Abstract P101: Premenopausal Life’s Simple 7 Score Is Associated With High-density Lipoprotein Metrics Later In Life: The SWAN HDL Study

Circulation ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 143 (Suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexis Nasr ◽  
Karen A Matthews ◽  
Maria M Brooks ◽  
Trevor Orchard ◽  
Dan McConnell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Cardiovascular Health ◽  
Menopausal Status ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
High Density ◽  
Resonance Spectroscopy ◽  
Hdl Function ◽  
Life’S Simple 7 ◽  
Life's Simple 7

Objective: In midlife women, higher high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) is not always associated with cardio-protection, suggesting a potential dysfunction of HDL. Novel metrics of HDL may provide further information on its cardio-protective features. The AHA developed the Life’s Simple 7 (LS7) score based on 7 lifestyle factors (cholesterol, BMI, diet, physical activity, smoking, glucose and blood pressure). A higher LS7 indicates a healthier lifestyle and is to cardiovascular health. We aimed to assess if higher premenopausal LS7 score is associated with a protective future HDL metrics profile as measured by greater HDL function (cholesterol efflux capacity), lower HDL-triglycerides (HDL-Tg) and higher HDL-phospholipids (HDL-PL) contents, higher large HDL-particles (HDL-P) and lower small HDL-P levels and larger overall HDL size by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Methods: We included 529 women [baseline age 46.4 (2.6) years, 57% (299 of 529) White] from the Study of Women’s Health Across the Nation (SWAN) HDL ancillary study who had premenopausal LS7 score followed by repeated HDL metrics at later visits [time between LS7 score and first HDL measure: 3.9 (1.4) years]. Multivariable linear mixed models were used to analyze the independent association between premenopausal LS7 score and each HDL metric. Results: After adjusting for race, education, and baseline age, menopausal status, economic hardship and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (Table), higher premenopausal LS7 score was associated with lower HDL-Tg (p<0.0001) and higher HDL-PL (p=0.02), greater total HDL-P (p=0.03), large HDL-P (p=0.0001) and HDL-C (p<0.0001), and larger HDL size (p<0.0001) later in life. Premenopausal LS7 score was not related to HDL function. Conclusion: Higher premenopausal LS7 score was not related to HDL function but related to favorable future HDL contents and subclasses. This indicates that a better premenopausal lifestyle and metabolic health may contribute to a better HDL profile later in life.

scholarly journals HDL (High-Density Lipoprotein) Subclasses, Lipid Content, and Function Trajectories Across the Menopause Transition

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samar R. El Khoudary ◽  
Xirun Chen ◽  
Alexis Nasr ◽  
Jeff Billheimer ◽  
Maria Mori Brooks ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Lipid Content ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Hdl Cholesterol ◽  
High Density ◽  
Menstrual Period ◽  
Resonance Spectroscopy ◽  
Hdl Function ◽  
Menopause Transition ◽  
And Function

Objective: The cardioprotective capacity of HDL (high-density lipoprotein) cholesterol postmenopause has been challenged. HDL subclasses, lipid contents, and function might be better predictors of cardiovascular risk than HDL cholesterol. Changes in these measures have not been characterized over the menopause transition (MT) with respect to timing relative to the final menstrual period. Approach and Results: Four hundred seventy-one women with HDL particle (HDL-P) subclasses (nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy total, large, medium, and small HDL-P and HDL size), HDL lipid content (HDL phospholipids and triglycerides), and HDL function (cholesterol efflux capacity [HDL-CEC]) measured for a maximum of 5 time points across the MT were included. HDL cholesterol and total HDL-P increased across the MT. Within the 1 to 2 years bracketing the final menstrual period, large HDL-P and HDL size declined while small HDL-P and HDL-triglyceride increased. Although overall HDL-CEC increased across the MT, HDL-CEC per HDL-P declined. Higher concentrations of total, large, and medium HDL-P and greater HDL size were associated with greater HDL-CEC while of small HDL-P were associated with lower HDL-CEC. Associations of large HDL-P and HDL size with HDL-CEC varied significantly across the MT such that higher large HDL-P concentrations and greater HDL size were associated with lower HDL-CEC within the 1 to 2 years around the final menstrual period. Conclusions: Although HDL cholesterol increased over the MT, HDL subclasses and lipid content showed adverse changes. While overall HDL-CEC increased, HDL-CEC per HDL-P declined, consistent with reduced function per particle. Large HDL-P may become less efficient in promoting HDL-CEC during the MT.

Abstract 3645: Alcohol Volume, Not Drinking Frequency, Increases Plasma High-Density Lipoprotein Sub-Class Particle Concentration

Circulation ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 116 (suppl_16) ◽  
Author(s):  
Linton R Harriss ◽  
Dallas R English ◽  
Rory Wolfe ◽  
Andrew M Tonkin ◽  
Kerin O’Dea ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Alcohol Intake ◽  
Particle Concentration ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
High Density ◽  
Resonance Spectroscopy ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Beverage Type ◽  
Drinking Frequency

Introduction: Alcohol intake is positively associated with high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, however no studies have investigated the association with lipoprotein sub-classes using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR). Hypothesis: We assessed the hypothesis that usual daily alcohol intake (volume), beverage type and drinking frequency influence plasma HDL sub-class concentrations as determined by NMR. Methods: Six hundred and ninety volunteers (389 women) aged 40 – 69 years at baseline (1990 –1994) participated in a cross-sectional study using the Melbourne Collaborative Cohort Study, Australia. Measures included self-reported alcohol intake using beverage-specific quantity-frequency questions (volume) and a drinking diary for previous week (frequency). Results: Median alcohol intake was 15.2 g/d (2.7, 32.0) for men and 1.0 g/d (0, 9.6) for women. Alcohol volume was positively associated with total HDL particle concentration in men and women. For men, a 10 g/d increment in alcohol intake increased total HDL particle concentration by 0.62 μmol/L (95% CI: 0.27, 0.98) and small HDL particle concentration by 0.34 μmol/L (0.01, 0.68). For women, total HDL particle concentration increased 1.06 μmol/L (0.60, 1.53) for every 10 g/d increment in alcohol intake. Alcohol volume was positively associated with large HDL particle concentration in premenopausal women [0.67 μmol/L (0.19, 1.15)] and small HDL particle concentration in postmenopausal women [0.82 μmol/L (0.14, 1.51)]. Beer, wine and spirits were all positively associated with total HDL concentration for men. Beer and wine were both positively associated with total HDL concentration for women. Drinking frequency was not associated with total HDL particle concentration or any of its’ sub-classes. Conclusions: Alcohol volume (and not drinking frequency) was positively associated with NMR-determined plasma total HDL particle concentration for men and women. These associations appeared to be regardless of beverage type, although comparison of beverage types was not possible for women. These results suggest that for any given weekly volume of alcohol, the number of drinking days does not influence HDL particle concentration.

scholarly journals The Role of level and function of High Density Lipoprotein (HDL) in Cardiovascular Diseases

2020 ◽  
pp. 118-127
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Cardiovascular Diseases ◽  
High Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Inverse Relationship ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Intima Media Thickness ◽  
Carotid Intima Media Thickness ◽  
High Density ◽  
Peripheral Tissues ◽  
Hdl Function

High-density lipoprotein (HDL) is a set of particles with heterogeneous structures that have different functions due to various compounds including surface charge, size, lipid, and protein compounds. Several prospective epidemiological studies have demonstrated that there is a clear inverse relationship between serum HDL concentration and risk of coronary heart disease, despite this relationship, clinical evidence has only challenged the usefulness of higher levels of HDL-C in predicting the risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and have proven that the structure of HDL is altered and loosed function. Therefore, extensive research is needed to identify new agents and biomarkers to improve HDL function and reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease. Given that the most important function of HDL is to transfer excess cholesterol from peripheral tissues and macrophage cells through a receptor called ABCA1 and direct it to the liver, plays an important role in protecting the formation of atherosclerotic plaque. This molecule can provide a strong protective effect against oxidative damage caused by free radicals with intermittent inhibition of the production of pro-inflammatory oxidized lipids in the intima layer of arteries. There is an inverse relationship between the ability to efflux cholesterol and the prevalence of CVD. The ability to remove cholesterol from macrophages by HDL, it is a crucial criterion for determining HDL performance, and it has a strong inverse relationship with carotid intima-media thickness and coronary artery stenosis in angiography independent of HDL level. Key Words: High Density Lipoprotein; Cardiovascular Disease; Atherosclerosis; Lipoprotein

scholarly journals Fontan‐Associated Dyslipidemia

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam M. Lubert ◽  
Tarek Alsaied ◽  
Joseph J. Palermo ◽  
Nadeem Anwar ◽  
Elaine M. Urbina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Liver Disease ◽  
High Density Lipoprotein ◽  
High Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol ◽  
Low Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Fontan Circulation ◽  
High Density ◽  
Lipoprotein Cholesterol ◽  
Reactive Protein

Background Hypocholesterolemia is a marker of liver disease, and patients with a Fontan circulation may have hypocholesterolemia secondary to Fontan‐associated liver disease or inflammation. We investigated circulating lipids in adults with a Fontan circulation and assessed the associations with clinical characteristics and adverse events. Methods and Results We enrolled 164 outpatients with a Fontan circulation, aged ≥18 years, in the Boston Adult Congenital Heart Disease Biobank and compared them with 81 healthy controls. The outcome was a combined outcome of nonelective cardiovascular hospitalization or death. Participants with a Fontan (median age, 30.3 [interquartile range, 22.8–34.3 years], 42% women) had lower total cholesterol (149.0±30.1 mg/dL versus 190.8±41.4 mg/dL, P <0.0001), low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (82.5±25.4 mg/dL versus 102.0±34.7 mg/dL, P <0.0001), and high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (42.8±12.2 mg/dL versus 64.1±16.9 mg/dL, P <0.0001) than controls. In those with a Fontan, high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol was inversely correlated with body mass index ( r =−0.30, P <0.0001), high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein ( r =−0.27, P =0.0006), and alanine aminotransferase ( r =−0.18, P =0.02) but not with other liver disease markers. Lower high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol was independently associated with greater hazard for the combined outcome adjusting for age, sex, body mass index, and functional class (hazard ratio [HR] per decrease of 10 mg/dL, 1.37; 95% CI, 1.04–1.81 [ P =0.03]). This relationship was attenuated when log high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein was added to the model (HR, 1.26; 95% CI, 0.95–1.67 [ P =0.10]). Total cholesterol, low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglycerides were not associated with the combined outcome. Conclusions The Fontan circulation is associated with decreased cholesterol levels, and lower high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol is associated with adverse outcomes. This association may be driven by inflammation. Further studies are needed to understand the relationship between the severity of Fontan‐associated liver disease and lipid metabolism.

Abstract 404: Altered Interaction of Modified High Density Lipoprotein with Scavenger Receptor BI

2013 ◽  
Vol 33 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandra C Chadwick ◽  
Rebecca L Holme ◽  
Paula-Dene C Nesbeth ◽  
Kirkwood A Pritchard ◽  
Daisy Sahoo
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
High Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Scavenger Receptor ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
High Density ◽  
Cholesterol Transport ◽  
Selective Uptake ◽  
Peripheral Tissues ◽  
Scavenger Receptor Bi ◽  
Hdl Function

High density lipoprotein (HDL) combats atherosclerosis, largely through its role in the reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) pathway where excess cholesterol from peripheral tissues is transported by HDL to the liver for excretion. High HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C) levels have been traditionally linked to a lower risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, recent evidence suggests that HDL “function”, rather than HDL levels, is a better indicator of CVD risk as modifications to HDL under oxidative stress can render the particles “dysfunctional”. Scavenger receptor BI (SR-BI), the HDL receptor, mediates the selective uptake of HDL-cholesteryl ester (CE) into the liver during RCT. We hypothesized that SR-BI would be unable to mediate its cholesterol transport functions in the presence of oxidized or modified HDL due to an inability to engage in productive binding interactions with modified ligands. To test this hypothesis, we assessed HDL binding and selective uptake of HDL-CE in COS7 cells transiently expressing SR-BI using native HDL or HDL modified with: 1) copper (Cu2+), 2) 4-hydroxynonenal (HNE), or 3) acrolein. Our data revealed that, compared to native HDL, SR-BI bound 20-50% less Cu2+-HDL and acrolein-HDL, and mediated 40%-60% less selective uptake of CE from these modified particles, respectively. On the other hand, while SR-BI was able to bind HNE-HDL, it could not efficiently mediate cholesterol uptake (20% less compared to native HDL). Interestingly, our data also revealed that the ability of SR-BI to mediate the release of free cholesterol from COS7 cells did not differ when modified HDL served as acceptor particles, as compared to native HDL. Taken together, only the HDL binding and HDL-CE selective uptake functions of SR-BI are influenced by the type of modification on the HDL particle. These data have significant implications as they suggest that higher levels of plasma HDL-C may, in part, be the result of the inability of SR-BI to recognize and mediate cholesterol removal from HDL particles that have been exposed to oxidative stress. More detailed investigations of the interactions between SR-BI and various populations of oxidized HDL will improve our understanding of the mechanisms that render HDL dysfunctional, and ultimately, atherogenic.

scholarly journals EARLY TIME RESTRICTED FEEDING IMPROVES HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN FUNCTION IN GERIATRIC MONKEYS

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S104-S104
Author(s):  
Kylie Kavanagh ◽  
Alexander Bashore ◽  
Matthew Davis ◽  
Chrissy Sherrill ◽  
John Parks
Keyword(s):  
High Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Cholesterol Efflux ◽  
Plasma Cholesterol ◽  
Biological Effects ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Early Time ◽  
High Density ◽  
Vervet Monkeys ◽  
Restricted Feeding ◽  
Hdl Function

Abstract Ageing conveys the greatest risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD) development, which is the dominant cause of mortality in developed nations. High density lipoprotein (HDL) particles mediate reverse cholesterol transport, are anti-inflammatory and their function predicts CVD. We observed lower plasma cholesterol efflux capacity in geriatric vervet monkeys (p=0.03) when consuming either healthy or Western diets. Adult (n=16) and geriatric (n=19) monkeys were stratified into groups fed Western diet on ad libitum (Ad Lib) or early time restricted feeding (eTFR) schedules. eTRF supplied excess food only between 6am to 2pm. Housing, seasonality and fasting conditions for data and sample collections were equivalent. After 6 months, cholesterol efflux to HDL was greater in eTRF monkeys (p=0.01), with no age by group interaction. Efflux media and plasma was chromatographically separated to confirm labelled cholesterol, and enzymatically measured cholesterol, respectively, was affiliated with HDL particles. eTRF monkeys had higher total plasma cholesterol levels (p=0.03) which was due to greater cholesterol amounts associated with only HDL, and resulted in HDL particles that were larger. eTRF resulted in robustly better HDL function such that measures from geriatric individuals were comparable to younger adults. Additionally, no differences in adiposity was observed in eTRF monkeys. Few interventions are known to raise HDL levels, and more importantly, are confirmed to improve HDL function. Our study is to date the largest, longest, controlled eTRF evaluation in primates and we show that positive biological effects are observable in HDL isolated from both adult and geriatric individuals independently of weight change.

scholarly journals The impact of aerobic and isometric exercise on different measures of dysfunctional high-density lipoprotein in patients with hypertension

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (12) ◽  
pp. 1301-1309 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nikolaos Pagonas ◽  
Stergios Vlatsas ◽  
Frederic Bauer ◽  
Felix S Seibert ◽  
B Sasko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Exercise Training ◽  
High Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Aerobic Exercise ◽  
Isometric Exercise ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
High Density ◽  
Hdl Function ◽  
Antioxidant Function ◽  
The Impact

Background Exercise training increases high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, but its effect on HDL function is unclear. In hypertensives, exercise improves endothelial dysfunction, which is related to HDL function. In the present study, we assess for the first time the effects of different exercise modalities on two cell-free assays of HDL function. Design The study was conducted as a prospective randomized controlled trial in 75 hypertensive patients. Methods Patients were randomized in three groups: (a) handgrip isometric training five times weekly; (b) placebo-handgrip; and (c) aerobic exercise training at least three times per week. HDL function was assessed in serum samples at baseline and after 12 weeks of training by two independent assays that determine the proinflammatory phenotype (haptoglobin content) of a specific amount of HDL (Haptoglobin-HDL [HPHDL]) and oxidized HDL (HDLox) as a measure of reduced antioxidant function of HDL. HDL function measures were normalized by the measures of a pooled control of sera from healthy participants and by HDL-C levels (normalized ratio, no units). Results Aerobic exercise led to significant reduction of the HDLox from 0.99 ± 0.27 to 0.90 ± 0.29 (no units, p = 0.03). The HPHDL did not change in any training group. Changes of HDLox correlated with reduction of the systolic blood pressure only after aerobic exercise ( R = 0.64, p = 0.03). Conclusions Aerobic but not isometric exercise improves the antioxidant function of HDL in patients with hypertension. This improvement correlates positively with reductions of blood pressure.

scholarly journals Alterations in lipid transfer to High-Density Lipoprotein (HDL) and activity of paraoxonase-1 in HIV+ patients

2008 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
pp. 223-227 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elaine Nunes Daminelli ◽  
Celso Spada ◽  
Arício Treitinger ◽  
Tatiane Vanessa Oliveira ◽  
Maria da Conceição Latrilha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Antioxidant Properties ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
High Density ◽  
Paraoxonase 1 ◽  
Pon1 Activity ◽  
Premature Coronary Artery Disease ◽  
Cholesteryl Esters ◽  
Hiv Patients ◽  
Hdl Function

HIV+ patients often develop alterations of the plasma lipids that may implicate in development of premature coronary artery disease. High-density lipoprotein (HDL) has an important role in preventing atherogenesis and the aim of this study was to investigate aspects of HDL function in HIV+ patients. HIV+ patients (n = 48) and healthy control subjects (n = 45) of both sexes with similar age were studied. Twenty-five were not being treated with antiretroviral agents, 13 were under reverse transcriptase inhibitor nucleosidic and non-nucleosidic (NRTI+NNRTI) and 10 were under NRTI + protease inhibitors (NRTI+PI) treatment. Paraoxonase 1 (PON1) activity and the transfer of free and esterified cholesterol, tryglicerides and phospholipids from a lipidic nanoemulsion to HDL were analyzed. In comparison with healthy controls, HIV+ patients presented low PON-1 activity and diminished transfer of free cholesterol and tryglicerides. In contrast, phospholipid transfer was increased in those patients, whereas the transfer of cholesteryl esters was unchanged. NRTI+NNRTI increases the transfer of cholesteryl esters and triglycerides but in NRTI+PI there was no difference in respect to non-treated HIV+ patients. HDL from HIV+ patients has smaller antioxidant properties, as shown by lower PON-1 activity, and the transfer of lipids to this lipoprotein fraction is also altered, suggesting that HDL function is defective in those patients.

Abstract 407: Atherogenic Dyslipidemia in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus May Have Distinct High Density Lipoprotein Function

2016 ◽  
Vol 36 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenliang Song ◽  
Jing Du ◽  
Li Qin ◽  
Stuart Zarich ◽  
Sachin Majumdar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Platelet Aggregation ◽  
High Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Lipid Profiles ◽  
High Density ◽  
Atherogenic Dyslipidemia ◽  
Platelet Apoptosis ◽  
Hdl Function ◽  
Two Populations

There is growing evidence suggesting that high-density lipoprotein (HDL) function is more important than the HDL cholesterol (HDL-C) levels. HDL particles are highly heterogeneous and their function may also differ among different patient populations. There are two populations that are recognized tohave significant residual cardiovascular risk despite intensive statin therapy: atherogenic dyslipidaemia and diabetes mellitus. Atherogenic dyslipidemia and diabetes have significant homology with regards to lipid profiles. However, systemic epidemiological studies that describes the overlapping profiles between atherogenic dyslipidemia and diabetes is lacking. The function and types of HDL in these two populations needs to be carefully elucidated. HDL has many functions includingreverse cholesterol transport, anti-oxidant activity and anti-inflammatory activity. HDL may also exert “antiplatelet effects”but the mechanism is unclear.We assessed the prevalence of atherogenic dyslipidemia in diabetes mellitus using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survery (NHANES) and data from Yale New Haven Health (YNHH). We found that atherogenic dyslipidemia and diabetes mellitushave overlapping lipid profiles but are clearly two distinct conditions. In our preliminary studies, we found that HDL inhibits platelet aggregation and activation. Very interestingly, we found HDL can induce mitochondria dependent platelet apoptosis. The antiplatelet effect of HDL, as observed by others in the past, may arise fromapoptotic platelets that do not aggregate, and thus the inhibition of platelet aggregation. Whether HDL subtypes from atherogenic dyslipidemia and diabetes patient have differential effects on platelet apoptosis are currently being investigated.

HDL (High-Density Lipoprotein) Subspecies, Prevalent Covert Brain Infarcts, and Incident Overt Ischemic Stroke: Cardiovascular Health Study

Stroke ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manja Koch ◽  
Sarah A. Aroner ◽  
Annette L. Fitzpatrick ◽  
W.T. Longstreth ◽  
Jeremy D. Furtado ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ischemic Stroke ◽  
Brain Injury ◽  
High Density Lipoprotein ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Cardiovascular Health ◽  
Sandwich Elisa ◽  
Density Lipoprotein ◽  
High Density ◽  
Health Study ◽  
Cardiovascular Health Study

Background and Purpose: Whether HDL (high-density lipoprotein) is associated with risk of vascular brain injury is unclear. HDL is comprised of many apo (apolipoprotein) species, creating distinct subtypes of HDL. Methods: We utilized sandwich ELISA to determine HDL subspecies from plasma collected in 1998/1999 from 2001 CHS (Cardiovascular Health Study) participants (mean age, 80 years). Results: In cross-sectional analyses, participants with higher apoA1 in plasma and lower apoE in HDL were less likely to have prevalent covert magnetic resonance imaging–defined infarcts: odds ratio for apoA1 Q4 versus Q1, 0.68 (95% CI, 0.50–0.93), and odds ratio for apoE Q4 versus Q1, 1.36 (95% CI, 1.01–1.84). Similarly, apoA1 in the subspecies of HDL that lacked apoC3, apoJ, or apoE was inversely related to covert infarcts, and apoE in the subspecies of HDL that lacked apoC3 or apoJ was directly related to covert infarcts in prospective analyses. In contrast, the concentrations of apoA1 and apoE in the complementary subspecies of HDL that contained these apos were unrelated to covert infarcts. Patterns of associations between incident overt ischemic stroke and apoA1, apoE, and apoA1 and apoE in subspecies of HDL were similar to those observed for covert infarcts but less pronounced. Conclusions: This study highlights HDL subspecies defined by apo content as relevant biomarkers of covert and overt vascular brain injury.

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