scholarly journals Development of Automatic Mixing Process for Fertigation System in Rock Melon Cultivation

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 1913
Author(s):  
Muhammad Khairie Idham Abd Rahman ◽  
Salinda Buyamin ◽  
M. S. Zainal Abidin ◽  
Musa Mohd Mokji
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Nutrient Solution ◽  
Automatic System ◽  
Concentration Level ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Solution Concentration ◽  
Mixing Process

This work proposed an automatic mixing system of nutrient solution for rock melon fertigation according to the required electrical conductivity (EC) level. Compared to the manual practice, this automatic system will ensure continuous supply of mixed nutrient solution without the need to daily check and mix new nutrient. Thus, this easy to use and low cost automatic system will reduce the burden of the farmers. This system uses an EC sensor to automatically check the concentration level of the mixed nutrient solution. Other than that, the system only consists of electronic pumps for mixing process and an Arduino board as the controller. The controller will monitor the EC level and run the mixing process when the EC level is below the required level. By calibrating the EC sensors, the test shows that the automatic mixing system is able to accurately keep the mixed nutrient solution concentration in a 400 L mixing reservoir at several required levels.

scholarly journals Effects of Concentration and Temperature of Nutrient Solution on Growth and Camptothecin Accumulation of Ophiorrhiza pumila

Plants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 793
Author(s):  
Ji-Yoon Lee ◽  
Miki Hiyama ◽  
Shoko Hikosaka ◽  
Eiji Goto
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Medicinal Plant ◽  
Nutrient Solution ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Solution Concentration ◽  
The Other ◽  
Solution Temperature ◽  
Plant Factory ◽  
Tumor Agent

The medicinal plant, Ophiorrhiza pumila, naturally grows on the floors of humid inland forests in subtropical areas. It accumulates camptothecin (CPT), which is used as an anti-tumor agent, in all organs. We investigated the optimal hydroponic root-zone environments for growth and CPT accumulation in O. pumila in a plant factory. In experiment 1, to determine the appropriate nutrient solution concentration (NSC), O. pumila was cultivated using four concentrations (0.125, 0.25, 0.5, and 1.0 times) of a commercial solution for 63 days after the start of treatment (DAT). The electrical conductivity of these NSCs was 0.6, 0.9, 1.5, and 2.7 dS m−1, respectively. The total dry weights at 0.25 and 0.5 NSCs were higher than those at the other two NSCs. CPT content at 0.25 NSC was significantly higher than those at other NSCs. In experiment 2, to investigate an appropriate nutrient solution temperature (NST), O. pumila was cultivated at four NSTs (10, 20, 26, and 35 °C, named as T10, T20, T26, and T36, respectively) for 35 DAT. The growth and CPT content at T20 was the highest among the treatments. Therefore, root-zone environments of 0.25 NSC and 20 °C of NST produced the best growth and CPT accumulation in O. pumila.

scholarly journals Accumulation of cations in lettuce cultivars under low-cost hydroponic system with brackish waters

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (12) ◽  
pp. 833-839
Author(s):  
Anna C. R. A. da Silva ◽  
Gerônimo F. da Silva ◽  
Sirleide M. de Menezes ◽  
Ruana Í. F. Cruz ◽  
José A. Santos Júnior ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Nutrient Solution ◽  
Aerial Part ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Green Leaf ◽  
Hydroponic System ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Electrical Conductivities

ABSTRACT The use of brackish water to cultivate lettuce can cause nutritional imbalances, impairing production. In this context, the objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of salinity on the accumulation of dry matter of the aerial part and macronutrients K, Ca and Mg and their relations with Na in lettuce cultivars grown in a low-cost hydroponic system. The experiment was conducted in a randomized block design, in a 6 × 2 factorial scheme, with four replicates. The treatments consisted of six electrical conductivities of the nutrient solution (1.5, 2.5, 3.5, 4.5, 5.5 and 6.5 dS m-1) and two lettuce cultivars, Betty [iceberg] and Mimosa [green-leaf]. Regardless of the evaluated cultivar, the increase in the electrical conductivity of the nutrient solution reduced the accumulation of dry matter in the aerial part. In both cultivars, the increase in the electrical conductivity of the nutrient solution reduced the accumulations of K and Mg and increased Na/K, Na/Ca and Na/Mg ratios. The green-leaf cv. Mimosa showed Ca and Mg accumulations higher than that in the iceberg cv. Betty, regardless of electrical conductivity. The increase in electrical conductivity reduced the accumulation of K, in both cultivars evaluated. The decreasing order in the accumulation of macronutrients and sodium in both cultivars was: K > Na > Ca > Mg.

scholarly journals Performance of Hydroponically Cultivated Geranium and Common Verbena under Salinity and High Electrical Conductivity Levels

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1237
Author(s):  
Antonios Chrysargyris ◽  
Spyridon A. Petropoulos ◽  
Dejan Prvulovic ◽  
Nikolaos Tzortzakis
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Chlorophyll Fluorescence ◽  
Nutrient Solution ◽  
High Salinity ◽  
Stomatal Resistance ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Total Flavonoid ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Total Phenolic ◽  
High Electrical Conductivity

Abiotic factors in nutrient solutions (NSs), such as salinity and high electrical conductivity (EC), may adversely alter plant growth and crop performance. However, there are medicinal/aromatic plants which can not only withstand these adverse conditions, but which can also increase their productivity or even enhance their quality in such conditions. As fresh water sources suitable for irrigation are becoming more and more limited, the use of low-quality water sources and hydroponic growing systems have been suggested as the main alternatives. Towards that direction, this study aims to evaluate the effect of high EC levels in NSs on geranium (Pelargonium graveolens L’Hér.) and common verbena (Verbena officinallis L.) plants cultivated in a soilless (perlite) hydroponics system. Plants were irrigated with a full nutrient solution of EC 2.1 dS m−1 and pH 5.8 until they reached a uniform size. Then, three treatments were applied, namely: (a) a control treatment with an EC of 2.1 dS m−1 in the NS, (b) a high-salinity NS created by adding 75 mM of NaCl (EC under 8.5 dS m−1) and (c) a concentrated NS with an EC of 8.5 dS m−1. In pelargonium, high salinity decreased the total phenolic and total flavonoid contents; antioxidant capacity; N, K, Mg and P content; as well as chlorophyll fluorescence, compared to the control treatment. On the other hand, increased salinity levels increased the Na and Ca content and stomatal resistance. In common verbena, salinity decreased total phenolic content and chlorophyll fluorescence but increased total flavonoid content; antioxidants; leaf K, P, Na, Cu and Zn content; and stomatal resistance, compared to the control. In both species, high EC did not affect polyphenols, flavonoids or antioxidants, whereas it increased stomatal resistance and nutrient accumulation in the leaves, and decreased chlorophyll fluorescence compared to the control treatment. Damage indices, indicated by lipid peroxidation, hydrogen peroxide production and the elevation of enzymes’ antioxidant activities, were evidenced in both saline- and high-EC-treated plants. In conclusion, despite having the same EC levels in the nutrient solution, it seems that ionic stress caused by high mineral concentrations in the nutrient solution had less severe effects on the tested plants than the relevant osmotic stress caused by high salinity due to the addition of NaCl in the nutrient solution.

scholarly journals Transport Properties of Natural and Artificial Smart Fabrics Impregnated by Graphite Nanomaterial Stacks

Nanomaterials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 1018
Author(s):  
Carola Esposito Corcione ◽  
Francesca Ferrari ◽  
Raffaella Striani ◽  
Antonio Greco
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Transport Properties ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Empirical Relationship ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Expandable Graphite ◽  
Easy Method ◽  
Textile Materials ◽  
Fabric Materials ◽  
The Impact

In this work, we studied the transport properties (thermal and electrical conductivity) of smart fabric materials treated with graphite nanomaterial stacks–acetone suspensions. An innovative and easy method to produce graphite nanomaterial stacks–acetone-based formulations, starting from a low-cost expandable graphite, is proposed. An original, economical, fast, and easy method to increase the thermal and electrical conductivity of textile materials was also employed for the first time. The proposed method allows the impregnation of smart fabric materials, avoiding pre-coating of the fibers, thus reducing costs and processing time, while obtaining a great increase in the transport properties. Two kinds of textiles, cotton and Lycra®, were selected as they represent the most used natural and artificial fabrics, respectively. The impact of the dimensions of the produced graphite nanomaterial stacks–acetone-based suspensions on both the uniformity of the treatment and the transport properties of the selected textile materials was accurately evaluated using several experimental techniques. An empirical relationship between the two transport properties was also successfully identified. Finally, several theoretical models were applied to predict the transport properties of the developed smart fabric materials, evidencing a good agreement with the experimental data.

scholarly journals A Low-Cost Water Depth and Electrical Conductivity Sensor for Detecting Inputs into Urban Stormwater Networks

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (9) ◽  
pp. 3056
Author(s):  
Baiqian Shi ◽  
Stephen Catsamas ◽  
Peter Kolotelo ◽  
Miao Wang ◽  
Anna Lintern ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Water Depth ◽  
Asset Management ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
Urban Drainage ◽  
Urban Stormwater ◽  
High Resolution Data ◽  
Conductivity Sensor ◽  
Level Sensor

High-resolution data collection of the urban stormwater network is crucial for future asset management and illicit discharge detection, but often too expensive as sensors and ongoing frequent maintenance works are not affordable. We developed an integrated water depth, electrical conductivity (EC), and temperature sensor that is inexpensive (USD 25), low power, and easily implemented in urban drainage networks. Our low-cost sensor reliably measures the rate-of-change of water level without any re-calibration by comparing with industry-standard instruments such as HACH and HORIBA’s probes. To overcome the observed drift of level sensors, we developed an automated re-calibration approach, which significantly improved its accuracy. For applications like monitoring stormwater drains, such an approach will make higher-resolution sensing feasible from the budget control considerations, since the regular sensor re-calibration will no longer be required. For other applications like monitoring wetlands or wastewater networks, a manual re-calibration every two weeks is required to limit the sensor’s inaccuracies to ±10 mm. Apart from only being used as a calibrator for the level sensor, the conductivity sensor in this study adequately monitored EC between 0 and 10 mS/cm with a 17% relative uncertainty, which is sufficient for stormwater monitoring, especially for real-time detection of poor stormwater quality inputs. Overall, our proposed sensor can be rapidly and densely deployed in the urban drainage network for revolutionised high-density monitoring that cannot be achieved before with high-end loggers and sensors.

scholarly journals Whispering Gallery Mode Based Optical Fiber Sensor for Measuring Concentration of Salt Solution

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chia-Chin Chiang ◽  
Jian-Cin Chao
Keyword(s):  
Optical Fiber ◽  
Mass Production ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Optical Fiber Sensor ◽  
Whispering Gallery Mode ◽  
Solution Concentration ◽  
Fiber Sensor ◽  
Average Sensitivity ◽  
Whispering Gallery ◽  
The Right

An optical fiber solution-concentration sensor based on whispering gallery mode (WGM) is proposed in this paper. The WGM solution-concentration sensors were used to measure salt solutions, in which the concentrations ranged from 1% to 25% and the wavelength drifted from the left to the right. The experimental results showed an average sensitivity of approximately 0.372 nm/% and anR2linearity of 0.8835. The proposed WGM sensors are of low cost, feasible for mass production, and durable for solution-concentration sensing.

scholarly journals Temperature distribution in a permafrost-affected rock ridge from conductivity and induced polarization tomography

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
P-A Duvillard ◽  
F Magnin ◽  
A Revil ◽  
A Legay ◽  
L Ravanel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Temperature Distribution ◽  
Thermal State ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Freezing Temperature ◽  
Induced Polarization ◽  
Rock Surface ◽  
European Alps ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Polarization Tomography

Summary Knowledge of the thermal state of steep alpine rock faces is crucial to assess potential geohazards associated with the degradation of permafrost. Temperature measurements at the rock surface or in boreholes are however expensive, invasive, and provide spatially-limited information. Electrical conductivity and induced polarization tomography can detect permafrost. We test here a recently developed petrophysical model based on the use of an exponential freezing curve applied to both electrical conductivity and normalized chargeability to infer the distribution of temperature below the freezing temperature. We then apply this approach to obtain the temperature distribution from electrical conductivity and normalized chargeability field data obtained across a profile extending from the SE to NW faces of the lower Cosmiques ridge (Mont Blanc massif, Western European Alps, 3613 m a.s.l., France). The geophysical datasets were acquired both in 2016 and 2019. The results indicate that the only NW face of the rock ridge is frozen. To evaluate our results, we model the bedrock temperature across this rock ridge using CryoGRID2, a 1D MATLAB diffusive transient thermal model and surface temperature time series. The modelled temperature profile confirms the presence of permafrost in a way that is consistent with that obtained from the geophysical data. Our study offers a promising low-cost approach to monitor temperature distribution in Alpine rock walls and ridges in response to climate change.

Detection and monitoring of fire and gas leakage systems in industries

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (2.8) ◽  
pp. 419
Author(s):  
K Geetha ◽  
P Prabha ◽  
C Preetha Devi ◽  
S Priyadharshini ◽  
S Tamilselvan
Keyword(s):  
Temperature Sensor ◽  
Traditional Method ◽  
Automatic System ◽  
Continuous Monitoring ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Fire Detection ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Quality Service ◽  
Fire Monitoring ◽  
Gas Leakage

Now a days, Industries are more equipped with automatic system. Fire monitoring is one of the applications where continuous monitoring of temperature and humidity is essential to detect the fire in the industry. Fire detection is very much necessary to protect both the industry and to conserve environment and livelihood of human. This paper presents an algorithm to detect the fire in the industry based on ZigBee and GPRS wireless sensor network which provides low cost, low maintenance and good quality service when compared with the traditional method. The hardware circuitry of proposed solution is based on microcontroller, temperature sensor along with ZigBee and GPRS modules.

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