatotype significantly (p≤0.01) negatively correlated. In conclusion, somatotype and body composition variables are important factors in determining leg explosive power.

scholarly journals On the estimation and control of human body composition

2017 ◽  
Vol 40 (8) ◽  
pp. 2536-2545 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahmood Karimi ◽  
Ramesh R Rao
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Quadratic Function ◽  
Model Free ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Algebraic Equivalence

Obesity is a chronic disease that can lead to an increased risk of other serious chronic diseases and even death. We present switching and time-delayed feedback-based model-free control methods for the dynamic management of body mass and its major components. The estimation of body composition based on human body weight dynamics is proposed using a soft switching-based observer. Additionally, this paper addresses the control allocation problem for optimal body weight management using linear algebraic equivalence of the nonlinear controllers based on dynamic behaviour of body composition described in literature. A control allocator system computes the required energy intake and energy expenditure from a controlling range of inputs to track the desired trajectory of body mass by optimizing a weighted quadratic function. Simulation results validate the performance of the proposed controllers and the observer under disturbances in energy intake and energy expenditure.

A Pilot Study Comparing Megestrol Acetate Concentrated Suspension (MA-CS) to Megestrol Acetate Oral Suspension (MA-OS) on Weight Gain and Body Composition in Patients with HIV-Associated Unintended Weight Loss (UWL).

Blood ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 106 (11) ◽  
pp. 1433-1433
Author(s):  
Donald D. Cilla ◽  
Jodi L. Gutierrez ◽  
Robert A. Femia ◽  
Lynn D. Kramer ◽  
Christine Wanke
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Lean Body Mass ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Megestrol Acetate ◽  
Weight Changes ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Fasted State ◽  
The Mean

Abstract BACKGROUND: MA-CS is a new NanoCrystal® technology formulation of megestrol acetate that is bioavailable in the fasted state, which may provide benefit in the treatment of UWL in HIV patients. METHODS: 63 patients with HIV-associated UWL (weight loss to 90% of the lower limit of ideal body weight) were recruited from South Africa, India and the US and then randomized to receive MA-CS (575 mg/5 mL) or MA-OS (800 mg/20 mL) once-daily for 12 weeks in a randomized, open-labeled, multi-center, pilot proof-of-principle study (sample size determined empirically). Patients had weight, body composition (bioimpedance analysis - BIA), and anthropometric measurements obtained at baseline and weekly thereafter, except BIA which was measured at 6 and 12 weeks. Weight changes were compared using the Wilcoxon Rank Sum test. RESULTS: The demographics were comparable between the two groups. The mean weight change from baseline to Week 12 for MA-CS was 5.4 kg (55.6 kg to 61 kg, 10% of baseline body weight). The mean weight change from baseline to Week 12 for MA-OS was 3.5 kg (54.4 kg to 57.9 kg, 6% of baseline body weight). Differences from baseline, in the mean changes in weight, were observed as early as Day 3 (p=0.024) for MA-CS, however no increase was noted until the second week for MA-OS. Similar between group differences were noted consistently at the weekly assessment intervals until week 12 (p= 0.024). Of these weight changes, lean body mass accounted for ~40% of the increase in both treatment groups (MA-CS was ~5% greater than MA-OS). Of the anthropometric measures, the mean triceps skin fold increased by ~36% at Week 12, relative to baseline, in both MA-CS and MA-OS treatment groups. Other anthropometric changes were all smaller (less than 7%) and comparable between treatments. The types and incidence rates of adverse events were similar between MA-CS and MA-OS. CONCLUSIONS: Both products were successful at increasing body weight. There was a greater and more rapid mean change from baseline in the weight gain for MA-CS than MA-OS. The observed weight changes reflected increases in both lean body mass and body fat. MA-CS had a greater change in lean body mass. This trial supports the principle that improved bioavailability of megestrol acetate in the fasted state with MA-CS may be associated with faster time to onset of changes in body weight.

Comparison of the Effect of Soy protein and Whey protein on Body Composition: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-27
Author(s):  
Masoome Piri Damaghi ◽  
Atieh Mirzababaei ◽  
Sajjad Moradi ◽  
Elnaz Daneshzad ◽  
Atefeh Tavakoli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Whey Protein ◽  
Lean Body Mass ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Soy Protein ◽  
Protein Supplementation ◽  
Body Fat Percentage ◽  
Fat Percentage

Abstract Background: Essential amino acids (EAAs) promote the process of regulating muscle synthesis. Thus, whey protein that contains higher amounts of EAA can have a considerable effect on modifying muscle synthesis. However, there is insufficient evidence regarding the effect of soy and whey protein supplementation on body composition. Thus, we sought to perform a meta-analysis of published Randomized Clinical Trials that examined the effect of whey protein supplementation and soy protein supplementation on body composition (lean body mass, fat mass, body mass and body fat percentage) in adults. Methods: We searched PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar, up to August 2020, for all relevant published articles assessing soy protein supplementation and whey protein supplementation on body composition parameters. We included all Randomized Clinical Trials that investigated the effect of whey protein supplementation and soy protein supplementation on body composition in adults. Pooled means and standard deviations (SD) were calculated using random-effects models. Subgroup analysis was applied to discern possible sources of heterogeneity. Results: After excluding non-relevant articles, 10 studies, with 596 participants, remained in this study. We found a significant increase in lean body mass after whey protein supplementation weighted mean difference (WMD: 0.91; 95% CI: 0.15, 1.67. P= 0.019). Subgroup analysis, for whey protein, indicated that there was a significant increase in lean body mass in individuals concomitant to exercise (WMD: 1.24; 95% CI: 0.47, 2.00; P= 0.001). There was a significant increase in lean body mass in individuals who received 12 or less weeks of whey protein (WMD: 1.91; 95% CI: 1.18, 2.63; P<0.0001). We observed no significant change between whey protein supplementation and body mass, fat mass, and body fat percentage. We found no significant change between soy protein supplementation and lean body mass, body mass, fat mass, and body fat percentage. Subgroup analysis for soy protein indicated there was a significant increase in lean body mass in individuals who supplemented for 12 or less weeks with soy protein (WMD: 1.48; 95% CI: 1.07, 1.89; P< 0.0001). Conclusion: Whey protein supplementation significantly improved body composition via increases in lean body mass, without influencing fat mass, body mass, and body fat percentage.

Abstract P022: Determinants of Energy Balance: Differences Related to Body Weight and Body Composition

Circulation ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 127 (suppl_12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregory A Hand ◽  
Robin P Shook ◽  
Jason R Jaggers ◽  
Amanda Paluch ◽  
Vivek K Prasad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Energy Balance ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Linear Modeling ◽  
Obesity Epidemic ◽  
And Storage ◽  
Lean Group

Conversion, utilization and storage of energy in the regulation of energy balance is poorly understood. These misconceptions arise from confusion related to energy balance and its impact on body weight and composition, and can bias the interpretation of findings that are important for the development of policies addressing the obesity epidemic. PURPOSE: Our purpose was to examine the regulation of interactions between total daily energy intake (TDEI) and energy expenditure (TDEE) in healthy adults. METHODS: Adults not limited by gender, race or ethnicity (n=430; aged 21 to 40; BMI of 20 to 35) participated in a battery of physiological, anthropomorphic, behavioral and psychological measurements that are associated with energy balance regulation. The primary components of energy balance regulation (TDEI and TDEE) were measured by 3 random 24-hour dietary recalls and SenseWear accelerometry, respectively. Body composition was determined by dual x-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Absolute and relative resting metabolic rates (aRMR and rRMR) were determined through hooded indirect calorimetry. General linear modeling was used to examine the relationships of weight and body fatness with TDEI and macronutrient composition as well as the largest components of TDEE including aRMR, rRMR and physical activity energy expenditure (PAEE). In addition, data were compared between participants with a healthy body fat % (below 25; n=123) and obese (at or above 30%; n=241). RESULTS: All results were adjusted for age, gender and race. TDEE was positively associated (r=.47, p<.001) with TDEI. There was a positive association between aRMR (L/min) and weight (r=.743, p<.001). By contrast, rRMR (ml/kg/min) was inversely correlated with body weight (r= -.38; p<.001). TDEI was significantly higher in the lean group (2465±66 to 1878±42, p<.001) with no measureable differences in macronutrient percentages. The lean group had a higher TDEE and PAEE as compared to the obese group. CONCLUSIONS: There was a robust matching of TDEI and TDEE across weight and body composition ranges. Heavy people burned more calories than lighter people although the lighter individuals had a higher rRMR. The leaner group had a higher TDEI, reflecting a potential regulation based on the greater TDEE in this group. Further, the increased TDEE could be explained by the higher PAEE (approximately 500 kcal) in leaner individuals. These findings emphasize that energy expenditure is related to mass rather than body composition. The regulation of energy intake and body composition is multifactorial, with PAEE a significant determinant for energy storage. This study was funded through an unrestricted grant from The Coca-Cola Company.

Changes in the aerobic capacity and body composition in obese boys after reduction

1965 ◽  
Vol 20 (5) ◽  
pp. 934-937 ◽  
Author(s):  
ŠtĚpánka Šprynarová ◽  
Jana Pařízková
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Lean Body Mass ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Maximum Oxygen Consumption ◽  
Vo2 Max ◽  
Significant Drop ◽  
Body Weight Reduction ◽  
Significant Negative Relationship

Seven obese boys submitted themselves to a 7-week regimen of dietary restriction and regular exercise. Measurements were made at the beginning and end of the period. A significant drop in body weight was achieved by reduction of adipose tissue and also of lean body mass (LBM). The ratio of LBM to body weight increased. These changes were associated with significant drop of maximum oxygen consumption. The increase of the Vo2 max per kilogram of body weight and the drop of the Vo2 max per kilogram of LBM were not significant. Between the decrease of LBM and the drop of Vo2 max there exists a significant negative relationship; and between the decrease of LBM and the rise of the Vo2 max per kilogram of body weight, a significant positive relationship. The decrease of Vo2 max in these boys was not considered due to deteriorated circulatory or respiratory function but to changes in body composition. maximum O2 consumption; body weight reduction; lean body mass Submitted on February 17, 1964

Exercise and body composition

1991 ◽  
Vol 70 (3) ◽  
pp. 994-997 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. B. Forbes
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Lean Body Mass ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Training Programs ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Body Fat Content ◽  
Ad Libitum

We assessed changes in body composition in 41 young adults who engaged in various exercise and/or training programs on ad libitum diets. Most of those who gained weight sustained an increase in lean body mass (LBM), and most of those who lost weight lost LBM as well as fat. The change in LBM was directly related to the change in weight, with a regression slope of 0.500. An analysis of published data confirms these findings and, in concert with our data, provides the additional information that the magnitude of the change in body composition in exercising individuals is influenced by body fat content, just as it is for nonexercising individuals.

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