Abstract 15915: Gender Matters in the Risk for Sudden Death in Young Competitive Athletes

Circulation ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 130 (suppl_2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Aneesha Ahluwalia ◽  
Tammy S Haas ◽  
Ross F Garberich ◽  
Barry J Maron
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Sudden Death ◽  
College Athletes ◽  
Female Athletes ◽  
Physical Exertion ◽  
Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Dysplasia ◽  
National Registry ◽  
Male Athletes ◽  
Competitive Athletes

Background: Sudden deaths in young competitive athletes are highly visible and tragic events, which receive much public visibility. However, little is known regarding the specific impact of gender on these events. Methods and Results: The U.S. National Registry of Sudden Death in Athletes was accessed to identify the causes, frequency and epidemiology of sudden deaths in U.S. competitive athletes by gender. A total of 2,408 deaths (2155 male; 253 female) were identified in athletes engaged in 41 diverse organized sports from 1980 to 2011. Most sudden deaths occurred with physical exertion during competition/training (66%), and were predominantly due to cardiovascular disease (54%). In high school and college athletes, accounting for participation rates, the ratio of male to female deaths was 5.4:1. Males were somewhat older than females (19±6 vs. 17.8±6; P=0.003), and were more commonly black (30% vs. 17%; P<0.001). Of the male athletes, the highest rate of cardiovascular sudden death was in blacks (65% vs. 49% in whites; P<0.001). The most frequent sports were football (n=725) and basketball (n=437) in males, and basketball (n=47) and cross country/track (n=41) in females. Most common cardiovascular cause of death was hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), which accounted for a greater proportion of confirmed cardiovascular deaths in males (47%) vs. females (14%; P<0.001); a 19:1 male:female ratio in high school and college athletes. In contrast, females experienced greater frequency of death due to congenital coronary artery anomalies (30% vs. 14%; P<0.001), arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia (12% vs. 4%; P=0.018), and long-QT syndrome (7% vs. 1%; P<0.001). Blunt trauma, including commotio cordis, occurred more frequently in males (24% vs. 15% in females; P=0.001). Conclusions: Female athletes have a 5-fold lower risk for sudden death, compared to males, and were almost 20-times less likely to die of HCM. Black males had the highest rate of sudden death due to cardiovascular disease, with HCM most common.

scholarly journals ANTERIOR CRUCIATE LIGAMENT INJURIES IN HIGH SCHOOL FEMALE AND MALE SOCCER ATHLETES: ARE MATCH ACL RATES BEING UNDERESTIMATED?

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 2325967119S0000
Author(s):  
Aaron D. Gray ◽  
Scott M. Miller ◽  
Samuel Galloway ◽  
Seth Sherman ◽  
Emily Leary ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
At Risk ◽  
Traditional Method ◽  
Female Athletes ◽  
Injury Rate ◽  
Acl Injury ◽  
Traditional Methods ◽  
Male Athletes ◽  
Acl Injuries ◽  
Injury Rates

Background: The purpose of this study was to investigate the incidence of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries in Missouri high school female and male soccer players during the 2011-2013 seasons, using a single postseason survey sent to coaches. Our hypothesis is a single postseason survey be a feasible method to measure a large number of athletic exposures (AEs) and ACL injuries. We also hypothesize that “traditional” methods for calculating athletic exposures likely underestimate the actual burden of ACL injuries in high school soccer matches. Methods: The study was IRB approved through the University of Missouri. A web-based survey was developed and sent to every girls and boys high school soccer coach in Missouri using a Missouri State High School Activities Association (MSHSAA) database. In order to calculate AEs, questions were asked about the average number of athletes who participated in tryouts, practices, and matches along with the specific number of tryouts, practices, and matches for the 2011-2012 and 2012-2013 seasons. Coaches were also asked the number of ACL injuries their team suffered. No medical personnel were involved in filling out the surveys. Athletic exposures (AEs) were calculated using the formulas below. Match athletic exposures were calculated using a “traditional” method and also an “athlete at risk” method. The primary outcome measure was ACL injuries. Formulas for Calculation of Athletic Exposures (AEs) Tryouts & Practice= (a*A) + (b*B) Match (Traditional)= (c*C) Match (Athlete at Risk)= (11*C) a = average number of players participating in tryouts A = number of tryout sessions b = average number of players participating in practices B = number of practices in a season c = average number of players participating in matches C = number of matches in a season Results: In total, 885 coaches were sent surveys and 160 (18.1%) coaches responded, with 84 coaches representing girls soccer teams and 76 representing boys teams. A total of 323,010 AEs (160,756 female and 162,254 male) were reported of which 228,608 AEs (71%) took place in practices. 94,402 AEs occurred in matches using the “traditional” method and 61,963 AEs in matches using the “athlete at risk” method. 36 ACL injuries (28 female and 8 male) were reported. Of the 28 female ACL injuries, 25 happened during high school soccer activities (23 match, 2 practice). 3 ACL injuries occurred outside of high school soccer activities (1 club soccer, 1 volleyball, 1 unknown.) All 8 male ACL injuries were suffered during a high school match. Female athletes had an ACL injury rate of 0.16/1000 AEs compared to male athletes 0.05/1000 AEs (Table 1). Female athletes had a practice ACL injury rate of 0.02/1000 AEs and there were no ACL injuries suffered by male athletes in practice. Female athletes had a match ACL injury rate of 0.47/1000 AEs using “traditional” method and 0.70/1000 AEs by the “athlete at risk” method. Male athletes had a match ACL injury rate of 0.18/1000 AEs “traditional” method and 0.28/1000 AEs “athlete at risk” method (Figure 1). Female high school soccer athletes had a 3.2x greater risk of ACL tear than male high school soccer athletes. Female athletes were 26x more likely to tear their ACL in a match compared to practice. ACL match injury rates were 50-55% higher using the “athlete at risk” method compared to “traditional” methods for calculating match injury rates. Conclusion/Significance: A single postseason survey sent to coaches was successful in measuring AEs and ACL injury rates for a large population of high school soccer athletes. This represents an economical and feasible mechanism compared to previous studies (Table 2) to measure ACL injury rates for a high number of teams. It also allows ACL injury rates to be measured for schools and teams that do not have certified athletic trainers. “Traditional” methods for calculating match ACL injury rates greatly under represent ACL injuries compared to the “athlete at risk” method which is more representative of true injury risk exposure. A very high percentage of ACL injuries occurred during matches even though matches were responsible for only 29% of AEs. If future studies have limited resources, they should consider not recording practice AEs and ACL injuries since the likelihood of an ACL injury occurring during practice is very low compared to a match. [Table: see text][Table: see text][Figure: see text]

Dietitian-Observed Macronutrient Intakes of Young Skill and Team-Sport Athletes: Adequacy of Pre, During, and Postexercise Nutrition

2014 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 166-176 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lindsay B. Baker ◽  
Lisa E. Heaton ◽  
Ryan P. Nuccio ◽  
Kimberly W. Stein
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Intake ◽  
G Protein ◽  
Female Athletes ◽  
Team Sport ◽  
Macronutrient Intake ◽  
Registered Dietitians ◽  
Male Athletes ◽  
Study Objective ◽  
Competitive Athletes ◽  
Free Living Conditions

Context:Sports nutrition experts recommend that team-sport athletes participating in intermittent high-intensity exercise for ≥1 hr consume 1–4 g carbohydrate/kg 1–4 hr before, 30–60 g carbohydrate/hr during, and 1–1.2 g carbohydrate/kg/hr and 20–25 g protein as soon as possible after exercise. The study objective was to compare observed vs. recommended macronutrient intake of competitive athletes under free-living conditions.Methods:The dietary intake of 29 skill/team-sport athletes (14–19 y; 22 male, 7 female) was observed at a sports training facility by trained registered dietitians for one 24-hr period. Dietitians accompanied subjects to the cafeteria and field/court to record their food and fluid intake during meals and practices/competitions. Other dietary intake within the 24-hr period (e.g., snacks during class) was accounted for by having the subject take a picture of the food/fluid and completing a log.Results:For male and female athletes, respectively, the mean ± SD (and percent of athletes meeting recommended) macronutrient intake around exercise was 1.4 ± 0.6 (73%) and 1.4 ± 1.0 (57%) g carbohydrate/kg in the 4 hr before exercise, 21.1 ± 17.2 (18%) and 18.6 ± 13.2 (29%) g carbohydrate/hrr during exercise, 1.4 ± 1.1 (68%) and 0.9 ± 1.0 (43%) g carbohydrate/kg and 45.2 ± 36.9 (73%) and 18.0 ± 21.2 (43%) g protein in the 1 hr after exercise.Conclusion:The male athletes’ carbohydrate and protein intake more closely approximated recommendations overall than that of the female athletes. The most common shortfall was carbohydrate intake during exercise, as only 18% of male and 29% of female athletes consumed 30–60 g carbohydrate/hr during practice/competition.

Use of the Personal Orientation Inventory with Disabled Athletes

1988 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
pp. 263-266 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudine Sherrill ◽  
Tamara Gilstrap ◽  
Kenneth Richir ◽  
Barbara Gench ◽  
Marilyn Hinson
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Oral Administration ◽  
Female Athletes ◽  
Male Athletes ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Personal Orientation Inventory ◽  
Self Actualization ◽  
Hand Eye Coordination ◽  
Personal Orientation ◽  
Test Retest Reliability

Athletes who are blind or have impairments in hand-eye coordination that prevent writing are unable to complete psychological inventories in the standardized manner, i.e., read silently and answered independently and anonymously. Two studies were conducted on the oral administration of the Personal Orientation Inventory as a measure of self-actualization of disabled athletes. Reliabilities were examined across modalities (oral vs written) by administering the inventory both ways to 25 high school and college athletes, M age = 21.6 yr. Test-retest reliability for oral administration was affirmed in a study of 15 blind elite male athletes and 15 cerebral palsied elite male and female athletes. It was concluded that the inventory, administered orally, may be appropriately used with disabled athletes.

Removal From Activity After Sports- Related Concussion in Sex-Comparable Sports From the Michigan High School Athletic Association

2021 ◽  
pp. 036354652110200
Author(s):  
Aaron J. Zynda ◽  
Kyle M. Petit ◽  
Morgan Anderson ◽  
Christopher P. Tomczyk ◽  
Tracey Covassin
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Student Athletes ◽  
Female Athletes ◽  
Student Athlete ◽  
Male Athletes ◽  
Certified Athletic Trainers ◽  
Reporting Behaviors ◽  
Injury Event ◽  
Injury Reporting ◽  
High School Athletic

Background: Research has demonstrated that female athletes are more likely to report their sports-related concussion (SRC) symptoms compared with male athletes; however, it is unknown if these reporting behaviors correspond to immediate removal from activity in sex-comparable sports. Purpose: To compare the incidence of high school student-athletes removed and not removed from activity after SRC in sex-comparable sports in Michigan. Study Design: Descriptive epidemiology study. Methods: Participants included student-athletes diagnosed with SRC participating in Michigan High School Athletic Association–sponsored athletic activities (22 sex-comparable sports) between 2016 and 2019. All SRCs were recorded in the association’s Head Injury Reporting System (HIRS) by certified athletic trainers, administrators, or coaches. Removal from activity indicated that the student-athlete was removed from play at the time of an injury event. If the student-athlete reported that his or her suspected injury event occurred earlier during activity or if symptom onset was delayed, “not removed from activity” was entered into the HIRS. Incidence proportions were calculated by dividing SRCs not removed by total SRCs in each sport. Risk ratios were calculated by dividing the incidence proportions of girls not removed by boys not removed in each sport. Results: A total of 4418 (2773 female, 1645 male) SRCs were reported, with the most occurring in female soccer players (n = 1023). Overall, 515 girls and 243 boys were not removed from activity, resulting in incidences of 0.19 (95% CI, 0.17-0.20) and 0.15 (95% CI, 0.13-0.17), respectively. Across all sports, girls were 1.26 (95% CI, 1.09-1.45) times as likely to not be removed from activity compared with boys. Of the sports with the most SRCs—soccer, basketball, baseball/softball, and lacrosse—girls had 1.37 (95% CI, 1.09-1.72), 1.15 (95% CI, 0.89-1.47), 1.19 (95% CI, 0.77-1.84), and 1.35 (95% CI, 0.94-1.95) times the risk of not being removed, respectively. Conclusion: Girls were at greater risk of not being removed from activity compared with boys in sex-comparable sports. Results from this study should be incorporated into SRC education in Michigan and potentially elsewhere to inform affiliated personnel of potential sex differences and protect female student-athletes from further harm.

Sex-Specific Differences in Perceived Injury Management and Prevention in High School Student-Athletes

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 30-37
Author(s):  
Eve Kantaros ◽  
Haylee Borgstrom
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Injury Prevention ◽  
High School Student ◽  
Student Athletes ◽  
Female Athletes ◽  
Return To Sport ◽  
Male Athletes ◽  
Injury Management ◽  
Sex Disparities ◽  
Prevention Training

BACKGROUND: Sport-related injuries are common among high school student-athletes with specific sex disparities in injury risk. Many of these injuries may be avoidable with the use of injury prevention programs (IPPs). Sex differences in injury management and return to sport are not well understood. PURPOSE: To determine sex-specific differences in self-reported injury management and prevention strategies in high school student-athletes. DESIGN: Cross-sectional, survey-based study. METHODS: An anonymous 13-item electronic survey was distributed to all students in a private high school in December 2019 with responses recorded over a one-month study period. Primary outcomes were sex-specific differences in self-reported outcome measures assessing student-athlete experience during injury recovery and familiarity with IPPs. Groups were evaluated via descriptive statistics and differences between groups were compared. RESULTS: From a total of 190 responses, 106 were included in the analysis (63F, 43M, mean age 16.7 years). Female athletes reported decreased exposure to injury prevention training (44.4% vs 69.8%, p=0.01) and practice-based utilization of IPPs (23.8% vs 55.8%, p=0.001) compared to male athletes. Overall, reported utilization of IPPs was low regardless of sex at less than 40% for all athletes. Nearly 85% of female athletes compared to 51% of male athletes felt they could benefit from IPPs (p=0.001), yet fewer than half of female athletes reported ever having training in injury prevention. There were no statistically significant differences in measures of injury management or return to sport between sexes. Females reported similar major impact of injury on life and future plans compared to male athletes. CONCLUSIONS: Male athletes were 1.6x more likely to report injury prevention training and 2.4x more likely to report practice-based utilization of IPPs compared to female athletes. Sex-specific differences in injury management and return to sport were not identified. Better incorporation of IPPs, specifically at the high-school level, may help to address sex disparities in preventable sport-related injuries and allow student-athletes to maximize the myriad benefits of sport participation.

High School Athletes and Marijuana Use

1998 ◽  
Vol 28 (2) ◽  
pp. 147-157 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bradley T. Ewing
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Young People ◽  
Drug Policy ◽  
Female Athletes ◽  
Marijuana Use ◽  
High School Athletes ◽  
High School Athletics ◽  
Male Athletes ◽  
Design And Implementation ◽  
First Time

Identifying groups of young people that might be especially susceptible to marijuana use would aid in the design and implementation of drug policy programs. This article examines whether those who participated in high school athletics have a different pattern of marijuana use than comparable non-athletes. The results indicate that male athletes have a higher incidence of marijuana use than non-athletes. The same is not true for female athletes, who actually engage in less marijuana use than their non-athlete counterparts. However, female athletes are more likely than non-athletes to wait until their post-high school years to try the drug for the first time.

scholarly journals Vliv zatížení na stabilitu stoje u juniorské reprezentace moderního pětiboje

2011 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 37-42
Author(s):  
Sylvie Černá ◽  
Lucia Malá ◽  
Tomáš Malý ◽  
Miroslav Čada ◽  
Jiří Nykodým
Keyword(s):  
Confidence Level ◽  
Postural Stability ◽  
Female Athletes ◽  
Physical Exertion ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Stability Parameters ◽  
Male Athletes ◽  
Statistical Point ◽  
Before And After

The article evaluates influence of physical exertion on selected postural stability parameters of junior modern pentathletes (7 male athletes, 5 female athletes). Both medallists from juniors world or European championship. We have measured before and after exertion on stabilomethric desk Footscan. We have simulated racing conditions. Conclusions from the experiment are: we are not able to confirm influence of exertion on wide stand (from statistical point of view – on confidence level α = 0,05). We predicate the result is influenced by delay between exertion and measurement.

scholarly journals Lower Extremity Musculoskeletal Injury Is Associated with Increased Risk of Concussion in High School Athletes

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (7_suppl6) ◽  
pp. 2325967120S0039
Author(s):  
Adam Lutz ◽  
Charles Thigpen ◽  
R. Gil Gilliland ◽  
John Thorpe ◽  
Michael Kissenberth ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Lower Extremity ◽  
Female Athletes ◽  
High School Athletes ◽  
Time Loss ◽  
Male Athletes ◽  
Lower Extremity Injuries ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Extremity Injuries ◽  
Combined Injuries

Objectives: Previous research indicates that concussion increases the risk of lower extremity injuries (LE) after return to sport. However, no study has examined the risk of precedent lower extremity injuries and their relationship to the development of a sport related concussion (SRC). To determine if the risk of combined injuries (LE injury-SRC) is elevated in high school athletes accounting for athlete sport and gender. Methods: 33,386 high school athletes were monitored over 4 seasons. 4223 LE injuries and 1132 concussions were reported. Injured athletes were identified by their school athletic trainer (AT) time-loss injury during a team-sponsored practice or game. ATs documented the date, mechanism, and sport of injury. Injured athletes were referred to a board-certified sports medicine physician for diagnoses and follow up care. Cumulative injury rates were calculated with 95% confidence intervals. Rate ratios were used to compare frequency of SRC after RTS following a LE injury. Comparisons were made overall cohort between those participating athletes with and without isolated and combined injuries as well as by gender. (α=0.05). Results: A cumulative incidence for athletes sustaining an isolated SRC was 2.3/100 athletes (95% CI= 2.1-2.5) and for isolated LE injury was 11.5/100 (95% CI=11.2-11.9) athletes. Athletes presenting with a LE injury had an increased risk (RR= 4.7; 95% CI = 4.2-5.2) of sustaining a subsequent SRC within 1 year when compared to athletes that did not suffer precedent LE injuries. Male athletes presenting with a LE injury had an increased risk (RR= 4.9; 95% CI = 4.2-5.7) of sustaining a subsequent SRC within 1 year when compared to male athletes that did not suffer precedent LE injuries. Female athletes presenting with a LE injury had an increased risk (RR= 4.4; 95% CI = 3.6-5.2) of sustaining a subsequent SRC within 1 year when compared to female athletes that did not suffer precedent LE injuries. In football, presenting with a LE injury had an increased risk (RR= 5.8; 95% CI = 4.5-7.4) of sustaining a subsequent SRC within 1 year when compared to football athletes that did not suffer precedent LE injuries. Conclusion: Our results are the first to show that high school athletes who suffer a time-loss LE injury are at 4.4-5.8 times increased risk to suffer a sports related concussion within the next year. Additional studies are warranted to confirm these findings.

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