New Models for Motor Control

1989 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 173-183 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer S. Altman ◽  
Jenny Kien
Keyword(s):  
Distributed Control ◽  
Hierarchical Control ◽  
Sensory Information ◽  
Striking Similarity ◽  
Maximum Efficiency ◽  
Behavioral Choice ◽  
Modular Control ◽  
Superficial Resemblance ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Command Center

What do a prototype robot (Brooks 1989) and a model for the control of behavioral choice in insects (Altman and Kien 1987a) have in common? And what do they share with a scratching cat (Shadmehr 1989)? The answer is distributed control systems that do not depend on a central command center for the execution of behavioral outputs. The first two in particular are examples of a growing trend to replace the long-held concept of linear hierarchical control of motor output with one of decentralized, distributed control, with inputs at many levels and the output a consensus of the activity in several centers. Brooks (1989) describes a six-legged machine that, in its most advanced form, can walk over rough terrain and prowl around following a source of warmth, such as a person. The six legs, chosen as a compromise between stability and ease of coordination, give the robot a superficial resemblance to an insect — but the similarity goes deeper. The modular control system, designed strictly on engineering principles for maximum efficiency and economy, bears a striking similarity to the model we have proposed elsewhere (Altman and Kien 1987a) to describe the organization of the motor system in insects such as the locust. In both systems, the same set of components can generate different behaviors, depending on the context, and similar principles govern the generation of different levels of behavior, from movements of a single leg to coordinated responses of the whole beast. Neither requires a single center for integrating all sensory information and conflicts tend to be resolved by consensus at the motor level.

Visual control of orientation behaviour in the fly: Part I. A quantitative analysis

1976 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 311-375 ◽  
Author(s):  
Werner Reichardt ◽  
Tomaso Poggio
Keyword(s):  
Information Processing ◽  
Quantitative Analysis ◽  
Visual System ◽  
Sensory Information ◽  
Model Systems ◽  
Suitable Model ◽  
Logical Organization ◽  
Integrative Level ◽  
Processing Properties ◽  
Different Levels

An understanding of sensory information processing in the nervous system will probably require investigations with a variety of ‘model’ systems at different levels of complexity.Our choice of a suitable model system was constrained by two conflicting requirements: on one hand the information processing properties of the system should be rather complex, on the other hand the system should be amenable to a quantitative analysis. In this sense the fly represents a compromise.In these two papers we explore how optical information is processed by the fly's visual system. Our objective is to unravel the logical organization of the fly's visual system and its underlying functional and computational principles. Our approach is at a highly integrative level. There are different levels of analysing and ‘understanding’ complex systems, like a brain or a sophisticated computer.

scholarly journals Synergies in coordination: a comprehensive overview of neural, computational, and behavioral approaches

2018 ◽  
Vol 120 (6) ◽  
pp. 2761-2774 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michaela Bruton ◽  
Nicholas O’Dwyer
Keyword(s):  
Motor Control ◽  
Hierarchical Control ◽  
Research Approach ◽  
Comprehensive Overview ◽  
Control Scheme ◽  
The One ◽  
Explanatory Concept ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
And Task

At face value, the term “synergy” provides a unifying concept within a fractured field that encompasses complementary neural, computational, and behavioral approaches. However, the term is not used synonymously by different researchers but has substantially different meanings depending on the research approach. With so many operational definitions for the one term, it becomes difficult to use as either a descriptive or explanatory concept, yet it remains pervasive and apparently indispensable. Here we provide a summary of different approaches that invoke synergies in a descriptive or explanatory context, summarizing progress, not within the one approach, but across the theoretical landscape. Bernstein’s framework of flexible hierarchical control may provide a unifying framework here, since it can incorporate divergent ideas about synergies. In the current motor control literature, synergy may refer to conceptually different processes that could potentially operate in parallel, across different levels within the same hierarchical control scheme. There is evidence for the concurrent existence of synergies with different features, both “hard-wired” and “soft-wired,” and task independent and task dependent. By providing a comprehensive overview of the multifaceted ideas about synergies, our goal is to move away from the compartmentalization and narrow the focus on one level and promote a broader perspective on the control and coordination of movement.

Physical Layer Security in Military Communications

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 26-40
Author(s):  
Elias Yaacoub
Keyword(s):  
Physical Layer Security ◽  
Physical Layer ◽  
Operational Conditions ◽  
Additional Layer ◽  
Military Communications ◽  
Cryptographic Techniques ◽  
The Military ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Command Center ◽  
Section Level

Military communications need to be secure in harsh operational conditions under constant enemy attacks and attempts to eavesdrop, jam, or decrypt the communications. Physical layer security (PLS) can be used in conjunction with traditional cryptographic techniques to ensure an additional layer of security for military communications. In this article, PLS techniques at different levels of military communications, from communications at the military section level to the battalion or command center level, are discussed and analyzed. The presented solutions were tailored to the challenges faced in each scenario, leading to good performance. Additional challenges are also discussed, and suitable solutions are outlined.

scholarly journals METHODOLOGIC ELEMENTS NECESSARY IN MAKING FORECASTS FOR REGIONAL

2008 ◽  
pp. 103
Author(s):  
Dumitru Timerman ◽  
Mihai Deju
Keyword(s):  
Public Investment ◽  
Maximum Efficiency ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Structural Funds ◽  
Potential Development ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Regional Economic Disparities ◽  
Regional Forecasts ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Global Data

Regional picture appear two Romanians: a richer, which includes the Bucharest-Ilfov, West and Center and a poor, other regions. Among the most competitive districts are Ilfov (8. 553 euro per capita), Timiş (7. 931 euro per capita), Braşov (7. 108 euro per capita), Arad (6. 675 euro per capita), Cluj (6. 561 euro per capita), Constanta (6. 368 euro per capita), and among the poorest - Botosani (2. 745 euro per capita) and Vaslui (2. 930 euro per capita). According to a report by the National Prognosis Commission (CNP), while Bucharest-Ilfov region will have a GDP per capita of 11. 694 euros next year, the Northeast will remain poverty pole, 3. 826 euro per capita. Economists argue that, if not reduce disparities, mainly through public investment, we could assist in disruption of important social and economic environment. Lowering differences would include the maintenance of close growth rates of GDP / capita, and these important gaps. Economic analysts draw attention to the dangers which may arise due to different levels of development. Develop forecasts in territorial - at regional or county-is a necessary and useful approach in the perspective of Romania in the European Union. From this point of the assessment of regional economic disparities and the potential development of each area provides an important support kinesiology orientation and use with maximum efficiency of the structural funds and cohesion funds that Romania will benefit by integrating. Regional forecasts provide information on possible future development, with employment in the global data of the national economy as a whole.

scholarly journals Distributed Operation of Microgrids Considering Secondary Frequency Restoration Based on the Diffusion Algorithm

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 3207
Author(s):  
Su-Been Hong ◽  
Thai-Thanh Nguyen ◽  
Jinhong Jeon ◽  
Hak-Man Kim
Keyword(s):  
Distributed Control ◽  
Frequency Control ◽  
Hierarchical Control ◽  
Control Technique ◽  
Frequency Regulation ◽  
Distributed Generations ◽  
System A ◽  
Economic Operation ◽  
Secondary Layer

This paper proposes a distributed control of the microgrid (MG) system based on the diffusion algorithm. Unlike the existing decentralized strategy that focuses on the economic operation of the MG system, the proposed strategy performs secondary frequency regulation in addition to the optimization of the MG system. The hierarchical control technique is employed in this study, where the primary layer is responsible for power control and the secondary layer is responsible for the frequency control and economic operation of the MG system. A tested MG system with four distributed generations (DGs) is considered. Three types of communication topologies are evaluated in this study, which are line, ring, and full topologies. The proposed controller is compared to the conventional consensus controller to show the effectiveness of the proposed diffusion controller. Simulation results show that the proposed diffusion strategy improves the convergence speed of the distributed control, resulting in the improvement of power responses and frequency quality of the MG system. The tested system is implemented in the MATLAB/Simulink environment to show the feasibility of the proposed diffusion controller.

scholarly journals Substantiation and development of the economic-mathematical model of rational drug provision for certain categories of citizens attached to military medical organizations

2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 187-194
Author(s):  
Yu V Miroshnichenko ◽  
M P Shcherba ◽  
O I Bychkova ◽  
N M Pilnik
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Petri Nets ◽  
Maximum Efficiency ◽  
Drug Supply ◽  
Material Resources ◽  
Information Interaction ◽  
Rational Drug ◽  
Legal Space ◽  
Drug Provision ◽  
Different Levels

In modern socio-economic conditions, the maximum efficiency of the use of funds allocated from budgets of different levels to finance federal, regional and departmental programs for providing medicines is required. In connection with it, there is a need to justify and develop a model of rational drug supply for certain categories of citizens attached to military medical organizations that will visually reflect the functioning of military and civilian health in a single organizational and legal space, with the elimination of duplication of functions and powers of government. Approaches to the development of a model of rational drug provision are substantiated, while modeling the mathematical apparatus of Petri nets. A characteristic of the existing model of drug supply based on Petri nets for certain categories of citizens attached to military medical organizations is presented. The irrationality of the existing order of drug provision is proved, which results in an increase in the resource burden on public health in general. The model of rational drug supply of patients attached to military medical organizations that excludes duplication of provision of medicines by citizens within the framework of military and civil health is substantiated and developed; optimizes the distribution of rights, powers and responsibilities between military and civil health; ensures the coherence of military and civil health activities in the provision of medicines on the basis of information interaction; contributes to the preservation of financial, information and material resources in public health, as well as their balanced and rational use.

scholarly journals Comprehensive control system for industrial robots

2021 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 96-106
Author(s):  
S. V. Vantsov ◽  
◽  
V. A. Sokolov ◽  
O. V. Khomutskaya
Keyword(s):  
Control System ◽  
Mathematical Formulation ◽  
Hierarchical Control ◽  
Integrated System ◽  
Industrial Robots ◽  
Control Task ◽  
Manufactured Products ◽  
Entire Complex ◽  
Control Devices ◽  
Different Levels

The article considers the control system for industrial robots (IR), including precision robots (РIR), representing the integration of systems of different levels of the control hierarchy into a single (integrated) system. There are the analyzes of the structural diagram and the original mathematical formulation of the control task and, accordingly, the principles of constructing algorithms for the functioning of such systems as a whole are given. It is shown that the expansion of the range of manufactured products requires continuous improvement of technological equipment, including both "mechanics" and the entire complex of control devices: electrics, electronics, pneumatics, hydraulics, optics and their possible various "complexes" (combinations). The presented hierarchical control systems can be used not only for stationary and mobile ground-based robotic systems, but also for controlling the movement of single and group UAVs, since in both cases it is necessary to move the IR unit in space to fulfill the assigned task.

scholarly journals Correlations enhance the behavioral readout of neural population activity in association cortex

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martina Valente ◽  
Giuseppe Pica ◽  
Caroline A. Runyan ◽  
Ari S. Morcos ◽  
Christopher D. Harvey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neural Activity ◽  
Posterior Parietal Cortex ◽  
Sensory Information ◽  
Neural Population ◽  
Association Cortex ◽  
Perceptual Discrimination ◽  
Imaging Data ◽  
Stimulus Information ◽  
Population Activity ◽  
Behavioral Choice

The spatiotemporal structure of activity in populations of neurons is critical for accurate perception and behavior. Experimental and theoretical studies have focused on “noise” correlations – trial-to-trial covariations in neural activity for a given stimulus – as a key feature of population activity structure. Much work has shown that these correlations limit the stimulus information encoded by a population of neurons, leading to the widely-held prediction that correlations are detrimental for perceptual discrimination behaviors. However, this prediction relies on an untested assumption: that the neural mechanisms that read out sensory information to inform behavior depend only on a population’s total stimulus information independently of how correlations constrain this information across neurons or time. Here we make the critical advance of simultaneously studying how correlations affect both the encoding and the readout of sensory information. We analyzed calcium imaging data from mouse posterior parietal cortex during two perceptual discrimination tasks. Correlations limited the ability to encode stimulus information, but (seemingly paradoxically) correlations were higher when mice made correct choices than when they made errors. On a single-trial basis, a mouse’s behavioral choice depended not only on the stimulus information in the activity of the population as a whole, but unexpectedly also on the consistency of information across neurons and time. Because correlations increased information consistency, sensory information was more efficiently converted into a behavioral choice in the presence of correlations. Given this enhanced-by-consistency readout, we estimated that correlations produced a behavioral benefit that compensated or overcame their detrimental information-limiting effects. These results call for a re-evaluation of the role of correlated neural activity, and suggest that correlations in association cortex can benefit task performance even if they decrease sensory information.

scholarly journals Examining Tourism Consumers’ Attitudes and the Role of Sensory Information in Virtual Reality Experiences of a Tourist Destination

2021 ◽  
pp. 004728752110377
Author(s):  
Mansour Alyahya ◽  
Graeme McLean
Keyword(s):  
Virtual Reality ◽  
Mental Imagery ◽  
Experimental Approach ◽  
Sensory Information ◽  
Tourist Destination ◽  
Positive Role ◽  
Sense Of Presence ◽  
Positive Effect ◽  
Different Levels

The purpose of this research is twofold: firstly, we aim to understand the role of virtual reality (VR) in influencing tourism consumers’ attitudes toward a tourist destination and, secondly, understand the influence of different levels of sensory information presented through VR experiences on the development of mental imagery, attitudes toward the destination, and visit intention. We tackle this through a multistudy experimental approach. First, in study 1, we demonstrate that VR plays a positive role in enhancing previously held consumer attitudes toward a tourist destination. Second, we affirm that VR has a greater positive effect on attitudes toward a destination in comparison to a less immersive technology (i.e., website). Third, in study 2, we find that different levels of sensory information in VR experiences result in significant differences with regard to the developed mental imagery, sense of presence in the experience, attitudes toward the destination and visit intentions.

scholarly journals Food Texture Acceptance, Sensory Sensitivity, and Food Neophobia in Children and Their Parents

Foods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 2327
Author(s):  
Maddalena Cappellotto ◽  
Annemarie Olsen
Keyword(s):  
Sensory Information ◽  
Sensory Profile ◽  
Background Information ◽  
Sensory Sensitivity ◽  
Online Questionnaire ◽  
Food Neophobia ◽  
Food Texture ◽  
Children And Parents ◽  
Sensory Information Processing ◽  
Different Levels

This study aims to explore whether children’s food texture preferences are associated with different levels of sensory sensitivity and food neophobia, as well as with other variables, such as parental texture preferences. An online questionnaire was completed by 70 children aged 6–13 years old, alongside one of their parents. Generic texture preferences of children and parents were investigated with the Child Food Texture Preference Questionnaire (CFTPQ). Parents provided background information about their children by completing the Food Neophobia Scale (FNS), the Short Sensory Profile (SSP) and a Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ). The results showed that children who differed in their texture-liker status also differed in their levels of food neophobia and sensory information processing: children who preferred softer and non-particulate versions of foods were found to be more neophobic and sensory sensitive across all sensory domains. No relationship was found between parental and children’s texture preferences.

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