Pathological, molecular and phylogenic study of fowlpox virus in domesticated chickens of Tikrit City, Iraq

Fowlpox virus (FPV) is one of the viruses affecting chickens worldwide, causing pathological and economic losses in the poultry industry. Viral lesions are easily recognizable by the eye and usually appear in the featherless areas, especially the head. Moreover, the virus could lead to blindness and mortality in some cases. This study diagnosed the suspected fowlpox cases, identified and classified the causative agent. We also analyzed the differences and similarities of closely related viruses at the neighboring and regional countries. Fifty samples were collected from three locations of Tikrit city from the domesticated chickens, which showed cutaneous lesions. Virus DNA was extracted directly from tissue samples before the nested PCR technique was performed. The virion core protein (P4b) gene is partially sequenced and analyzed with routine histological sectioning. Results showed that the virus causes pock lesions of dermal hyperplasia and hyperkeratosis. Hyperplasia and congestion of the chorioallantoic membrane were also recorded. The study also showed that the DNA of FPV could be extracted directly from animal tissue without further purification. The sequence analysis showed that the FPV was confirmed in all samples clustered in clade A identical with Iranian and Egyptian isolates. In conclusion, this study approved that the virus belongs to the classical dermal type of poxviruses and the short genetic distances between viruses related to closely neighboring countries. We also concluded that the conservative P4b gene included mutation sites that make this gene practical for diagnosing the virus and phylogenetic analysis.

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Avipoxvirus detected in tumor-like lesions in a white-faced whistling duck (Dendrocygna viduata)

Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira ◽

10.1590/1678-5150-pvb-6580 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 40 (10) ◽

pp. 818-823

Author(s):

Juliana F.V. Braga ◽

Rodrigo M. Couto ◽

Marcelo C. Rodrigues ◽

Roselene Ecco

Keyword(s):

Squamous Cell Carcinoma ◽

Phylogenetic Analysis ◽

Protein Gene ◽

Core Protein ◽

Avian Species ◽

Tissue Samples ◽

Histopathological Evaluation ◽

In Captivity ◽

Avian Pox ◽

Tumor Like Lesions

ABSTRACT: Avipoxvirus is the etiological agent of the avian pox, a well-known disease of captive and wild birds, and it has been associated with tumor-like lesions in some avian species. A white-faced whistling duck (Dendrocygna viduata) raised in captivity was referred to a Veterinary Teaching Hospital in Northeast due to cutaneous nodules present in both wings. A few days after the clinical examination, the animal died naturally. Once submitted to necropsy, histopathological evaluation of the lesions revealed clusters of proliferating epithelial cells expanding toward the dermis. Some of these cells had round, well-defined, intracytoplasmic eosinophilic material suggestive of poxvirus inclusion (Bollinger bodies). PCR performed on the DNA extracted from tissue samples amplified a fragment of the 4b core protein gene (fpv167), which was purified and sequenced. This fragment of Avipoxvirus DNA present in these tumor-like lesions showed high genetic homology (100.0%) with other poxviruses detected in different avian species in several countries, but none of them were related to tumor-like lesions or squamous cell carcinoma. This is the first report of Avipoxvirus detected in tumor-like lesions of a white-faced whistling duck with phylogenetic analysis of the virus.

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Genome and Phylogenetic Analysis of Infectious Hematopoietic Necrosis Virus Strain SNU1 Isolated in Korea

Pathogens ◽

10.3390/pathogens8040200 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 8 (4) ◽

pp. 200 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Woo Taek Oh ◽

Jin Woo Jun ◽

Sib Sankar Giri ◽

Saekil Yun ◽

Hyoun Joong Kim ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Phylogenetic Analysis ◽

Complete Genome ◽

Infectious Hematopoietic Necrosis Virus ◽

Economic Losses ◽

Hematopoietic Tissue ◽

Necrosis Virus ◽

Tissue Samples ◽

Infectious Hematopoietic Necrosis ◽

Genome Study ◽

Genomic Studies

Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV), one of the most important pathogenic fish viruses, affects trout fisheries and causes considerable economic losses. Currently, in Korea, more studies on IHNV infection are being reported. However, relatively less data is available on Korean isolates than on those from other countries. Few studies have focused on gene sequence analyses of IHNV glycoprotein (G) gene and almost none have focused on other gene fragments. Therefore, considering the dearth of adequate phylogenetic and genomic studies on Korean IHNV strains because of the lack of data, our study aimed to provide sufficient relevant data by sequencing the complete genome of the IHNV strain SNU1, which was recently isolated from a Korean rainbow trout farm. Moreover, we focused on expanding the perspectives on the phylogenesis of IHNV isolates from Korea and other Asian countries. IHNV was isolated from pooled hematopoietic tissue samples using Epithelioma papulosum cyprinid (EPC) cells, and phylogenetic analysis and genome study were conducted using complete G, N, and nonvirion (NV) gene sequences. Our main achievements were the development of a phylogenetic analytical method based on the NV gene and complete genome sequence analysis of the IHNV strain SNU1, which was compared with other Asian isolate sequences.

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Immunoelectron microscopic localization of elastic tissue in archival material using an improved method

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100161539 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 48 (3) ◽

pp. 794-795

Author(s):

J. C. Fanning ◽

J. F. White ◽

R. Polewski ◽

E. G. Cleary

Keyword(s):

Normal Animal ◽

Animal Tissue ◽

Elastic Tissue ◽

Human Tissues ◽

Improved Method ◽

Tissue Samples ◽

Archival Material ◽

Immuno Electron Microscopy ◽

Arteries And Veins ◽

Biochemical Examination

Elastic tissue is an important component of the walls of arteries and veins, of skin, of the lungs and in lesser amounts, of many other tissues. It is responsible for the rubber-like properties of the arteries and for the normal texture of young skin. It undergoes changes in a number of important diseases such as atherosclerosis and emphysema and on exposure of skin to sunlight.We have recently described methods for the localizationof elastic tissue components in normal animal and human tissues. In the study of developing and diseased tissues it is often not possible to obtain samples which have been optimally prepared for immuno-electron microscopy. Sometimes there is also a need to examine retrospectively samples collected some years previously. We have therefore developed modifications to our published methods to allow examination of human and animal tissue samples obtained at surgery or during post mortem which have subsequently been: 1. stored frozen at -35° or -70°C for biochemical examination; 2.

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Detection of Rhodococcus fascians, the Causative Agent of Lily Fasciation in South Korea

Pathogens ◽

10.3390/pathogens10020241 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

pp. 241

Author(s):

Joon Moh Park ◽

Jachoon Koo ◽

Se Won Kang ◽

Sung Hee Jo ◽

Jeong Mee Park

Keyword(s):

Phylogenetic Analysis ◽

South Korea ◽

Nicotiana Benthamiana ◽

Economic Value ◽

Virulence Gene ◽

Economic Losses ◽

Herbaceous Perennials ◽

Rhodococcus Fascians ◽

Different Strains

Rhodococcus fascians is an important pathogen that infects various herbaceous perennials and reduces their economic value. In this study, we examined R. fascians isolates carrying a virulence gene from symptomatic lily plants grown in South Korea. Phylogenetic analysis using the nucleotide sequences of 16S rRNA, vicA, and fasD led to the classification of the isolates into four different strains of R. fascians. Inoculation of Nicotiana benthamiana with these isolates slowed root growth and resulted in symptoms of leafy gall. These findings elucidate the diversification of domestic pathogenic R. fascians and may lead to an accurate causal diagnosis to help reduce economic losses in the bulb market.

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Experimental infection of indigenous North African goats with goatpox virus

Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica ◽

10.1186/s13028-021-00574-2 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 63 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Jihane Hamdi ◽

Zahra Bamouh ◽

Mohammed Jazouli ◽

Meryem Alhyane ◽

Najet Safini ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antibody Response ◽

Experimental Infection ◽

Subcutaneous Tissue ◽

Severe Disease ◽

Clinical Signs ◽

Economic Losses ◽

North African ◽

Cutaneous Lesions ◽

Viral Dna ◽

Goatpox Virus

Abstract Background Goatpox is a viral disease caused by infection with goatpox virus (GTPV) of the genus Capripoxvirus, Poxviridae family. Capripoxviruses cause serious disease to livestock and contribute to huge economic losses. Goatpox and sheeppox are endemic to Africa, particularly north of the Equator, the Middle East and many parts of Asia. GTPV and sheeppox virus are considered host-specific; however, both strains can cause clinical disease in either goats or sheep with more severe disease in the homologous species and mild or sub-clinical infection in the other. Goatpox has never been reported in Morocco, Algeria or Tunisia despite the huge population of goats living in proximity with sheep in those countries. To evaluate the susceptibility and pathogenicity of indigenous North African goats to GTPV infection, we experimentally inoculated eight locally bred goats with a virulent Vietnamese isolate of GTPV. Two uninfected goats were kept as controls. Clinical examination was carried out daily and blood was sampled for virology and for investigating the antibody response. After necropsy, tissues were collected and assessed for viral DNA using real-time PCR. Results Following the experimental infection, all inoculated goats displayed clinical signs characteristic of goatpox including varying degrees of hyperthermia, loss of appetite, inactivity and cutaneous lesions. The infection severely affected three of the infected animals while moderate to mild disease was noticed in the remaining goats. A high antibody response was developed. High viral DNA loads were detected in skin crusts and nodules, and subcutaneous tissue at the injection site with cycle threshold (Ct) values ranging from 14.6 to 22.9, while lower viral loads were found in liver and lung (Ct = 35.7 and 35.1). The results confirmed subcutaneous tropism of the virus. Conclusion Clinical signs of goatpox were reproduced in indigenous North African goats and confirmed a high susceptibility of the North African goat breed to GTPV infection. A clinical scoring system is proposed that can be applied in GTPV vaccine efficacy studies.

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Extensive Phylogenetic Analysis of Piscine Orthoreovirus Genomic Sequences Shows the Robustness of Subgenotype Classification

Pathogens ◽

10.3390/pathogens10010041 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

pp. 41

Author(s):

Marcos Godoy ◽

Daniel A. Medina ◽

Rudy Suarez ◽

Sandro Valenzuela ◽

Jaime Romero ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Phylogenetic Analysis ◽

Genetic Variation ◽

Sequence Analysis ◽

Molecular Phylogeny ◽

Phylogenetic Trees ◽

Genomic Segment ◽

Double Stranded Rna ◽

The Family ◽

Original Classification

Piscine orthoreovirus (PRV) belongs to the family Reoviridae and has been described mainly in association with salmonid infections. The genome of PRV consists of about 23,600 bp, with 10 segments of double-stranded RNA, classified as small (S1 to S4), medium (M1, M2 and M3) and large (L1, L2 and L3); these range approximately from 1000 bp (segment S4) to 4000 bp (segment L1). How the genetic variation among PRV strains affects the virulence for salmonids is still poorly understood. The aim of this study was to describe the molecular phylogeny of PRV based on an extensive sequence analysis of the S1 and M2 segments of PRV available in the GenBank database to date (May 2020). The analysis was extended to include new PRV sequences for S1 and M2 segments. In addition, subgenotype classifications were assigned to previously published unclassified sequences. It was concluded that the phylogenetic trees are consistent with the original classification using the PRV genomic segment S1, which differentiates PRV into two major genotypes, I and II, and each of these into two subgenotypes, designated as Ia and Ib, and IIa and IIb, respectively. Moreover, some clusters of country- and host-specific PRV subgenotypes were observed in the subset of sequences used. This work strengthens the subgenotype classification of PRV based on the S1 segment and can be used to enhance research on the virulence of PRV.

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Animal infections by vaccinia-like viruses in the state of Rio de Janeiro: an expanding disease

Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira ◽

10.1590/s0100-736x2009000700004 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 29 (7) ◽

pp. 509-514 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Hermann G. Schatzmayr ◽

Bruno R. Simonetti ◽

Danielle C. Abreu ◽

José P. Simonetti ◽

Sandra R. Simonetti ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Dairy Cattle ◽

Rio De Janeiro ◽

Close Contact ◽

Vero Cells ◽

The State ◽

Economic Losses ◽

Virus Infections ◽

Wild Rodents ◽

Tissue Samples ◽

Northwestern Region

In the present study we investigated the presence of infections by vaccinia-like viruses in dairy cattle from 12 counties in the state of Rio de Janeiro in the last 9 years. Clinical specimens were collected from adult animals with vesicular/pustular lesions mainly in the udder and teats, and from calves with lesions around the nose and mouth. A plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT) was applied to search for antibodies to Orthopoxvirus; the vesicular/pustular fluids and scabs were examined by PCR, electron microscopy (EM) and by inoculation in VERO cells for virus isolation. Antibodies to Orthopoxvirus were detected in most cases. The PCR test indicated a high nucleotide homology among the isolates and the vaccinia viruses (VACV) used as controls. By EM, typical orthopoxvirus particles were observed in some specimens. The agents isolated in tissue culture were confirmed as vaccinia-like viruses by EM and PCR. The HA gene of the vaccinia-like Cantagalo/IOC virus isolated in our laboratory was sequenced and compared with other vaccinia-like isolates, showing high homology with the original Cantagalo strain, both strains isolated in 1999 from dairy cattle. Antibodies to Orthopoxvirus were detected in one wild rodent (genus Akodon sp.) collected in the northwestern region of the state, indicating the circulation of poxvirus in this area. Nonetheless, PCR applied to tissue samples collected from the wild rodents were negative. Vesicular/pustular lesions in people in close contact with animals have been also recorded. Thus, the vaccinia-like virus infections in cattle and humans in the state seem to be an expanding condition, resulting in economic losses to dairy herds and leading to transient incapacitating human disease. Therefore, a possible immunization of the dairy cattle in the state should be carefully evaluated.

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Molecular insights into the phylogenetic placement of the poorly known genus Niceforonia Goin & Cochran, 1963 (Anura: Brachycephaloidea)

Zootaxa ◽

10.11646/zootaxa.4514.4.3 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 4514 (4) ◽

pp. 487

Author(s):

ANDRÉS R. ACOSTA-GALVIS ◽

JEFFREY W. STREICHER ◽

LUIGI MANUELLI ◽

TRAVIS CUDDY ◽

RAFAEL O. DE SÁ

Keyword(s):

Phylogenetic Analysis ◽

New World ◽

Taxonomic Revision ◽

Phylogenetic Inference ◽

Genetic Distances ◽

Molecular Phylogenetic Analysis ◽

Phylogenetic Placement ◽

Molecular Phylogenetic ◽

First Time

Among New World direct-developing frogs belonging to the clade Brachycephaloidea (= Terraranae), there are several genera with uncertain phylogenetic placements. One notable example is the genus Niceforonia Goin & Cochran 1963, which includes three species that are endemic to Colombia. Three specimens of the species Niceforonia nana were collected and for the first time the genus is included in a molecular phylogenetic analysis of mitochondrial (mtDNA; 12S and 16S) and nuclear (nucDNA; TYR and RAG1) markers. Molecular phylogenetic inference based on concatenated and separate mtDNA and nucDNA analyses recovered Niceforonia nana nested within Hypodactylus Hedges et al. 2008, rendering the latter genus paraphyletic. Consequently, herein we place the genus Hypodactylus in the synonymy of Niceforonia to resolve the paraphyly and place Niceforonia in the subfamily Hypodactylinae. Based on our revised concept of the genus Niceforonia we conducted preliminary morphological comparisons using specimens and literature descriptions. Finally, Nicefornia nana is quite divergent from other species of Niceforonia (uncorrected genetic distances of ca. 10% 16S and 7% TYR) suggesting that further taxonomic revision may be warranted.

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Species delimitation in the leaf beetle genus Macroplea (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae) based on mitochondrial DNA, and phylogeographic considerations

Insect Systematics & Evolution ◽

10.1163/187631206788831443 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 37 (4) ◽

pp. 467-479 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Gregor Kölsch ◽

Bo Vest Pedersen ◽

Olof Biström

Keyword(s):

Phylogenetic Analysis ◽

Mitochondrial Dna ◽

Species Delimitation ◽

Mitochondrial Gene ◽

Leaf Beetle ◽

Genetic Distances ◽

Amino Acid Substitutions ◽

Species Status ◽

Leaf Beetles ◽

Gene Coding

AbstractThe genus Macroplea Samouelle, 1819 is a group of highly specialized aquatic leaf beetles occurring in the Palaearctic. Since the members of this genus are morphologically very similar, we addressed the question of species identification and delimitation by analysing the second half of the mitochondrial gene coding for the cytochrome oxidase I (COI) subunit. Species limits are inferred from the multimodal frequency distribution of genetic distances between specimens: low genetic distances within a species are clearly set apart from distances between species. The species status of the hitherto controversial species M. japana (Jacoby, 1885) is confirmed. The pattern of nucleotide and amino acid substitutions is discussed in the light of functional domains of the COI molecule. Although the data are preliminary, the results provide new data on the distribution of the species. Together with the phylogenetic analysis they allow for a discussion of the phylogeography of the genus.

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Molecular characterization of porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus (PEDV) in Poland reveals the presence of swine enteric coronavirus (SeCoV) sequence in S gene

PLoS ONE ◽

10.1371/journal.pone.0258318 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 (10) ◽

pp. e0258318

Author(s):

Marta Antas ◽

Monika Olech ◽

Anna Szczotka-Bochniarz

Keyword(s):

Phylogenetic Analysis ◽

Molecular Characterization ◽

Rna Virus ◽

Economic Losses ◽

High Morbidity ◽

Antigenic Analysis ◽

S Gene ◽

Porcine Epidemic Diarrhoea Virus ◽

Diarrhoea Virus

Porcine epidemic diarrhoea (PED) is a highly contagious enteric viral disease of pigs with a high morbidity and mortality rate, which ultimately results in huge economic losses in the pig production sector. The etiological agent of this disease is the porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus (PEDV) which is an enveloped, positive single-stranded RNA virus. The aim of this study was to perform molecular characterization of PEDV to identify the strains circulating in Poland. In this study, 662 faecal samples from 2015 to 2021 were tested with reverse transcription quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR) and the results showed that 3.8% of the tested samples revealed a positive result for PEDV. A phylogenetic analysis of the complete genome and complete S gene sequences showed that Polish PEDV strains belonged to the G1b (S-INDEL) subgroup and were closely related to the European PEDV strains isolated from 2014 to 2019. Furthermore, RDP4 analysis revealed that the Polish PEDV strains harboured a recombinant fragment of ~400 nt in the 5’ end of S gene with PEDV and swine enteric coronavirus (SeCoV) being the major and minor parents, respectively. Antigenic analysis showed that the aa sequences of neutralizing epitopes were conserved among the Polish PEDV strains. Only one strain, #0100/5P, had a unique substitution in the COE epitope. However, Polish PEDV strains showed several substitutions, especially in the COE antigen, as compared to the classical strain CV777. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report concerning the molecular characterization of porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus strains, as well as the first phylogenetic analysis for PEDV in Poland.

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