scholarly journals On the estimation and control of human body composition

2017 ◽  
Vol 40 (8) ◽  
pp. 2536-2545 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahmood Karimi ◽  
Ramesh R Rao
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Quadratic Function ◽  
Model Free ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Algebraic Equivalence

Obesity is a chronic disease that can lead to an increased risk of other serious chronic diseases and even death. We present switching and time-delayed feedback-based model-free control methods for the dynamic management of body mass and its major components. The estimation of body composition based on human body weight dynamics is proposed using a soft switching-based observer. Additionally, this paper addresses the control allocation problem for optimal body weight management using linear algebraic equivalence of the nonlinear controllers based on dynamic behaviour of body composition described in literature. A control allocator system computes the required energy intake and energy expenditure from a controlling range of inputs to track the desired trajectory of body mass by optimizing a weighted quadratic function. Simulation results validate the performance of the proposed controllers and the observer under disturbances in energy intake and energy expenditure.

Human Body Composition Estimation and Model-Free Control Design for Weight Management

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahmood Karimi ◽  
Ramesh R. Rao
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Total Body Weight ◽  
Daily Basis ◽  
Control Input ◽  
Model Free ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Model Free Control

It is well known that obesity, a chronic disease, can lead to increased risk of other serious chronic diseases and even death. Knowledge of daily changes in lean muscle mass and body fat can be helpful in developing personalized diet and exercise routines to correct this problem. In this paper, it is assumed that measurements of individual body composition components are available only periodically although the total body weight is tracked on a daily basis. The control input is physical activity whose profile can be constrained to accommodate individual preferences while the energy intake can be arbitrary. We present switching and time delayed feedback based model-free control methods for the dynamic management of body mass and its major components. Additionally, based on human body weight dynamics, estimation of body composition using soft switching-based observer is proposed. Simulation results validate the performance of the proposed controllers and the observer under disturbances in recording energy intake and energy expenditure figures.

scholarly journals The Effect of the Temperature of Plain or Sweetened Water on Body Composition in Rats

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carla El-Mallah ◽  
Marie-Elizabeth Ragi ◽  
Nehmat El-Helou ◽  
Omar Obeid
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Lean Body Mass ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Plain Water ◽  
Weight Changes

<b><i>Introduction:</i></b> Humans are known to adapt to external temperature variations by altering energy intake, expenditure, and body fat storage for insulation [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref1">1</xref>, <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref2">2</xref>]. However, it is not clear whether the temperature of ingested water would induce such effects. Similarly, the involvement of the temperature of the ingested beverage has not been addressed in terms of body weight changes [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref3">3</xref>]. <b><i>Objectives:</i></b> This study was to investigate the effect of the ingestion of plain or sweetened water with varied temperatures on growth measures of rats. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> Approval was obtained from the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of the American University of Beirut. After a 1-week adaptation period, 5- to 6-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into their respective experimental groups, housed individually (22 ± 1°C, reverse light cycle 12:12 h dark/light, light off at 10:00 a.m.) with free access to food and beverage for 8 weeks. <b><i>Experiment 1 (Plain Water):</i></b> Two groups of rats (<i>n</i> = 9) consumed room-temperature [∼22°C] (NW) or cold [∼5°C] (CW) water. <b><i>Experiment 2 (Sweetened Water):</i></b> Four groups of rats were offered sweetened water for 12 h, followed by plain water; (1) 10% sucrose + cold temperature (CS, <i>n</i> = 7), (2) 10% sucrose + room temperature (NS, <i>n</i> = 8), (3) 0.05% acesulfame K + cold temperature (CA, <i>n</i> = 7), and 4) 0.05% acesulfame K + room temperature (NA, <i>n</i> = 8). Food and beverage intake, body weight, and body composition were monitored using NMR minispec (LF110 Body Composition Analyzer, Bruker, USA) and energy expenditure was calculated based on the equation developed by Ravussin et al. [<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref4">4</xref>]. Significance was set at a <i>p</i> value &#x3c;0.05. <b><i>Results:</i></b> Experiment 1: Body weight changes were similar between groups (Fig. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">1</xref>-Exp 1a). In the CW group, lean body mass (%) was significantly higher, while body fat (%) was lower than the NW (Fig. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">1</xref>-Exp 1b, c). These changes may relate to the calculated total energy expenditure [NW: 66.73 ± 4.49 kcal/day and CW: 73.75 ± 3.92 kcal/day) (<i>p</i> value = 0.003) since energy intake (NW: 89.97 ± 7.63 kcal/day vs. CW: 93.29 ± 6.26 kcal/day, <i>p</i> value = 0.329) was similar between groups. Experiment 2: Body weight of the CA group was higher than that of the other groups (Fig. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">1</xref>-Exp 2a). Lean body mass (%) of the sucrose-sweetened water groups (Fig. <xref ref-type="fig" rid="f01">1</xref>-Exp 2b, c) was significantly higher, while body fat (%) was lower than that of the non-caloric sweetened water groups; these were not affected by the temperature of the beverage. Those variations are mostly explained by the differences in energy expenditure (<i>p</i> value temperature × sweetener = 0.015), as energy intake was not significantly different between groups. <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> Cold plain water decreased body fat and increased lean body mass with no effect on total body weight. Sucrose-sweetened water had a better impact on body composition irrespective of the temperature of the beverage. The beneficial effects are mainly due to increased energy expenditure rather than variations in energy intake. Thus, the energy cost of warming the water seems to have been derived from an increase in fat oxidation.

Abstract P022: Determinants of Energy Balance: Differences Related to Body Weight and Body Composition

Circulation ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 127 (suppl_12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregory A Hand ◽  
Robin P Shook ◽  
Jason R Jaggers ◽  
Amanda Paluch ◽  
Vivek K Prasad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Energy Balance ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Linear Modeling ◽  
Obesity Epidemic ◽  
And Storage ◽  
Lean Group

Conversion, utilization and storage of energy in the regulation of energy balance is poorly understood. These misconceptions arise from confusion related to energy balance and its impact on body weight and composition, and can bias the interpretation of findings that are important for the development of policies addressing the obesity epidemic. PURPOSE: Our purpose was to examine the regulation of interactions between total daily energy intake (TDEI) and energy expenditure (TDEE) in healthy adults. METHODS: Adults not limited by gender, race or ethnicity (n=430; aged 21 to 40; BMI of 20 to 35) participated in a battery of physiological, anthropomorphic, behavioral and psychological measurements that are associated with energy balance regulation. The primary components of energy balance regulation (TDEI and TDEE) were measured by 3 random 24-hour dietary recalls and SenseWear accelerometry, respectively. Body composition was determined by dual x-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Absolute and relative resting metabolic rates (aRMR and rRMR) were determined through hooded indirect calorimetry. General linear modeling was used to examine the relationships of weight and body fatness with TDEI and macronutrient composition as well as the largest components of TDEE including aRMR, rRMR and physical activity energy expenditure (PAEE). In addition, data were compared between participants with a healthy body fat % (below 25; n=123) and obese (at or above 30%; n=241). RESULTS: All results were adjusted for age, gender and race. TDEE was positively associated (r=.47, p<.001) with TDEI. There was a positive association between aRMR (L/min) and weight (r=.743, p<.001). By contrast, rRMR (ml/kg/min) was inversely correlated with body weight (r= -.38; p<.001). TDEI was significantly higher in the lean group (2465±66 to 1878±42, p<.001) with no measureable differences in macronutrient percentages. The lean group had a higher TDEE and PAEE as compared to the obese group. CONCLUSIONS: There was a robust matching of TDEI and TDEE across weight and body composition ranges. Heavy people burned more calories than lighter people although the lighter individuals had a higher rRMR. The leaner group had a higher TDEI, reflecting a potential regulation based on the greater TDEE in this group. Further, the increased TDEE could be explained by the higher PAEE (approximately 500 kcal) in leaner individuals. These findings emphasize that energy expenditure is related to mass rather than body composition. The regulation of energy intake and body composition is multifactorial, with PAEE a significant determinant for energy storage. This study was funded through an unrestricted grant from The Coca-Cola Company.

Beneficial Effects of Adenosine Triphosphate on Nutritional Status in Advanced Lung Cancer Patients: A Randomized Clinical Trial

2002 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 371-378 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hendrik J. Agteresch ◽  
Trinet Rietveld ◽  
Leon G.M. Kerkhofs ◽  
J. Willem O. van den Berg ◽  
J. H. Paul Wilson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lung Cancer ◽  
Clinical Trial ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Randomized Clinical Trial ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Advanced Lung Cancer ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Muscle Area

PURPOSE: In a randomized clinical trial in patients with advanced non–small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), infusion with adenosine 5′-triphosphate (ATP) inhibited loss of body weight and quality of life. In the present article, the effects of ATP on body composition, energy intake, and energy expenditure as secondary outcome measures in the same patients are reported. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients with NSCLC, stage IIIB or IV, were randomized to receive either 10 intravenous, 30-hour ATP infusions every 2 to 4 weeks or no ATP. Fat mass (FM), fat-free mass (FFM), and arm muscle area were assessed at 4-week intervals for 28 weeks. Food intake, body cell mass (BCM), and resting energy expenditure (REE) were assessed at 8-week intervals for 16 weeks. Between-group differences were tested for statistical significance by repeated-measures analysis of covariance. RESULTS: Fifty-eight patients were randomized (28 ATP, 30 control). No change in body composition over the 28-week follow-up period was found in the ATP group, whereas, per 4 weeks, the control group lost 0.6 kg of FM (P = .004), 0.5 kg of FFM (P = .02), 1.8% of arm muscle area (P = .02), and 0.6% of BCM/kg body weight (P = .054) and decreased 568 KJ/d in energy intake (P = .0001). Appetite also remained stable in the ATP group but decreased significantly in the control group (P = .0004). No significant differences in REE between the ATP and control groups were observed. CONCLUSION: The inhibition of weight loss by ATP infusions in patients with advanced NSCLC is attributed to counteracting the loss of both metabolically active and inactive tissues. These effects are partly ascribed to maintenance of energy intake.

scholarly journals Energy intake, physical activity and body weight: a simulation model

1995 ◽  
Vol 73 (3) ◽  
pp. 337-347 ◽  
Author(s):  
Klaas R. Westerterp ◽  
Jeroen H. H. L. M. Donkers ◽  
Elisabeth W. H. M. Fredrix ◽  
Piet oekhoudt
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Energy Balance ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Dietary Intake ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Relative Size ◽  
The Body ◽  
Fat Free Mass

In adults, body mass (BM) and its components fat-free mass (FFM) and fat mass (FM) are normally regulated at a constant level. Changes in FM and FFM are dependent on energy intake (EI) and energy expenditure (EE). The body defends itself against an imbalance between EI and EE by adjusting, within limits, the one to the other. When, at a given EI or EE, energy balance cannot be reached, FM and FFM will change, eventually resulting in an energy balance at a new value. A model is described which simulates changes in FM and FFM using EI and physical activity (PA) as input variables. EI can be set at a chosen value or calculated from dietary intake with a database on the net energy of foods. PA can be set at a chosen multiple of basal metabolic rate (BMR) or calculated from the activity budget with a database on the energy cost of activities in multiples of BMR. BMR is calculated from FFM and FM and, if necessary, FFM is calculated from BM, height, sex and age, using empirical equations. The model uses existing knowledge on the adaptation of energy expenditure (EE) to an imbalance between EI and EE, and to resulting changes in FM and FFM. Mobilization and storage of energy as FM and FFM are functions of the relative size of the deficit (EI/EE) and of the body composition. The model was validated with three recent studies measuring EE at a fixed EI during an interval with energy restriction, overfeeding and exercise training respectively. Discrepancies between observed and simulated changes in energy stores were within the measurement precision of EI, EE and body composition. Thus the consequences of a change in dietary intake or a change in physical activity on body weight and body composition can be simulated.

scholarly journals Changes in Body Composition, Energy Expenditure, and Energy Intake during Four Years of University—A Follow-Up Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (8) ◽  
pp. 3990
Author(s):  
Shai Olansky ◽  
Kayleigh M. Beaudry ◽  
Stacey Woods ◽  
Erin Barbour-Tuck ◽  
Kimberley L. Gammage ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Dietary Energy ◽  
Fat Percentage ◽  
Daily Energy ◽  
Lifestyle Questionnaire

Purpose: The transition to university is often accompanied by the adoption of negative lifestyle habits, which may result in weight and fat gain. While this has been demonstrated during 1st year, little is known about subsequent years. We investigated changes in body composition, energy expenditure, and dietary/energy intake from 1st to 4th year university. Methods: Thirty-eight students (14 males, 24 females) completed a lifestyle questionnaire and had their body mass, fat mass, lean body mass (LBM), and body fat percentage (%BF) measured three times: at the beginning and end of 1st year, and end of 4th year. Results: During 1st year, body mass, fat mass, LBM, and %BF increased (+3.2 ± 3.8 kg, +2.5 ± 3.0 kg, +0.7 ± 2.1 kg, +2.3 ± 4.9%, respectively; p < 0.01), while daily energy intake and expenditure decreased (−359 ± 1019 kcal·d−1 and −434 ± 786 kcal·d−1, respectively; p < 0.01). Between the end of 1st year and end of 4th year, body mass, LBM, and energy expenditure increased (+3.2 ± 3.8 kg, +1.3 ± 2.9 kg, +209 ± 703 kcal·d−1, respectively; p ≤ 0.05), while %BF, fat mass, and energy intake did not change. Conclusions: Although %BF and fat mass remained stable from the end of 1st year to the end of 4th year in this group of university students, the positive increase in energy expenditure was not enough to reverse the weight and fat gained during 1st year.

scholarly journals Anthropometry, Body Composition and Resting Energy Expenditure in Human

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 1891 ◽  
Author(s):  
Josep A. Tur ◽  
Maria del Mar Bibiloni
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Body Size ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Resting Energy Expenditure ◽  
Physical Characteristics ◽  
Systematic Measurement ◽  
Size And Shape ◽  
Systematic Collection

Anthropometry (from the Greek anthropos: human, and metron: measure) refers to the systematic collection and correlation of measurements of human individuals, including the systematic measurement of the physical characteristics of the human body, primarily body weight, body size, and shape [...]

Effect of temperature and/or sweetness of beverages on body composition in rats

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. E. Ragi ◽  
N. El-Helou ◽  
C. El-Mallah ◽  
A. Eid ◽  
O. A. Obeid
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Lean Body Mass ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Cold Exposure ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
External Temperature ◽  
Temperature Variations

Abstract Sweetened beverages are mainly consumed cold and various processes are activated in response to external temperature variations. However, the effect of internal temperature variations through the ingestion of cold beverages is far from clear. Two experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of beverage temperature on body composition. Sprague–Dawley rats (5–6-week-old males) had free access to food and beverage for 8 weeks. Energy intake, body weight and body composition were monitored. In Expt 1, two groups of rats (n 9) consumed water at room temperature (NW about 22°C) or cold (CW about 4°C). In Expt 2, rats were offered room-temperature (N) or cold (C) sweetened water (10 % sucrose CSu (n 7) and NSu (n 8); or 0·05 % acesulfame K CAk (n 6) and NAk (n 8)) for 12 h, followed by plain water. Our results show that in Expt 1, CW had higher lean body mass (P < 0·001) and lower body fat gain (P = 0·004) as compared with NW. In Expt 2, body weight (P = 0·013) and fat (P ≤ 0·001) gains were higher in the non-energetic sweetened groups, while lean body mass was not affected by the type of sweeteners or temperature. In conclusion, cold water ingestion improved lean body mass gain and decreased fat gain because of increased energy expenditure, while non-energetic sweetener (acesulfame K) increased body fat gain due to improved energy efficiency. Internal cold exposure failed to increase energy intake in contrast to that of external cold exposure.

scholarly journals Severe protein deficiency induces hepatic expression and systemic level of FGF21 but inhibits its hypothalamic expression in growing rats

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Joanna Moro ◽  
Catherine Chaumontet ◽  
Patrick C. Even ◽  
Anne Blais ◽  
Julien Piedcoq ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Protein Deficiency ◽  
Protein Diet ◽  
Growing Rats ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Protein Diets

AbstractTo study, in young growing rats, the consequences of different levels of dietary protein deficiency on food intake, body weight, body composition, and energy balance and to assess the role of FGF21 in the adaptation to a low protein diet. Thirty-six weanling rats were fed diets containing 3%, 5%, 8%, 12%, 15% and 20% protein for three weeks. Body weight, food intake, energy expenditure and metabolic parameters were followed throughout this period. The very low-protein diets (3% and 5%) induced a large decrease in body weight gain and an increase in energy intake relative to body mass. No gain in fat mass was observed because energy expenditure increased in proportion to energy intake. As expected, Fgf21 expression in the liver and plasma FGF21 increased with low-protein diets, but Fgf21 expression in the hypothalamus decreased. Under low protein diets (3% and 5%), the increase in liver Fgf21 and the decrease of Fgf21 in the hypothalamus induced an increase in energy expenditure and the decrease in the satiety signal responsible for hyperphagia. Our results highlight that when dietary protein decreases below 8%, the liver detects the low protein diet and responds by activating synthesis and secretion of FGF21 in order to activate an endocrine signal that induces metabolic adaptation. The hypothalamus, in comparison, responds to protein deficiency when dietary protein decreases below 5%.

scholarly journals Body composition and energy intake — skeletal muscle mass is the strongest predictor of food intake in obese adolescents: The HEARTY trial

2016 ◽  
Vol 41 (6) ◽  
pp. 611-617 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jameason D. Cameron ◽  
Ronald J. Sigal ◽  
Glen P. Kenny ◽  
Angela S. Alberga ◽  
Denis Prud’homme ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Skeletal Muscle Mass ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Percentage Body Fat ◽  
Obese Adolescents

There has been renewed interest in examining the relationship between specific components of energy expenditure and the overall influence on energy intake (EI). The purpose of this cross-sectional analysis was to determine the strongest metabolic and anthropometric predictors of EI. It was hypothesized that resting metabolic rate (RMR) and skeletal muscle mass would be the strongest predictors of EI in a sample of overweight and obese adolescents. 304 post-pubertal adolescents (91 boys, 213 girls) aged 16.1 (±1.4) years with body mass index at or above the 95th percentile for age and sex OR at or above the 85th percentile plus an additional diabetes risk factor were measured for body weight, RMR (kcal/day) by indirect calorimetry, body composition by magnetic resonance imaging (fat free mass (FFM), skeletal muscle mass, fat mass (FM), and percentage body fat), and EI (kcal/day) using 3 day food records. Body weight, RMR, FFM, skeletal muscle mass, and FM were all significantly correlated with EI (p < 0.005). After adjusting the model for age, sex, height, and physical activity, only FFM (β = 21.9, p = 0.007) and skeletal muscle mass (β = 25.8, p = 0.02) remained as significant predictors of EI. FFM and skeletal muscle mass also predicted dietary protein and fat intake (p < 0.05), but not carbohydrate intake. In conclusion, with skeletal muscle mass being the best predictor of EI, our results support the hypothesis that the magnitude of the body’s lean tissue is related to absolute levels of EI in a sample of inactive adolescents with obesity.

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