Definiteness Effect in the PP

Linguistic Inquiry ◽

10.1162/ling_a_00453 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-46

Author(s):

Katalin É. Kiss

Keyword(s):

Wide Class ◽

Small Clause ◽

To Come ◽

Definiteness Effect

Abstract This paper demonstrates that abessive PPs impose the same type of definiteness restriction on their complements that existential predicates impose on their subjects. The DE in PPs is accounted for in the framework of the DE theory of Szabolcsi (1986a,b), who derives the DE from the incompatibility of a presuppositional subject and a logical predicate of existence that is present in a wide class of predicates (including verbs meaning ‘(cause to) come to exist in a particular fashion’, and nominal predicates meaning ‘(non-)existence at a particular location’). The analysis points out this predicate of existence in the small clause complements of abessive Ps.

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Demonstratives, definiteness effects and the type-token distinction

Linguística: Revista de Estudos Linguísticos da Universidade do Porto ◽

10.21747/16466195/lingespa16 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 347-365

Author(s):

Ignacio Bosque

Keyword(s):

Small Clause ◽

Internal Argument ◽

Narrow Focus ◽

The Subject ◽

To Receive ◽

Definiteness Effect

Definiteness effects have been attested in the literature for some DPs complementing HAVE (= English have and their counterparts in other languages). In this paper, which focuses on English and Spanish, demonstrative DPs are shown to be affected by the type-token distinction in HAVE contexts: the internal argument of HAVE receives a type reading in these cases and rejects a to-ken interpretation. The “type restriction on demonstrative DPs” (TRD) is shown to follow from the need for narrow focus NPs complementing HAVE to receive a hearer-new reading, a well-known property of presentational structures. Type readings of demonstrative DPs are shown to meet this condition. Apparent exceptions to the TRD effect include (i) DPs in so-called “remainder contexts”; (ii) structures in which the relevant DP is the subject of a small clause (sometimes with a non-overt predicate); and (iii) structures containing a number of anti-assertive operators. The contexts in (i) are shown to be hearer-new, in spite of being definite. Those in (ii) and (iii) provide DPs which escape the narrow focus interpretation that gives ride to this variety of the definiteness effect.

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Investor-State Dispute Settlement under NAFTA Chapter 11: The Shape of Things to Come?

Canadian Yearbook of international Law/Annuaire canadien de droit international ◽

10.1017/s0069005800006652 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 35 ◽

pp. 263-290

Author(s):

J. Anthony VanDuzer

Keyword(s):

Free Trade Agreement ◽

Dispute Settlement ◽

Trade Agreement ◽

Minimum Standards ◽

The North ◽

State Behaviour ◽

Nafta Chapter 11 ◽

To Come ◽

The Right

SummaryRecently, there has been a proliferation of international agreements imposing minimum standards on states in respect of their treatment of foreign investors and allowing investors to initiate dispute settlement proceedings where a state violates these standards. Of greatest significance to Canada is Chapter 11 of the North American Free Trade Agreement, which provides both standards for state behaviour and the right to initiate binding arbitration. Since 1996, four cases have been brought under Chapter 11. This note describes the Chapter 11 process and suggests some of the issues that may arise as it is increasingly resorted to by investors.

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Scanning Electron Microscopy-cuticular Lesions on the Roundworm Ascaris Suum

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s042482010006756x ◽

1970 ◽

Vol 28 ◽

pp. 114-115

Author(s):

P. A. Madden ◽

W. R. Anderson

Keyword(s):

Electron Microscopy ◽

Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽

Freeze Drying ◽

Room Temperature ◽

Secondary Electron ◽

Distilled Water ◽

Freeze Dried ◽

Silver Paint ◽

To Come ◽

Scanning Electron

The intestinal roundworm of swine is pinkish in color and about the diameter of a lead pencil. Adult worms, taken from parasitized swine, frequently were observed with macroscopic lesions on their cuticule. Those possessing such lesions were rinsed in distilled water, and cylindrical segments of the affected areas were removed. Some of the segments were fixed in buffered formalin before freeze-drying; others were freeze-dried immediately. Initially, specimens were quenched in liquid freon followed by immersion in liquid nitrogen. They were then placed in ampuoles in a freezer at −45C and sublimated by vacuum until dry. After the specimens appeared dry, the freezer was allowed to come to room temperature slowly while the vacuum was maintained. The dried specimens were attached to metal pegs with conductive silver paint and placed in a vacuum evaporator on a rotating tilting stage. They were then coated by evaporating an alloy of 20% palladium and 80% gold to a thickness of approximately 300 A°. The specimens were examined by secondary electron emmission in a scanning electron microscope.

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The microstructure change of low-carbon electrical steels by residual aluminum

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100153403 ◽

1989 ◽

Vol 47 ◽

pp. 286-287

Author(s):

C.K. Hou ◽

C.T. Hu ◽

Sanboh Lee

Keyword(s):

Annealing Treatment ◽

Low Carbon ◽

Electrical Steels ◽

Vacuum Degassing ◽

Spherical Inclusions ◽

Residual Aluminum ◽

Average Grain Size ◽

The Matrix ◽

Fine Size ◽

To Come

The fully processed low-carbon electrical steels are generally fabricated through vacuum degassing to reduce the carbon level and to avoid the need for any further decarburization annealing treatment. This investigation was conducted on eighteen heats of such steels with aluminum content ranging from 0.001% to 0.011% which was believed to come from the addition of ferroalloys.The sizes of all the observed grains are less than 24 μm, and gradually decrease as the content of aluminum is increased from 0.001% to 0.007%. For steels with residual aluminum greater than 0. 007%, the average grain size becomes constant and is about 8.8 μm as shown in Fig. 1. When the aluminum is increased, the observed grains are changed from the uniformly coarse and equiaxial shape to the fine size in the region near surfaces and the elongated shape in the central region. SEM and EDAX analysis of large spherical inclusions in the matrix indicate that silicate is the majority compound when the aluminum propotion is less than 0.003%, then the content of aluminum in compound inclusion increases with that in steel.

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409 The likely numbers to come: trends in hospitalisation for heart failure in the ‘sample’ town of trieste and its region

European Journal of Heart Failure Supplements ◽

10.1016/s1567-4215(03)90261-x ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

pp. 84

Author(s):

D CHERSEVANI ◽

A DILENARDA ◽

P GOLIANI ◽

M GRELLA ◽

F BRUN ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Heart Failure ◽

Its Region ◽

To Come

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Suicidal Behavior in Black South Africans

Crisis ◽

10.1027//0227-5910.24.1.24 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 24 (1) ◽

pp. 24-28 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

Lourens Schlebusch ◽

Naseema B.M. Vawda ◽

Brenda A. Bosch

Keyword(s):

South African ◽

Suicidal Behavior ◽

Health Care Facilities ◽

South African Society ◽

South Africans ◽

The Past ◽

The People ◽

Care Facilities ◽

Black South Africans ◽

To Come

Summary: In the past suicidal behavior among Black South Africans has been largely underresearched. Earlier studies among the other main ethnic groups in the country showed suicidal behavior in those groups to be a serious problem. This article briefly reviews some of the more recent research on suicidal behavior in Black South Africans. The results indicate an apparent increase in suicidal behavior in this group. Several explanations are offered for the change in suicidal behavior in the reported clinical populations. This includes past difficulties for all South Africans to access health care facilities in the Apartheid (legal racial separation) era, and present difficulties of post-Apartheid transformation the South African society is undergoing, as the people struggle to come to terms with the deleterious effects of the former South African racial policies, related socio-cultural, socio-economic, and other pressures.

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