scholarly journals ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯ СТАНУ ОРГАНІЗАЦІЇ ЗАБЕЗПЕЧЕННЯ НАСЕЛЕННЯ ЛІКАРСЬКИМИ ЗАСОБАМИ В РОКИ НЕЗАЛЕЖНОСТІ УКРАЇНИ -СТАНОВЛЕННЯ ФАРМАЦЕВТИЧНОГО РИНКУ

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. O. Boryshchuk ◽  
O. S. Solovyov ◽  
T. M. Krasnianska ◽  
I. V. Klymenko ◽  
S. V. Auhunas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Generic Drugs ◽  
Pharmaceutical Market ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Regulatory Requirements ◽  
Drug Molecules ◽  
Market Formation ◽  
Pharmaceutical Activity ◽  
The Law ◽  
Methods Analytical

<p>The aim of the research was to study the correspondence of existing legislative and regulatory requirements of the pharmaceutical industry development, the analysis of the formation of the Ukrainian pharmaceutical market, the condition of drug assistance according to European requirements and recommendations of the WHO.</p><p>For the study archival materials, publications in scientific journals, and mass media were used, laws and provisions regulating pharmaceutical activity were studied and a survey among citizens was conducted. Systematic and logical methods, analytical and comparative analysis were applied, and own researches were performed.</p><p>For 22 years of Ukrainian statehood formation the following institutes were created: Pharmacological College, Pharmacopoeia Committee and State Service for Quality Control of Drugs which were transported to other institutes. Important laws were adopted: the Law of Ukraine «On Medicines», the Law of Ukraine «On small-scale privatization», the Law of Ukraine «On large-scale privatization» and others, which contributed to the formation and development of the pharmaceutical market.</p><p>In comparison with 1990 the amount of drugstore chains increased two and a half times and in 2013 in the country already worked 15 566 drugstores, including 3 025 in villages. Specific peculiarity of pharmaceutical market formation in Ukraine was the creation of powerful own regional and all-Ukrainian drugstore chains, that is greatly different from such situation in EU countries, where the legislation allows to have only one or two drugstores. As the result of pharmaceutical market formation the drugs nomenclature increased eight times and now makes up more than 20 000 names, including 92.4 % generic drugs. According to publications, Ukraine lacks about 40 % of drug molecules needed for medical treatment, and 30 % of studied drugs are not proved. There is the problem of uncontrollable turnover and drugs consumption in Ukraine. Self-treatment is widespread today: 82 % of Ukrainians prescribe medicines by themselves even when they feel a little unwell.</p><p>Among all examined 75 drugstores in different regions (Zakarpattya, Rivne, Khmelnytsk, Kherson etc.) people can get drugs without prescription. During 2014 the pharmaceutical market in comparison with previous year rose by 14 % and its income made up 36 billion UAH. Drug producers perform aggressive marketing and break rules of drugs advertising. Among important problems that require the improvement of legislative and regulatory base at governmental level concerning the economic drug assistance for all population groups.</p>

A “Manifest Violation” of the Rights of Englishmen: Rights Talk and the Law of Property in Early Eighteenth-Century Jamaica

2015 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 543-575 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lee B. Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Political Conflict ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Property Law ◽  
Negro Woman ◽  
Early American ◽  
Plantation Economy ◽  
The Law ◽  
To Come

In 1706, Jamaica's provost marshal received a writ of escheat from the island's Supreme Court of Judicature. The writ directed him to empanel a jury of “Twelve and Lawful Men of the Neighbourhood” who would determine whether the slaves of James Whitchurch, a Jamaican merchant, should be escheated—returned—to the Crown. Did the “Negro Woman Slave Commonly Called Catalina” and her “Seaven Pickaninny” belong to Whitchurch, or could Queen Anne claim her prerogative right to an escheat because the previous owner of the slaves, Charles Delamaine, had died without an heir? The jury found in the Crown's favor, but a dissatisfied Whitchurch petitioned Queen Anne for relief, asking her to return the slaves and quiet his title. Whitchurch's petition, the first Jamaican escheat case to come before the Queen, sparked a transatlantic legal controversy as colonists, Assembly members, and imperial officials weighed the Crown's prerogative right to escheats against local political grievances and the Board of Trade's desire to encourage West Indian settlement and trade. This seemingly mundane conflict over property law quickly acquired constitutional significance, generating the kind of rights talk so familiar to early American historians: Jamaican colonists claimed the rights of Englishmen, and the Jamaican Assembly asserted an institutional capacity akin to Parliament. In this article, I contextualize colonists' rights talk, rooting their claims to English rights in concerns about the administration of property law during a crucial liminal moment in Jamaican history. As the colony transitioned from a small-scale to a large-scale plantation economy and from a society with slaves to a slave society, property and the law that governed it became the focus of intense political conflict.

scholarly journals REGULATORY PERSPECTIVES OF PHARMACEUTICAL PRODUCTS IN GHANA

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 7-15
Author(s):  
Raja Mohan Reddy G. ◽  
M. P. Venkatesh ◽  
Achin J. ◽  
Pramod Kumar T.M.
Keyword(s):  
Regulatory Authority ◽  
Generic Drugs ◽  
Pharmaceutical Products ◽  
Pharmaceutical Product ◽  
Pharmaceutical Market ◽  
Regulatory Requirements ◽  
Drug Products ◽  
Drug Registration ◽  
Good Market ◽  
Gain Access

Drug Registration is a procedure of expertise of pharmaceutical product quality, efficacy and safety by the Regulatory Authority. The emergence of various formats has enabled the manufacturers of the drug to easily gain access into various markets and thus was able to place their products into the market. The choice of Ghana as one of the destinations for the market of the Drug products ensures the manufacturer a good market value. Ghana is considered as one of the growing pharmaceutical market in east Africa. Of late, generic drugs are holding a major stake in the pharmaceutical market and are gaining more and more confidence in the usage. Majority of medicines in the Ghana are generic drugs which are considered as value for the money and affordable. With Ghana Regulatory Authority is the Food and Drugs Board, which takes decision to register the product and issues Registration Certificate. This study mainly focuses on the regulatory environment, registration process involved and the regulatory requirements that are applicable for the generic drug products in Ghana.

scholarly journals Manifestation of Sanctions Against Players of Forest and Land Burning in the Aspects of the Law on the Eradication of Corruption Criminal Acts

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (01) ◽  
pp. 24-37
Author(s):  
Vivi Arfiani ◽  
Jamri Jamri
Keyword(s):  
Forest Fires ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Deterrent Effect ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Plantation Forest ◽  
Land Preparation ◽  
Industrial Plantation ◽  
The Law ◽  
The Impact

Forest fires are mostly caused by land preparation activities for various forms of agriculture and forestry business (ranging from small scale such as shifting cultivation to large scale such as the development of Industrial Plantation Forest or HTI as well as oil palm, rubber plantations, etc.) which consequently often exacerbated by extreme climatic conditions such as a long dry season Law enforcement against forest and land burning actors is able to provide a deterrent effect for the perpetrators as well as to compensate for any losses arising from forest and land burning. Correct knowledge through systematic steps This type of research is classified into normative legal research or library research, providing boundaries through applicable laws and regulations in order to minimize all forms of threats and ri risk of pollution and environmental destruction for the preservation of life and ecosystems, an area exposed to extensive haze disasters to exceed national borders certainly requires a concrete effort to end the haze disaster caused by burning land and forests. The strategy to ensnare perpetrators of forest and land burning, both corporations and individuals, the State of Indonesia, ensnaring the law through a criminal law approach actually provides an alternative to uphold justice. Moreover, the impact of forest and land fires is not small. The Corruption Law Approach can be used as a new option to ensnare perpetrators of forest and land burning.

Small-Scale Science to Large-Scale Profession

2000 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 396-398
Author(s):  
Roger Smith
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Small Scale

Development of Physics Learning Module Based on Guided Inquiry with Light Wave Material in Class XI of Senior High School

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Evi Rahmawati ◽  
Irnin Agustina Dwi Astuti ◽  
N Nurhayati
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Learning Strategy ◽  
Student Response ◽  
Average Score ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Design Development ◽  
Teacher Response ◽  
Student Responses ◽  
Analysis Design ◽  
Scientific Skills

IPA Integrated is a place for students to study themselves and the surrounding environment applied in daily life. Integrated IPA Learning provides a direct experience to students through the use and development of scientific skills and attitudes. The importance of integrated IPA requires to pack learning well, integrated IPA integration with the preparation of modules combined with learning strategy can maximize the learning process in school. In SMP 209 Jakarta, the value of the integrated IPA is obtained from 34 students there are 10 students completed and 24 students are not complete because they get the value below the KKM of 68. This research is a development study with the development model of ADDIE (Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, and Evaluation). The use of KPS-based integrated IPA modules (Science Process sSkills) on the theme of rainbow phenomenon obtained by media expert validation results with an average score of 84.38%, average material expert 82.18%, average linguist 75.37%. So the average of all aspects obtained by 80.55% is worth using and tested to students. The results of the teacher response obtained 88.69% value with excellent criteria. Student responses on a small scale acquired an average score of 85.19% with highly agreed criteria and on the large-scale student response gained a yield of 86.44% with very agreed criteria. So the module can be concluded receiving a good response by the teacher and students.

Planetary gentrification and urban (re)development

2019 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Loretta Lees
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Policy Making ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Urban Redevelopment ◽  
Urban Transformation ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Income Groups ◽  
Low Income Groups

Abstract Gentrification is no-longer, if it ever was, a small scale process of urban transformation. Gentrification globally is more often practised as large scale urban redevelopment. It is state-led or state-induced. The results are clear – the displacement and disenfranchisement of low income groups in favour of wealthier in-movers. So, why has gentrification come to dominate policy making worldwide and what can be done about it?

AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION OF CA DONG PEOPLE IN RESETTLEMENT AREA OF TRANH RIVER HYDROPOWER NUMBER 2: CURRENT SITUATION AND IMPACT FACTORS

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bùi Thị Bích Lan
Keyword(s):  
Social Relations ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Transition Process ◽  
Impact Factors ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Technical Application ◽  
Production Models ◽  
Role Of The State

In Vietnam, the construction of hydropower projects has contributed significantly in the cause of industrialization and modernization of the country. The place where hydropower projects are built is mostly inhabited by ethnic minorities - communities that rely primarily on land, a very important source of livelihood security. In the context of the lack of common productive land in resettlement areas, the orientation for agricultural production is to promote indigenous knowledge combined with increasing scientific and technical application; shifting from small-scale production practices to large-scale commodity production. However, the research results of this article show that many obstacles in the transition process are being posed such as limitations on natural resources, traditional production thinking or the suitability and effectiveness of scientific - technical application models. When agricultural production does not ensure food security, a number of implications for people’s lives are increasingly evident, such as poverty, preserving cultural identity, social relations and resource protection. Since then, it has set the role of the State in researching and building appropriate agricultural production models to exploit local strengths and ensure sustainability.

Managing the impacts of mining on Ghana’s water resources from a legal perspective

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 156-165 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nasirudeen Abdul Fatawu
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Water Resources ◽  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Mining Activities ◽  
Protection Agency ◽  
Environmental Laws ◽  
Mining Areas ◽  
Legal Perspective

Recent floods in Ghana are largely blamed on mining activities. Not only are lives lost through these floods, farms andproperties are destroyed as a result. Water resources are diverted, polluted and impounded upon by both large-scale minersand small-scale miners. Although these activities are largely blamed on behavioural attitudes that need to be changed, thereare legal dimensions that should be addressed as well. Coincidentally, a great proportion of the water resources of Ghana arewithin these mining areas thus the continual pollution of these surface water sources is a serious threat to the environmentand the development of the country as a whole. The environmental laws need to be oriented properly with adequate sanctionsto tackle the impacts mining has on water resources. The Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) procedure needs to bestreamlined and undertaken by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and not the company itself.

RANCANG BANGUN PERANGKAT EKSPERIMENTASI PROSES PIROLISIS BIOMASA GELOMBANG MIKRO

2013 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Noor Fachrizal
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Continuous Model ◽  
Biomass Energy ◽  
Scale Model ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Laboratory Apparatus ◽  
Liquid Form ◽  
Large Scale Model ◽  
Bio Oil ◽  
Pyrolysis Of Biomass

Biomass such as agriculture waste and urban waste are enormous potency as energy resources instead of enviromental problem. organic waste can be converted into energy in the form of liquid fuel, solid, and syngas by using of pyrolysis technique. Pyrolysis process can yield higher liquid form when the process can be drifted into fast and flash response. It can be solved by using microwave heating method. This research is started from developing an experimentation laboratory apparatus of microwave-assisted pyrolysis of biomass energy conversion system, and conducting preliminary experiments for gaining the proof that this method can be established for driving the process properly and safely. Modifying commercial oven into laboratory apparatus has been done, it works safely, and initial experiments have been carried out, process yields bio-oil and charcoal shortly, several parameters are achieved. Some further experiments are still needed for more detail parameters. Theresults may be used to design small-scale continuous model of productionsystem, which then can be developed into large-scale model that applicable for comercial use.

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