scholarly journals Wildlife hunting practices of the Santal and Oraon communities in Rajshahi, Bangladesh

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 19484-19491
Author(s):  
Azizul Islam Barkat ◽  
Fahmida Tasnim Liza ◽  
Sumaiya Akter ◽  
Ashikur Rahman Shome ◽  
Md. Fazle Rabbe
Keyword(s):  
Questionnaire Survey ◽  
Wildlife Conservation ◽  
Conservation Management ◽  
Indigenous Communities ◽  
Wild Animals ◽  
Indigenous Groups ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
The Impact

Humans have been depending on wild animals from ancient times for food, medicine, economy, tools, and others. Santal and Oraon are two of the indigenous communities present in the Rajshahi district of Bangladesh. They practice wildlife hunting as part of their traditions. We investigated the wildlife hunting practice of these indigenous communities using a closed-ended questionnaire survey.  We interviewed 100 households of both communities from four villages. The study indicated that 76% of respondents hunted (88% Santal and 67% Oraon); and they usually hunt mammals, birds, reptiles, and amphibians, of which the bird is the most preferred (73%) and snake the least (1%). The response of hunting among the two communities significantly differed for tortoise, bird, rabbit, mongoose, jackal, and the Jungle Cat. Eighteen sets of animal taxa were significantly correlated indicating that households exercised preferences in terms of prey. The result also showed that only 14% of Santal and 7% of Oraon were familiar with the Bangladesh Wildlife (Conservation and Security) Act, 2012.  Although the impact of wildlife hunting of these indigenous groups is still ambiguous, the present study provides a preliminary database of hunting practices of these communities for future conservation management.

scholarly journals The impact of COVID-19 on education provision to indigenous people in Mexico

2021 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 151-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elida Sánchez-Cruz ◽  
Alfred Masinire ◽  
Enrique Vez López
Keyword(s):  
Online Education ◽  
Indigenous People ◽  
Strong Dependence ◽  
Indigenous Communities ◽  
State Governments ◽  
Ministry Of Education ◽  
Support Provision ◽  
School Communities ◽  
Indigenous Groups ◽  
The Impact

Abstract As a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, measures have been taken globally to shut down schools at all levels and move education to the online arena, which entails a strong dependence on access to the internet and electronic gadgets. Measures such as these are bound to deepen already existing inequality and bring about major disruptions in the students’ learning process. In this context, the makeup of our diverse Mexican society and school communities calls for a political framework that promotes equal education and ensures a way of constructing knowledge that is accessible to all; a perspective in education that respects traditional groups and cultures, especially those who are usually financially disadvantaged, such as indigenous people. This article examines measures taken to support provision of online education, in general, and indigenous groups, in particular. The data collection approach to support the findings consisted of reviewing official websites from UNESCO, the Mexican Ministry of Education, and three states with the largest number of indigenous people (IP). The findings suggest that the production of TV programs and school booklets in indigenous languages show a considerable effort to reach out to indigenous communities throughout the country. Nevertheless, the measures taken by the national and state governments may still be deemed limited and somewhat biased in favor of monolingual students.

The Impact of Self-Government, Comprehensive Land Claims, and Opt-In Arrangements on Income Inequality in Indigenous Communities in Canada

2021 ◽  
pp. e2020004
Author(s):  
Krishna Pendakur ◽  
Ravi Pendakur
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
Indigenous Communities ◽  
Community Level ◽  
Land Claims ◽  
Percentage Points ◽  
Indigenous Groups ◽  
Intergroup Inequality ◽  
Household Incomes ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Impact

In Canada, self-government agreements, comprehensive land claims agreements, and opt-in arrangements allow Indigenous groups to govern their internal affairs and assume greater responsibility and control over the decision-making that affects their communities. We use difference-in-difference models to measure the impact of such agreements on average income and income inequality in Indigenous communities at the community level. In comparison with earlier work, we additionally use data from the 2016 Census. Our results suggest that comprehensive land claims agreements increase community-level average (log) household incomes by more than C$10 thousand (0.25 log points). Attainment of other agreement types does not increase community-level average incomes. Communities that attain a self-government agreement or an opt-in arrangement related to land management see a decrease in the Gini coefficient for income inequality by 2.0 to 3.5 percentage points. Standalone comprehensive land claims agreements are associated with a smaller decrease of 1.2 percentage points. We also study intergroup inequality and find that an opt-in arrangement increases within-community income disparity between Indigenous and non-Indigenous households.

scholarly journals The spread of covid-19 and psychiatric impact on indigenous peoples

2021 ◽  
pp. 134-137
Author(s):  
Tainã Brito Siebra de Oliveira ◽  
Jorge Lucas de Sousa Moreira ◽  
Pedro Walisson Gomes Feitosa ◽  
Danielly Gonçalves Sombra Lima ◽  
Bárbara Silveira Dionízio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Disorders ◽  
Indigenous Peoples ◽  
Indigenous Communities ◽  
Panic Attacks ◽  
Background Information ◽  
Generalized Anxiety ◽  
Indigenous Cultures ◽  
Indigenous Groups ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Unipolar Major Depression

Background: Information on strategies adopted by Indigenous peoples against COVID-19 is scarce, and history shows that Indigenous peoples in the Amazon region may be particularly affected by the  pandemic. Method: The studies were identified in well-known international journals found in two electronic databases: Scopus and Embase. The data were cross-checked with information from the main international newspapers. Results: Mental disorders in the affective spectrum (unipolar major depression, dysthymia, bipolarity) and anxiety disorders (generalized anxiety disorder, panic attacks, social phobia) also mark the reality of Indigenous psychiatric vulnerability. Conclusions: To mitigate the impact of COVID-19 on Indigenous communities in Brazil, a health service for Indigenous groups, a crisis office, and a monitoring panel were created. In the state of Amazonas, home to more Indigenous people than any other Brazilian state, 95% of the intensive care beds are occupied.  Thus, mental health disparities between Indigenous and non-Indigenous peoples may be related to the underlying economic, social, and political inequities that are legacies of colonization and oppression of Indigenous cultures; the disproportionate rates of mental disorders must be understood in context, not as intrinsic predisposition of Indigenous peoples, but as reflecting persistent inequalities.

scholarly journals Current state of infection and prevalence of giardiasis in Malaysia: a review of 20 years of research

PeerJ ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. e12483
Author(s):  
Norhamizah Roshidi ◽  
Nur Hassanah Mohd Hassan ◽  
Asma Abdul Hadi ◽  
Norsyahida Arifin
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Giardia Duodenalis ◽  
Indigenous Communities ◽  
Diagnostic Tools ◽  
Genotype Distribution ◽  
Wild Animals ◽  
Surveillance Studies ◽  
Developmental Problems ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Impact

Background Giardiasis is a neglected parasitic zoonotic disease caused by Giardia duodenalis that is often overlooked despite the damage inflicted upon humans and domestic/wild animals. Lack of surveillance studies, low sensitivity of diagnostic tools, and resistance to giardiasis treatment add to the challenge in managing giardiasis, leaving a gap that continues to render giardiasis a silent threat to public health worldwide. This situation is not much different in Malaysia, where giardiasis remains a public health problem, especially in the indigenous communities. Realizing the existence of gaps in the literature and information on giardiasis in Malaysia, this review aims to revisit and update the situation of giardiasis in Malaysia based on articles published in 20 years from 2000 to 2020, providing estimates on the incidence of giardiasis in humans, animals, and the environment, which may inform efforts to prevent and control the impact of giardiasis in the country. Methodology We searched PubMed, Science Direct, and Scopus using MeSH terms and text keywords “Giardia duodenalis OR Giardia intestinalis OR Giardia lamblia OR intestinal protozoa AND Malaysia”. Information was collected from all giardiasis reports published between 2000 and 2020. Results Giardiasis in Malaysia is more prevalent among the poorest segments of the population, namely the indigenous communities and people living in densely populated areas such as slums and prisons, due to low standard of personal hygiene, unsafe water resources, and improper sanitation. While the prevalence data is hugely dependent on microscopic fecal examination in epidemiological studies of giardiasis, current studies mostly focused on species identification and genotype distribution by multilocus genotyping. Thus far, the outbreak of giardiasis has not been reported in the country, but the disease was found to be significantly associated with stunting, wasting, and malnutrition among children of the indigenous communities. Surveillance studies also discovered the simultaneous presence of Giardia in the animal-environments, including wild animals, ruminants, and treated and untreated water. The data collected here will be a useful addition to the literature body on giardiasis in Malaysia, which can be exploited in efforts to prevent and control the impact of giardiasis in the country. Conclusions The last 10 years have shown that the overall mean rate of giardiasis in Malaysia is quite encouraging at 13.7%. While this figure appears to be declining, there has been a slight increase in the prevalence of underweight, stunting, and wasting among rural children in 2019. The fact that giardiasis is linked to long-term childhood developmental problems, indicates that addressing and providing better disease control against giardiasis should be a priority in supporting the national agenda to achieve Malaysia Global Nutrition Targets by 2025.

scholarly journals Challenges in wildlife conservation and management. The contribution of veterinary doctors

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 181-188
Author(s):  
Rosa Susana Delarada ◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
Wildlife Conservation ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Wild Animals ◽  
Interdisciplinary Work ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
Conservation And Management

Man’s interaction with wild animals dates back to ancient times and his perception of it has been changing. Currently, society presents such a wide variety of views that make it difficult to implement conservation and management strategies without interdisciplinary work. In this context and taking into consideration the basic issues that veterinary sciences comprise, what would the contribution of the veterinarian be in the conservation and management field of wild animals?

scholarly journals La reconfiguración de la cacería de animales de monte por parte de los kichwas amazónicos en Sucumbíos/ The reconfiguration of hunting of forest animals by the Amazonian kichwas in Sucumbios

2017 ◽  
pp. 23
Author(s):  
Diana Cristina Massa Manzanillas ◽  
Felipe David Terán Romo Leroux
Keyword(s):  
Social Reproduction ◽  
Social Process ◽  
Indigenous Communities ◽  
Wild Animals ◽  
Symbolic Function ◽  
The North ◽  
Private Organizations ◽  
Local Practices ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
Institutional Actors

El territorio amazónico ha sido intervenido por diversos actores sociales e institucionales. Estas intervenciones han desestructurado y/o reconfigurado las prácticas ancestrales locales de las comunidades indígenas, de manera específica, de los kichwas de la provincia de Sucumbíos, la cual está ubicada al norte de la Amazonía del Ecuador. La forma en que las prácticas ancestrales han sido desestructuradas, se visibiliza en la cacería y consumo de animales de monte. Cabe mencionar, que en épocas antiguas -la cacería- estaba vinculada a una dinámica de subsistencia y además, cumplía una función simbólica de la reproducción social. En la actualidad, en ciertos territorios, estas dinámicas se han transformado. En ese sentido, el presente artículo evidencia este proceso social, con la finalidad de visibilizar cómo las agendas de intervención en el territorio amazónico, por parte del Estado, las organizaciones privadas y otros actores, han reconfigurado las prácticas locales como la cacería y el consumo de animales de monte.   Abstract The Amazonian territory has been intervened by various social and institutional actors. These interventions have unstructured and/or reconfigured the local ancestral practices of the indigenous communities, specifically, in the Kichwas of the province of Sucumbíos, located in the north of the Amazon of Ecuador. The way in which ancestral practices have been unstructured is visible in the hunting and consumption of wild animals. It is worth mentioning that in ancient times hunting was linked to a subsistence dynamic and, in addition, they fulfilled a symbolic function of social reproduction. At present, in specific territories, these dynamics have been transformed. In this sense, this article demonstrates this social process, in order to make visible how the intervention agendas in the Amazonian territory, by the State, the private organizations and other actors, have reconfigured local practices such as the hunting and the consumption of wild animals.

scholarly journals A typology of small-scale multilingualism

2021 ◽  
pp. 136700692110231
Author(s):  
Brigitte Pakendorf ◽  
Nina Dobrushina ◽  
Olesya Khanina
Keyword(s):  
Linguistic Diversity ◽  
Language Attitudes ◽  
Indigenous Communities ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Language Ecology ◽  
Marriage Patterns ◽  
Nation States ◽  
Indigenous Groups ◽  
The Impact

Aims: The paper aims at providing an exhaustive overview of studies of small-scale multilingualism, a type of language ecology typical of—but not exclusive to—indigenous communities with small numbers of speakers. We identify the similarities and differences among situations of such multilingualism, which lay the foundations for a future typology of this kind of language ecology. Approach and data: We outline the importance of language ideologies for multilingualism in small-scale societies, highlight the sources of this type of language ecology, with a special focus on the impact of marriage patterns, discuss to what extent situations of small-scale multilingualism are truly egalitarian and symmetric, and survey the different methods used in the study of this domain. In order to do so, we survey studies devoted to multilingualism in indigenous communities of all continents: the New World (especially South America), Australia, Melanesia, Africa, Europe and Asia. Conclusions: The multilingual ecologies of the pre- and postcolonial world are extremely diverse, with many factors playing a role in their constitution. They are also highly endangered, and thus their study is of the utmost urgency. Originality: The domain of small-scale multilingualism is still novel for sociolinguistics and linguistic anthropology. Although the researchers working with indigenous groups have been describing the peculiarities of multilingual repertoires, language acquisition and language attitudes in various parts of the world, the domain lacks the kind of comparison and generalizations that we provide here. Significance: The increased interest in small-scale multilingualism has been boosted by the realization of its significance for reconstructing the social conditions that favoured linguistic diversity in the precolonial world. Furthermore, insights into this type of multilingualism—which differs considerably from the better-studied situations of bi- and multilingualism in urban contexts and large nation states—are of prime importance for a better understanding of the human language faculty.

Health and Health Care Problems Among the Kumiai of San Antonio Necua and Their Indigenous Relatives in Baja California

2003 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 140-157 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Jill Fleuriet
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Baja California ◽  
San Antonio ◽  
Rural Poverty ◽  
Indigenous Communities ◽  
Traditional Healers ◽  
Medical Pluralism ◽  
Indigenous Groups ◽  
Health And Illness ◽  
Care Problems

The rural Kumiai community of San Antonio Necua is one of the few remaining indigenous communities in Baja California, Mexico. Necuan health and health care problems are best understood through a consideration of the effects of colonialism and marginalization on indigenous groups in northern Baja California as well as a tradition of medical pluralism in Mexico. The lack of traditional healers and biomedical providers in the community, high rates of preventable or manageable illnesses, and a blend of biomedical, folk mestizo, and traditional indigenous beliefs about health and illness reflect current conditions of rural poverty and economic isolation. Descriptions of health and health care problems are based on ethnographic fieldwork among the Kumiai, their Paipai relatives, and their primary nongovernmental aid organization.

scholarly journals Droperidol dropped; consultants not consulted

2003 ◽  
Vol 27 (08) ◽  
pp. 301-304
Author(s):  
Gavin Reid ◽  
Mark Hughson
Keyword(s):  
Questionnaire Survey ◽  
Clinical Care ◽  
Postal Questionnaire ◽  
Clinical Implications ◽  
The West ◽  
Abrupt Withdrawal ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Adequate Evaluation ◽  
Psychiatric Profession ◽  
The Impact

Aims and Method We conducted a postal questionnaire survey of the practice of rapid tranquillisation among 215 consultant psychiatrists in the West of Scotland, before and after the withdrawal of droperidol by the manufacturer. Results One hundred and eighty questionnaires (84% of those sent) were returned. Droperidol had been used extensively, often combined with lorazepam, for rapid tranquillisation. The main replacement suggested for droperidol was haloperidol. About half of the respondents to our survey chose to comment on the withdrawal of droperidol. More than half of the comments were unfavourable, including lack of an adequate replacement and lack of consultation with the psychiatric profession. Clinical Implications The abrupt withdrawal of droperidol, partly for commercial reasons, was regrettable. There was no time for an adequate evaluation of possible replacement medications and a lack of consultation with the profession regarding the impact on clinical care.

scholarly journals Anthropomorphic Strategies Promote Wildlife Conservation through Empathy: The Moderation Role of the Public Epidemic Situation

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (7) ◽  
pp. 3565
Author(s):  
Dan Yue ◽  
Zepeng Tong ◽  
Jianchi Tian ◽  
Yang Li ◽  
Linxiu Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Behavioral Intention ◽  
Wildlife Conservation ◽  
Negative Emotion ◽  
Public Awareness ◽  
Negative Emotions ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Wildlife Trade ◽  
Illegal Wildlife Trade ◽  
The Impact

The global illegal wildlife trade directly threatens biodiversity and leads to disease outbreaks and epidemics. In order to avoid the loss of endangered species and ensure public health security, it is necessary to intervene in illegal wildlife trade and promote public awareness of the need for wildlife conservation. Anthropomorphism is a basic and common psychological process in humans that plays a crucial role in determining how a person interacts with other non-human agents. Previous research indicates that anthropomorphizing nature entities through metaphors could increase individual behavioral intention of wildlife conservation. However, relatively little is known about the mechanism by which anthropomorphism influences behavioral intention and whether social context affects the effect of anthropomorphism. This research investigated the impact of negative emotions associated with a pandemic situation on the effectiveness of anthropomorphic strategies for wildlife conservation across two experimental studies. Experiment 1 recruited 245 college students online and asked them to read a combination of texts and pictures as anthropomorphic materials. The results indicated that anthropomorphic materials could increase participants’ empathy and decrease their wildlife product consumption intention. Experiment 2 recruited 140 college students online and they were required to read the same materials as experiment 1 after watching a video related to epidemics. The results showed that the effect of wildlife anthropomorphization vanished if participants’ negative emotion was aroused by the video. The present research provides experimental evidence that anthropomorphic strategies would be useful for boosting public support for wildlife conservation. However, policymakers and conservation organizations must be careful about the negative effects of the pandemic context, as the negative emotions produced by it seems to weaken the effectiveness of anthropomorphic strategies.

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